72 Questions
Where is the sublingual caruncle located?
Near the frenulum of the tongue
Which type of secretion dominates in both sublingual glands?
Serous-mucous
What is the shape of the mandibular salivary gland?
Round
Where does the major sublingual salivary gland open its duct?
Near the frenulum of the tongue
Which animal lacks the major sublingual salivary gland?
Horse
Which nerve carries the sense of taste to the caudal third of the tongue?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
What type of secretion do the minor salivary glands produce?
Mucous
Where are the minor salivary glands located?
Mucosa of the lips, cheeks, tongue, palate, and sublingual floor
Which nerve provides motor innervation to the intrinsic and extrinsic lingual muscles?
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Which type of salivary glands produce most of the saliva?
Submandibular glands
Which type of taste bud-containing papillae has a mushroom-shaped appearance?
Fungiform papillae
What nerve supplies the rostral two-thirds of the tongue for the sense of pain, temperature, and tactile perception?
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
How are salivary glands classified based on secretion?
By secretion (serous or mucus or both)
What type of taste buds are present on Vallate papillae?
Numerous taste buds on the sides
Which nerve innervates the intrinsic and extrinsic lingual muscles?
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Where does the parotid salivary gland lie?
Above the auricular cartilage in the neck region
Which animal has a well-developed parotid salivary gland?
Herbivores
Where does the parotid duct open in most animals?
Into the buccal vestibule
How is the mandibular salivary gland positioned relative to the parotid gland?
It is covered by the parotid gland in part and is bigger in ruminants
In which animals does the parotid duct pass around the ventral margin of the mandible before opening?
In small ruminants like goats
Where is the parotid salivary gland located in relation to the auricular cartilage in ruminants?
Ventral
Which type of secretion is predominant in the sublingual salivary gland's product?
Serous-mucoid with mucous dominance
In which animals does the duct of the parotid salivary gland pass over the lateral surface of the masseter muscle?
Dog
How is the major sublingual salivary gland classified based on its duct structure?
Monostomatic
In which location does the mandibular salivary gland open with the major sublingual duct near the sublingual caruncle?
Ventral to the mucosa of the floor of the oral cavity
Where are Vallate papillae located on the tongue?
On the dorsum, rostral to the root of the tongue
What is the function of Vallate papillae?
Taste perception with numerous taste buds on their sides
Which artery is used in venipuncture in a clinic due to its visibility on the ventral side of the tongue?
Sublingual artery
What innervates the sense of taste to the rostral two thirds of the tongue?
Chorda tympanic
Which salivary gland is associated with gustatory and mechanical functions?
Parotid salivary gland
What forms the hard palate in the oral cavity?
Palatine processes of the maxilla and incisive bones
In which animal species is the mouth relatively small compared to their long digestive tube?
Horses and ruminants
Which muscle plays a role in forming the cheeks (buccae) and helping return food back into the central oral cavity?
Buccinator muscle
What is the function of the small papillae in ruminants?
Provide protection against dryness of food
Which structure replaces the incisors teeth and canine teeth in the upper jaw of ruminants?
Dental pad
What is the primary role of the soft palate in the oral cavity?
Separate the digestive and respiratory passages
Which glands are aggregated in carnivores to form the zygomatic salivary gland?
Salivary glands (buccal glands)
What does the buccal papilla contribute to in oral cavity function?
'Returning' food to central oral cavity
Which type of infections can herpes viruses cause?
Viral infections
What is the primary characteristic of latent virus infections?
The virus remains hidden in cells and is dormant
What is the role of antiviral agents in treating infections?
Inhibiting virus production and enzymes
What are oncogenic viruses also known as?
Cancer-causing viruses
What property of viruses distinguishes them from living cells?
Division by binary fission, mitosis, or meiosis
How do viruses differ from bacteria in terms of nucleic acid composition?
Double-stranded RNA viruses
What is a key characteristic used to classify viruses?
Shape and size of capsid
Which type of virus relies on the host cell for energy production?
Enveloped viruses
What is a distinguishing feature of animal viruses?
Infection of specific target cells
Which category do most viral genomes belong to in terms of nucleic acid type?
Double-stranded DNA viruses
Which virus is the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
What is the primary target for HIV?
CD4+ cells
Which infectious particles are smaller and less complex than viruses?
Viroids
What are viroids made of?
Single-stranded RNA
Which infectious proteins cause fatal neurologic diseases in animals?
Prions
Which of the following pathogens is the most resistant to disinfectants?
Prions
What are the 3 basic categories of bacteria based on shape?
Round, Rod-shaped, Spiral
Which bacterial arrangement is characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus?
Clusters
Which shape of bacteria are commonly seen in chains as Streptococci?
Cocci
In terms of morphology, what distinguishes Bacilli from Cocci?
Round vs. Rod-shaped
Which term is used to describe bacteria that lack a cell wall?
Mycoplasma
What is the average diameter of a coccus?
~1 µm
Which statement is true about mycoplasmas?
They are pleomorphic in shape.
What is a characteristic of photosynthetic bacteria like purple and green bacteria?
They use light as an energy source differently from cyanobacteria.
Which domain was discovered in 1977 and is genetically more related to eukaryotes than bacteria?
Archaea
What type of photosynthesis produces oxygen?
Oxygenic photosynthesis
In which extreme environments can Archaea be found?
Extremely acidic, hot, or salty
What differentiates mycoplasmas from most other bacteria?
Assuming many shapes due to lacking a cell wall
What is the average size of an average bacillus?
1 x 3 µm
Which bacteria are examples of curved shapes?
Campylobacter spp.
What is the medical significance of Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Proteus spp.?
Gut pathogens
What is the term for extremely short bacilli?
Coccobacilli
Which bacteria form long filaments or branched structures?
Borrelia spp.
What distinguishes streptobacilli among the morphological arrangements of bacilli?
Occur in chains
Test your knowledge on the gustatory and mechanical functions of different types of tongue papillae such as fungiform, vallate, and foliate. Learn about the characteristics and locations of these papillae along with their varying numbers in different species.
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