Developmental Theories Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of developmental theories?

Explaining how physiological processes impact behavior.

Understanding the fluctuations in mood and emotional regulation.

Identifying the genetic predispositions for mental illnesses.

Analyzing human growth and change across the lifespan. (correct)

According to Freud's psychosexual theory, which of the following stages is characterized by a focus on sexual energy?

The oral stage.

The genital stage. (correct)

The latency stage.

The anal stage.

Which principle of classical conditioning is demonstrated when a fear response to a specific sound generalizes to other similar sounds?

Stimulus discrimination.

Extinction.

Spontaneous recovery.

Stimulus generalization. (correct)

In Piaget's theory, which stage is characterized by the development of logical thinking about concrete events?

The concrete operational stage. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the theory of planned behavior, what is a key determinant of behavioral intentions?

Social norms, attitudes towards the behavior, and perceived behavioral control. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system refers to the direct interactions an individual has with immediate surroundings, such as family and school?

The microsystem. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which concept in evolutionary psychology refers to the idea that certain traits or behaviors have been shaped by natural selection to enhance survival and reproduction?

Adaptations. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'epigenetics' refer to in the context of behavioral genetics?

Heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve DNA sequence alterations. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a developmental theory?

To offer explanations about how and why we change over time. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's theory, what is the driving force behind the 'id'?

The principle of pleasure. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the self, according to Freudian theory, mediates between the id and the superego?

The ego. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main ways that theories are developed?

By induction, in which patterns or similarities are noted among several single cases. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the superego in Freud's theory of self?

To represent society's demands and moral standards. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How did Freud primarily conduct his research when working with patients?

By having his patients talk about their life experiences, especially early childhood. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was Freud's initial focus when he began working with patients?

Patients suffering from hysteria. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about theories?

They are guidelines for investigation and practice. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the id according to Freud?

It is inborn and responds to biological urges without considering the consequences. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of the ego, according to Freud's theory?

It operates by logic and the reality principle. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of developmental theories, when looking at growth in individuals?

To analyze all areas of growth, and how they interact with each other over the lifespan. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one key concept to note about theories?

Theories gain credibility through research that fails to disprove them. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What did Freud propose about the influence of early childhood?

Early experiences play a key role in shaping emotional states and personality. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, why are classic theories still taught?

Because they are still useful to understanding modern day approaches. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Many psychologists agree with what aspect of Freud's theory?

The assumption that early experiences contribute to how we approach future experiences. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ego according to Erikson's theory?

To guide actions based on conscious choices (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of caregivers being unresponsive to an infant's needs during the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?

The infant will likely grow up with a sense of mistrust (B) Signup and view all the answers

What psychosocial crisis do preschool children face according to Erikson?

Initiative vs. Guilt (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does Erikson's view of human motivation differ from Freud's?

Erikson emphasizes social and cultural needs (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the primary task of toddlers in the Autonomy vs. Shame stage?

Learning independence and control over actions (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why has Freud’s theory been criticized?

It contains sexist assumptions about women (B) Signup and view all the answers

What results from successfully resolving the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?

Sense of pride and accomplishment (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of Erikson's psychosocial theory?

Eight stages of development throughout the lifespan (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage involves children beginning to compare themselves with their peers?

Industry vs. Inferiority (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens if children do not successfully navigate the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?

They may experience guilt due to over-controlling parents (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does Erikson believe about personality development?

It continues to evolve throughout the lifespan (A) Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do infants learn that adults can be trusted?

Trust vs. Mistrust (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Erikson's perspective on resolving life crises?

Successful resolution shapes personality (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a learned response that occurs due to a conditioned stimulus?

Conditioned response (C) Signup and view all the answers

What did Pavlov use to create a conditioned response in his experiment?

A bell (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist believed that emotions and fears can be classically conditioned?

John B. Watson (A) Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what is reinforcement intended to achieve?

Increasing desired behavior (D) Signup and view all the answers

What defines a positive punishment?

Adding a stimulus to decrease a behavior (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Food (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does negative reinforcement differ from punishment?

It increases the likelihood of a behavior (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was Watson's approach to parenting based on?

Behaviorism (A) Signup and view all the answers

What action is the best definition of reinforcement?

Offering a reward for a desired behavior (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following demonstrates classical conditioning in Watson's Little Albert experiment?

Albert developed a fear of the rat (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcer is a coupon for a free meal considered?

Secondary (extrinsic) reinforcer (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is often confused with negative reinforcement?

Positive punishment (B) Signup and view all the answers

In what way is operant conditioning different from classical conditioning?

Operant conditioning relies on reinforcement and punishment (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main developmental task associated with adolescence according to Erikson?

Developing a sense of self (C) Signup and view all the answers

What consequence may result from adolescents not developing a strong sense of self?

Difficulty establishing intimate relationships (D) Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do individuals typically seek to establish deep connections with others?

Early adulthood (C) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if an individual does not master the challenges of middle adulthood?

They may feel stagnated and disconnected (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of individuals in late adulthood according to Erikson’s stages?

Integrity vs. Despair (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do successful adolescents tend to have as a result of navigating identity vs. role confusion?

Strong sense of identity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a positive outcome of the generativity vs. stagnation stage?

Feeling productive and contributing to society (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the issue of role confusion in adolescence?

Experimentation with different identities (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates negative punishment?

Taking away a teen's phone for not doing their homework. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Erikson suggests that successful resolution of earlier life stages is crucial for which developmental stage?

Early adulthood (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do individuals reflect upon in the integrity vs. despair stage?

Their past accomplishments (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, what is one potential drawback of using physical punishment?

It may cause a child to become fearful and aggressive. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Albert Bandura introduce to explain how individuals learn by observing the consequences of others' actions?

Vicarious reinforcement (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does Erikson's theory view the occurrence of developmental stages?

They may happen multiple times (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary assertion of social learning theory?

Learning occurs through observing and replicating the actions of others. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What may happen to individuals who experience feelings of emotional isolation in early adulthood?

They struggle to establish intimate relationships (C) Signup and view all the answers

The Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children are more likely to:

Imitate aggressive behavior, even without reinforcement. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does generativity involve in the context of middle adulthood?

Caring for the next generation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Erikson's development is characterized by feelings of pride or failure regarding one's life?

Integrity vs. Despair (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is a potential implication of increased media consumption by children?

Exposure to violence, sexual content, and unhealthy food options. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text suggest that children may act when they see aggressive behavior modeled by their parents?

They may replicate the same behavior when they feel angry. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What did Jean Piaget's early work testing children's IQ reveal about their thinking?

Children's thought processes differ from adults in systematic ways. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'vicarious reinforcement' suggest about learning?

Learning can occur by seeing the consequences of others' actions. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, what role do children play in shaping their environment?

They can influence their surrounding and the actions of their caregivers. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary driving force behind the desire to understand the world, according to Piaget?

The pursuit of cognitive equilibrium (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process of fitting new experiences into existing cognitive structures?

Assimilation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between negative punishment and positive punishment?

Negative punishment involves removing something desirable, while positive punishment involves introducing an aversive stimulus. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why might a child who is physically punished become fearful?

They could become fearful of the person administering the punishment. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of a child's knowledge during Piaget's sensorimotor stage?

Sensory experiences and motor skills (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the provided information suggest about the use of time-outs?

It can be an effective form of negative punishment. (A) Signup and view all the answers

During which of Piaget's stages do children begin to utilize language and symbols?

Preoperational (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of concrete operational thought?

Logical thinking about physical world (A) Signup and view all the answers

How did Bandura's research on modeling and aggression influence the understanding of how children interact with media?

It highlighted the potential effect of observing violence in media on aggressive behavior. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key points made regarding the impact of parenting styles with the firstborn versus subsequent children?

Parents may have different expectations of themselves and their children with each new child. (B) Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of Piaget's theory does abstract thinking develop?

Formal Operational (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major criticism of Piaget's theory?

Underestimation of the role culture and experience (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, what is the main focus for the development of cognitive abilities?

Social and cultural interactions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does Vygotsky mean by the term 'zone of proximal development'?

The range of abilities a child can perform with guidance from others (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, how does learning typically occur?

First within social interactions and then is moved to the individual level (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of scaffolding in learning?

To provide support that is adjusted to the learner's ability (A) Signup and view all the answers

How would an adult likely understand a new food according to Piaget?

By comparing its taste and texture to known foods (D) Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive process is involved when a child changes their understanding of dogs after seeing a cat?

Accommodation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates a schema, as described by Piaget?

An existing category of knowledge about the world (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to both Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories, how do children improve their cognitive skills?

Through interaction with their environment or others (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the exception to the rule of the lobes being named after the skull bones that cover them?

The border between the frontal and parietal lobes is shifted backward from the corresponding suture to the central sulcus. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the brain stem?

Cerebellum (C) Signup and view all the answers

Located beneath the cerebrum and behind the brainstem, the cerebellum is characterized by its:

Horizontally-furrowed surface. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hippocampus?

Memory formation. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for mediating and controlling emotions?

Amygdala (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, a child's learning is BEST understood by examining which factor?

The child's social interactions and cultural environment. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky viewed the child as primarily:

An apprentice learning through social interaction. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the Theory of Reasoned Action, which of the following is a direct predictor of behavioral intentions?

Attitudes toward the behavior. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, what is a key variable that influences the link between intention and behavior?

Perceived behavioral control. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'subjective norms' refer to in the Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior?

An individual's beliefs about what others expect them to do. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the Theory of Planned Behavior, what is the BEST way to determine the relative importance of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on intentions?

By measuring these variables in a group and running statistical analysis. (A) Signup and view all the answers

If someone has a strong positive attitude towards exercising but doesn't believe they have the time to do it regularly, according to the Theory of Planned Behavior, what would MOST likely be influenced?

Their behavioral intentions would likely be low for consistent exercising. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Theory of Planned Behavior, the principle of specificity emphasizes the necessity of what for predicting behavior?

Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control relating to a specific intention and behavior. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the Theory of Planned Behavior, what is the link between perceived behavioral control and behavior?

Perceived behavioral control directly impacts behavior as well as intentions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

If a person's 'intention' to perform a behavior remains constant, what else might influence whether the person actually performs that behavior (according to the Theory of Planned Behavior)?

Their perceived behavioral control. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the Theory of Planned Behavior build upon the Theory of Reasoned Action?

By adding perceived behavioral control as a determinant of intentions and behavior. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects the role of 'intentions' within the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)?

Intentions directly predict the actual performance of behavior within the framework. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, if we want to understand an individual's capabilities, what should we prioritize when assessing them?

What they are capable of doing with guidance. (A) Signup and view all the answers

If a study finds that subjective norms are a very strong predictor of college students' intentions to meditate, what does this suggest?

The students' intentions to meditate are strongly influenced by what they believe others think they should do. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, what are the components of a well-defined target behavior?

Action, target, context, and time period. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the specificity of a behavior impact the predictive power of intentions, according to the provided content?

As behavior specificity increases, intentions become a better predictor. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, how does the temporal stability of intentions affect their relationship with behavior?

As the stability of an individual's intentions increases over time, intentions become a better predictor of behavior. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role do anticipated emotions play in the Theory of Planned Behavior, as discussed in the content?

They are suggested additions to help predict intentions and subsequent behavior. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following anticipated emotions has been shown to influence intentions and behaviors, particularly in the context of social norms?

Anticipated Pride (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does past habitual behavior primarily influence future behavior, according to the presented information?

It can influence behavior directly, bypassing intentions, especially if the past behavior is habitual. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the main approach for changing an individual's attitudes, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior?

By altering their evaluation or strength of beliefs, or by introducing new beliefs. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, what are the three main determinants of behavioral intentions that can be influenced?

Attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, how would an intervention that aims to enhance the strength of an existing positive belief be presented?

By highlighting the likely beneficial consequences of the behavior. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to persuade someone, according to the text, by influencing their subjective norms?

(This option left intentionally empty, which is wrong and should result in a negative outcome) (B) Signup and view all the answers

If someone intends to meditate on some days but not on others, how might this impact the predictive power of their intentions, according to content?

Intentions measured at one point might not accurately predict later meditation behavior. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of planned behavior exclude, that some scholars have suggested it should incorporate?

Emotional and subconscious influences. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increasing the salience of an existing negative belief, in terms of changing an individual's attitude?

It can contribute to changing attitudes by highlighting underlying harmful aspects. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, what two factors jointly determine an individual's subjective norms?

Normative beliefs and the motivation to comply with those beliefs (A) Signup and view all the answers

Using the Theory of Planned Behavior, how could a person's subjective norm about meditating be altered?

By increasing the person's motivation to comply with their health care provider (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to research mentioned in the provided content, which of the following behaviors is NOT influenced by past, habitual behavior?

Writing daily journal entries. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Theory of Planned Behavior suggest about the determinants of perceived behavioral control?

The assessment of the likelihood of a control factor and its impact on the behavior. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the provided content suggest about using the Theory of Planned Behavior to create persuasive messages?

An individual's intentions can be changed by targeting any one of the key determinants of intentions. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy would be considered a method to directly change an individual's perceived behavioral control toward meditation?

Providing verbal encouragement, such as 'You can do it!' (A) Signup and view all the answers

If someone believes that a behaviour has positive outcomes, what effect does reducing the strength of that positive belief have?

It can change their attitude by causing them to see less benefit. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the Transtheoretical Model, during which stage is an individual actively making changes to their behavior?

Action (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Transtheoretical Model, what is a key characteristic of the 'Maintenance' stage?

Working to prevent a relapse into prior unhealthy behaviors. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is not a characteristic of a SMART goal?

Simple (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is setting a 'measurable' goal important, according to the SMART framework?

To allow tracking of progress (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the SMART goal framework, what does the 'R' stand for?

Realistic (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a 'specific' goal within the SMART goal framework?

It has a clearly defined path for action. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a goal that is best described as 'time-oriented', according to the SMART framework?

I will eat 2 servings of fruits each day for the next two weeks. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, which of these would be an example of altering a `normative belief` to encourage someone to meditate?

Telling the person that their romantic partner believes they should meditate. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the theory of planned behavior suggest about how to influence a person's `perceived behavioral control`?

By changing the person's perception of their current circumstances. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the transtheoretical model, what is the primary difference between an individual in the 'contemplation' versus the 'preparation' stage?

Individuals at the 'contemplation' stage are thinking about behavior change, while those in 'preparation' intend to take action soon. (C) Signup and view all the answers

If a person has been able to make and sustain a behavior change for 8 months, according to the stages of change, what is that stage called?

Maintenance (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system involves interactions between different microsystems?

Mesosystem (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of family systems theory, what does 'boundaries' primarily refer to?

The limits defining who is considered part of the family. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered part of the 'exosystem' according to Bronfenbrenner?

The parents' workplace (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the 'chronosystem' in Bronfenbrenner's theory?

It represents the influence of time and changing conditions throughout life. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In family systems theory, what does the term 'hierarchy' best represent?

The levels of power and control among family members. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to family systems theory, family 'rules' are best described as:

A set of standards that govern how family members relate to each other. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does family systems theory view the family?

As a complex dynamic with interacting parts. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of a family 'eco-map', what do the lines connecting different systems to the family represent?

The nature and quality of relationships. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'equilibrium' refer to in family systems theory?

The balance or imbalance within the family system. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What can a family be a source of?

Both stress and resilience depending on the family's dynamics. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not explicitly listed as part of the exosystem?

The family friend group (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'climate' refer to within the family systems theory?

The emotional and physical environment of the family. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where do individuals learn behaviors?

Through operant conditioning and observational learning. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what does an eco-map help a family do?

To identify interactions with the surrounding systems. (B) Signup and view all the answers

The concept of 'family roles' is related to which area in family systems theory?

The specific parts individuals play in the family (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does an overly sparse family eco-map suggest?

The family is under-resourced and socially isolated. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to family systems theory, what is a key feature of 'the family'?

It has an identity and 'life' separate from individual members. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best example of an individual with an internal locus of control?

A person admits they failed a test because they did not study enough. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'subsystems' within a family system refer to?

Specific groupings within the family based on roles and relationships. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between self-efficacy and locus of control?

Self-efficacy is our belief in our own abilities, while locus of control is about our beliefs about our power over our lives. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does change in one part of a family system typically affect the entire system?

It causes ripples throughout all parts of the system. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a person with an external locus of control?

They tend to believe that their outcomes depend on chance or other people. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of goal setting, what does it mean for a goal to be 'feasible'?

The goal should be attainable given currently available resources and circumstances. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to evolutionary psychology, what is the main driver of evolution?

Reproductive success. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of having a 'time-oriented' objective when setting goals?

To stay motivated and evaluate progress toward reaching the goal. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a core concept of the theory of natural selection?

Organisms that are better suited for their environment are more likely to reproduce. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a macrosystem according to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model?

The cultural values and beliefs of a society. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do evolutionary psychologists explain mate selection preferences in men?

Men strongly desire youth and health in women, as cues to fertility. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the theory of evolution by natural selection most dependent on?

The reproductive success of organisms. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'chronosystem' refer to in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model?

The historical context and changes over time affecting a person’s development. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about evolution?

Evolution is about the survival of the fittest only. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Bronfenbrenner, what is the 'microsystem'?

The direct environments with which a child interacts, such as family or school. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does an overly saturated family eco-map signify?

An abundance of formal relationships, which can be overwhelming. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the mesosystem impact a child's development according to Bronfenbrenner’s model?

By indirectly shaping the child’s experiences through interactions of the child's immediate surroundings. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the main point of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model?

Understanding a child requires analyzing the complex interplay of various environments and their historical context. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to evolutionary psychology, why might women have evolved to prefer men with resources?

As a way to gain resources for themselves and their offspring. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an exosystem influence on a child's development?

The mass media's influence on a child's peer group. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the idea of a system relate to family dynamics?

The family functions as a unit, where changes affect all members. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What kind of change is typically considered stressful for a family system?

Both positive and negative, due to the disruption to the family unit's dynamic. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is one key factor that influences development, as highlighted by Bronfenbrenner?

Historical and social context. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major aspect of studying human development from an evolutionary psychology perspective?

Focusing on how patterns in behavior and cognition have evolved over time. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the ecological systems model, why is it important to consider relationships between individuals and their surroundings?

To understand that interactions between individuals and their environment affect their development. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'reproductive success' in the context of natural selection?

The ability of an organism to pass on its genes to the next generation. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How would Bronfenbrenner suggest understanding a student's challenges in math?

By analyzing the interactions that occur between the student, teacher, and school context. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does a low score indicate on the Locus of Control questionnaire mentioned in the text?

A belief that their effort and decisions determine their outcomes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's psychosexual theory, what is the primary focus of stimulation and comfort during the oral stage?

The mouth, sucking, and oral gratification (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main developmental challenge during the anal stage, according to Freud?

Learning to manage and control biological urges, particularly related to potty training (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of fixation at the anal stage?

Extreme neatness, organization, and controlling behaviours, or alternatively, messiness and disorganization (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Oedipal complex, a concept described by Freud, associated with?

A boy’s attraction to his mother and fear of his father (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what experience does a little girl face during the phallic stage?

An attraction to her father, but the realization she cannot compete with the mother, and penis envy (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the latency stage in Freud's psychosexual theory?

A period where biological drives are quieted, and friendships become the focus (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the primary focus of the genital stage?

Preoccupation with sex and reproduction through adolescence and adulthood (C) Signup and view all the answers

In Freud's theory, what does the term 'fixation' refer to?

Becoming 'stuck' at a certain stage due to an overindulgence or negligence of needs (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the theory of natural selection describe the relationship between organisms and their environments?

Organisms should be suited to their environment for reproductive success. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud suggest about the development of the superego?

It is formed after resolution of the Oedipal or Electra complex during the phallic stage (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of behavioral geneticists in their studies?

To explore the interaction between genes and environment in behavior. (D) Signup and view all the answers

If an individual does not successfully resolve the challenges of the latency stage, what might they experience as an adult?

A tendency toward being a loner and shy away from others (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which view asserts that one's genetic makeup limits the potential that can be achieved based on environmental factors?

Range of reaction (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, during which stage of psychosexual development does a child first develop a sense of self-control?

Anal stage (D) Signup and view all the answers

In Freud’s theory, what is most associated with the concept of the 'Id' during infancy?

Immediate gratification of needs such as comfort, warmth, food, and stimulation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of genetic environmental correlation imply?

Genes influence the environment, which in turn shapes the expression of those genes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of ‘castration anxiety’ in Freud’s theory?

A boy's fear of losing his penis because of competing with his father for his mother’s affection (C) Signup and view all the answers

Epigenetics focuses on which aspect of genetic expression?

Variability in phenotype expression despite identical genotypes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the 'Ego' assist an adolescent during the genital stage?

By balancing urges with logical thinking and avoiding damaging actions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nature vs. nurture debate?

It evaluates which factor, nature or nurture, is more critical in shaping human features. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What challenge is often encountered when isolating the effects of nature and nurture?

Identifying the interplay between various factors is difficult. (C) Signup and view all the answers

A 'phallic male', according to Freud, might experience which of the following?

An insecurity in his masculinity, leading him to seduce women and be aggressive toward men (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible outcome of a person’s range of reaction?

An enriching environment can enable individuals to reach their full genetic potential. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How might a child of a professional athlete's environment affect their genetic potential?

The child will likely be exposed to opportunities that enhance their athletic potential. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Identical twins can show different health outcomes despite having the same genotype due to which of the following?

Unique environmental exposures affecting gene expression. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one implication of polygenic traits in relation to nature and nurture?

Human features result from a complex interplay of multiple genes and environmental factors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the concept of genetic environmental correlation?

An academically gifted student comes from a family of educators. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of human behavior does the range of reaction concept primarily illustrate?

How individual genetic potential is influenced by environmental factors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does epigenetics differ from the range of reaction concept in genetics?

Epigenetics allows for changes in how genetic information is expressed over time. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do genetic linkages to behavioral characteristics indicate about the influence of genes?

Genes also play a significant role in behaviors and experiences. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of adoptees with a high genetic risk raised in disturbed environments who developed schizophrenia?

36.8% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the pituitary gland within the endocrine system?

To act as a master gland controlling other glands. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main functions of hormones in the body?

To travel through the bloodstream to distant receptors. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is associated with hyperthyroidism?

Agitation, bulging eyes, and weight loss. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the endocrine system primarily communicate its signals?

By releasing hormones into the bloodstream. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about gene-environment interactions is true?

Both genetic vulnerability and environmental stress are needed for certain disorders. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What hormonal imbalance can result from the thyroid gland secreting too much thyroxine?

Hyperthyroidism. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What did the study of adoptees reveal about the development of schizophrenia?

Healthy environments mitigate the risk of developing schizophrenia related to genetic predisposition. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What impact do hormones generally have on the body compared to neurotransmitters?

Hormones have more wide-ranging effects and are slower to act. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is primarily responsible for controlling fluid levels in the body?

Pituitary gland. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why is family medical history significant in assessing genetic predisposition?

Certain characteristics and conditions may recur within families. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do both genetic vulnerabilities and environmental stress contribute to?

The development of disorders like schizophrenia. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What primary function do the hormones insulin and glucagon serve in the pancreas?

Regulation of blood sugar levels (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about gonadal hormones is true?

Ovaries produce progesterone and estrogens. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How can behaviors influence hormone concentrations, as demonstrated by studies on zebra finches?

Singing behavior can elevate testosterone levels. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What trend was observed in testosterone levels among male fans during the World Cup soccer match?

Brazilian fans increased, Italian fans decreased testosterone levels. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex?

Corpus callosum (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?

Motor control and planning (B) Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by damage to neural tissue in the brain?

Alzheimer's Disease (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is specifically involved with hearing?

Temporal lobe (A) Signup and view all the answers

What structure of the brain is primarily responsible for somatic sensory functions?

Parietal lobe (D) Signup and view all the answers

What might happen to testosterone levels in male mice after losing a fight?

Decrease for several days or weeks (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is typically observed in the cerebral cortex of smaller-brained animals like rats?

A completely smooth cortex (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common aspect of brain dysfunction associated with psychiatric conditions?

Associated with specific brain anomalies. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is notably linked to sexual motivation and behavior in women?

Testosterone (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for control of vision?

Occipital lobe (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes