Mucous Membrane of the Anterior Tongue

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the vallate papillae on the tongue?

Detecting touch sensations

Regulating tongue movements

Perceiving the four primary taste sensations (correct)

Producing saliva

Which type of lingual papillae are most numerous on the tongue?

Vallate papillae

Foliate papillae

Filiform papillae (correct)

Fungiform papillae

What is the function of the hyoglossus muscle in the tongue?

Elevating the posterior part of the tongue

Creating a trough for swallowing

Depressing and retracting the tongue (correct)

Protruding the tongue and deviating it towards the opposite side

What is the characteristic feature of the fungiform papillae on the tongue?

They are scattered and have a vascular core Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the taste buds on the tongue?

Perceiving the sense of taste Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the mucous membrane of the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue?

It has a cobblestone surface due to the presence of lymphoid nodules Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for the transmission of taste fibers from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Facial nerve (CN VII) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the minor salivary glands?

To contribute 10% of the total salivary volume Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of the palatoglossus muscle?

Vagus nerve (X CN) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of paralysis of the genioglossus muscle?

Obstruction of the airway with a risk of suffocation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the gag reflex in the oral cavity?

To elevate the soft palate and contract the bilateral pharyngeal muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristics of the mucous membrane on the inferior side of the tongue?

It is thin and allows for quick absorption of drugs into the deep lingual veins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the surgical challenges in parotidectomy?

The facial nerve and its branches are embedded in the parotid gland. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the radiographic examination of the major ducts and secretory units of the parotid and submandibular gland?

Sialography Signup and view all the answers

What is the nerve responsible for the sensation of pain in the auricle, external acoustic meatus, temporal region, and temporomandibular joint during parotiditis?

Auriculotemporal nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of tissue that covers the attached portion of the gums to the jaws and necks of the teeth?

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (KSSE) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inflammation of the gums?

Gingivitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the decay of teeth that results in cavities?

Dental caries Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hard palate?

To separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity and nasopharynx Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the soft palate?

Musculoaponeurotic tissue Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mucous Membrane of the Tongue

Anterior 2/3 of the tongue contains lingual papillae
Four types of lingual papillae: filiform, fungiform, foliate, and vallate
Filiform papillae are conical, highly keratinised, and contain afferent nerve endings sensitive to touch
Fungiform papillae are scattered, keratinised, and appear as red spots (vascular core)
Vallate papillae are large, nonkeratinised, and surrounded by deep trenches, containing taste buds
Foliate papillae are located just in front of the V of vallate papillae, clustered in two groups on either side of the tongue, and contain taste buds

Mucous Membrane of the Posterior 1/3 of the Tongue

No lingual papillae
Cobblestone surface due to the presence of lymphoid nodules (lingual tonsil)

Taste Buds

Areas of specialised epithelia (specialised mucosa) where intraepithelial structures (taste buds) function for taste perception (gustation)
Most taste buds are located on the dorsal surface of the tongue

The Muscles of the Tongue

Intrinsic (confined) muscles permit changes in the shape of the tongue:
- Longitudinal
- Transvers
- Vertical
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue allow for movement and changes in position:
- Styloglossus: creates a trough for swallowing, retracting the tongue
- Hyoglossus: depresses and retracts the tongue, making the dorsum more convex
- Palatoglossus: elevates the posterior part of the tongue
- Genioglossus: protrudes the tongue and deviates it towards the opposite side

Nerve Supply

Anterior 2/3 of the tongue originates from the 1st pharyngeal arch and posterior 1/3 from the 3rd pharyngeal arch
Sensory: general sensation for anterior 2/3 is lingual (branch of CN V) and taste fibres (special innervation) derived from the facial (CN VII) nerve (Chorda tympani)
Motor: all the muscles of the tongue are innervated by Hypoglossal (XII CN) except palatoglossus, which is pharyngeal branch of Vagus (X CN)

The Tongue - Clinical Correlates

Gag reflex (pharyngeal reflex) involves bilateral pharyngeal muscle contraction and elevation of the soft palate
Afferent (sensory) IX CN and efferent (motor) X CN
Paralysis of genioglossus (forms the bulk of tongue mass) obstructs the airway with a risk of suffocation
Protection of the airway during general anaesthesia by inserting an airway
Any cause leading to injury of CN XII leading to atrophy of the same side of the tongue, causing the tongue to deviate to the paralysed side
Thin mucous membrane on the inferior side of the tongue allows for quick absorption of drugs into the deep lingual veins

Salivary Glands

Major salivary glands:
- Parotid
- Submandibular
- Sublingual
Minor salivary glands:
- Located just under the mucosa
- Distributed over lips, cheeks, palate, floor of mouth, and retro-molar area
- Also appear in the upper aerodigestive tract
- Contribute 10% of total salivary volume

Salivary Glands - Clinical Correlates

Sialography: radiographic examination of major ducts and secretory units of the parotid and submandibular gland by injection of contrast medium for diagnosis of stricture, stone cause obstruction
Blockage of submandibular duct by calculi (stones)
Majority of salivary gland tumours occur in the parotid gland; most of the tumours are benign
Parotidectomy presents surgical challenges because the facial nerve and its branches are embedded in the gland
Superficial parotidectomy for benign or low-grade malignancy
Radical parotidectomy for high-grade malignancy
Viral infection of the parotid gland (mumps) causes inflammation (parotiditis); parotid gland capsule and cervical fascia limit swelling and thus cause severe pain

Gums & Teeth

Gums (gingivae) are composed of fibrous tissue covered with mucosa
Improper oral hygiene results in food and bacterial deposits in gum crevices, causing gum inflammation (gingivitis)
Untreated gingivitis leads to supporting structures and alveolar bone affected, causing periodontitis (inflammation and destruction of bone and periodontium)
Dental abscesses
Teeth set in tooth sockets are used in mastication and assist in speech
Decay of teeth results in dental caries (‘cavities’) eventually invading the pulp cavity, causing pulpitis and intense pain (toothache)
Abscesses from maxillary molar teeth may extend into the maxillary air sinus, causing sinusitis

The Palate

Consists of a bony part (hard palate) and a muscular part (soft palate)
Hard palate consists of four layers: a bony skeleton, submucosa, lamina propria, and cover with KSSE
Separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity and nasopharynx
Soft palate is composed of musculoaponeurotic tissue, attached anteriorly to the hard palate and posteriorly free mobile, bound to the tongue and pharynx by palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus MMS

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Description

This quiz covers the structure and characteristics of the mucous membrane of the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue, including the different types of lingual papillae.