42 Questions
What is the primary function of a router?
To connect multiple networks
What is the primary component of a router's operating system?
Cisco IOS
What type of memory is used by routers?
All of the above
What is the purpose of a routing table in a router?
To determine the best path for packet forwarding
What is the most recent and preferred packet-forwarding mechanism in Cisco routers?
Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF)
What is the purpose of static IP address assignment?
To manually assign IP addresses and subnet masks
What is the benefit of using static IP addresses in small networks?
Used in small networks with few hosts
What is the purpose of a DNS server IP address in IP configuration?
To identify specific network resources
What is the primary goal of route summarization?
To reduce the number of entries in routing updates and local routing tables
What is the primary function of dynamic routing protocols?
To facilitate the exchange of routing information between routers
What do routing protocols use for facilitating routing information for best path determination?
Algorithms
What is the main advantage of CIDR over traditional classful routing?
It ignores the limitation of classful boundaries
What is one of the advantages of dynamic routing protocols over static routing?
Help the network administrator manage the time-consuming process of configuring and maintaining static routes
What is a primary use of static routing?
Providing ease of routing table maintenance in smaller networks
What is the purpose of routing protocol messages in dynamic routing protocols?
To discover neighboring routers and exchange routing information
What is the primary benefit of route aggregation?
It reduces the number of routing updates
What is a characteristic of a stub network?
A network with only one default route out and no knowledge of any remote networks
What is the main component of dynamic routing protocols that stores routing information?
Data structures
What is the term for the time it takes routers to share information, calculate best paths, and update their routing tables?
Convergence time
What is required for a network to be completely operable?
The network must have converged
What is the primary function of fully specified static routes?
To configure the next-hop IP address and exit interface
What is the primary purpose of dynamic routing protocols in maintaining up-to-date routing information?
To maintain up-to-date routing information and adapt to network changes
What is a disadvantage of dynamic routing protocols?
They dedicate part of a router's resources for protocol operation, including CPU time and network link bandwidth
What is a common use of static routing in networks?
Routing to and from a stub network
What is a characteristic of a stub network?
It is accessed by a single route and has no other neighbors.
What is the purpose of a default static route?
To send traffic to any destination beyond the next upstream router.
What is the destination IPv4 address of a default static route?
0.0.0.0/0
What is the purpose of a floating static route?
To provide a backup path to a primary static or dynamic route.
What is the configuration requirement for a floating static route?
It must be configured with a higher administrative distance.
What is a next-hop route?
A route that is specified by an IP address.
What is the purpose of configuring a summary static route?
To reduce the number of routes advertised by summarizing several contiguous networks as one static route.
What is the difference between a next-hop route and a directly connected static route?
A next-hop route is specified by an IP address, while a directly connected static route is specified by an exit interface.
What is a characteristic of link-state routing protocols?
They use a map of the network topology
What is a disadvantage of classful routing protocols?
They create problems in discontiguous networks
Which routing protocol uses the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)?
IGRP and EIGRP
What is a characteristic of distance vector routing protocols?
They share updates between neighbors
What is the purpose of a metric in routing protocols?
To determine the overall cost of a path
Which protocol uses the Bellman-Ford algorithm?
RIP
What is a characteristic of EIGRP?
Maintains a topology table
What is a disadvantage of sending unnecessary RIP updates on a LAN?
It wastes bandwidth and resources
What is a characteristic of link-state routing protocols?
They use a map of the network topology
Which routing protocol is an example of a classless routing protocol?
RIPv2
Study Notes
Routers and Their Functions
- Routers are specialized computers containing:
- Central processing unit (CPU)
- Operating system (OS) - Routers use Cisco IOS
- Memory and storage (RAM, ROM, NVRAM, Flash, hard drive)
- Routers can connect multiple networks with multiple interfaces, each on a different IP network
- Routers choose the best path to send packets based on their routing table
- Routers use static routes and dynamic routing protocols to learn about remote networks and build their routing tables
Packet Forwarding Methods
- Process switching - an older packet forwarding mechanism
- Fast switching - a common packet forwarding mechanism that uses a fast-switching cache to store next hop information
- Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF) - the most recent, fastest, and preferred Cisco IOS packet-forwarding mechanism
Static Routes
- Used to:
- Connect to a specific network
- Provide a Gateway of Last Resort for a stub network
- Reduce the number of routes advertised by summarizing several contiguous networks as one static route
- Create a backup route in case a primary route link fails
- Types of static routes:
- Default static route (matches all packets and identifies the gateway IP address to which the router sends all IP packets)
- Summary static route (advertisements a contiguous set of addresses as a single address with a less-specific, shorter subnet mask)
- Floating static route (used to provide a backup path to a primary static or dynamic route in case of a link failure)
Dynamic Routing Protocols
- Used to facilitate the exchange of routing information between routers
- Purpose:
- Discovery of remote networks
- Maintaining up-to-date routing information
- Choosing the best path to destination networks
- Ability to find a new best path if the current path is no longer available
- Main components:
- Data structures (routing tables or databases)
- Routing protocol messages (to discover neighboring routers, exchange routing information, and maintain accurate information about the network)
- Algorithm (to facilitate routing information for best path determination)
Dynamic Routing Protocol Operation
- Advantages:
- Automatically share information about remote networks
- Determine the best path to each network and add this information to their routing tables
- Require less administrative overhead compared to static routing
- Help manage the time-consuming process of configuring and maintaining static routes
- Disadvantages:
- Dedicate part of a router's resources for protocol operation, including CPU time and network link bandwidth
Routing Protocol Classification
- Link-state routing protocols (e.g., OSPF, IS-IS)
- Classful routing protocols (e.g., RIPv1, IGRP)
- Classless routing protocols (e.g., RIPv2, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS)
- Distance vector routing protocols (e.g., RIP, IGRP, EIGRP)
Link-State Routing Protocols
- Link-state routing protocols use a complete map of the network topology
- Routers create a topology map and select the best path to all destination networks in the topology
Distance Vector Routing Protocols
- Distance vector routing protocols share updates between neighbors and are not aware of the network topology
- Distance vector routing protocols use metrics to determine the best path based on the route with the lowest cost
This quiz covers the basics of routers, including their components and functions, such as connecting multiple networks and operating systems.
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