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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes membranous bones from cartilaginous bones in terms of development?
What distinguishes membranous bones from cartilaginous bones in terms of development?
Which classification of bones is characterized by their shape?
Which classification of bones is characterized by their shape?
What is a characteristic feature of compact bone?
What is a characteristic feature of compact bone?
Which type of bone does not have a medullary cavity?
Which type of bone does not have a medullary cavity?
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What is a defining characteristic of spongy (cancellous) bone?
What is a defining characteristic of spongy (cancellous) bone?
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What is the primary function of the epiphyseal plate of cartilage in growing bones?
What is the primary function of the epiphyseal plate of cartilage in growing bones?
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Which type of bone marrow is initially present in long bones but is replaced by another form at puberty?
Which type of bone marrow is initially present in long bones but is replaced by another form at puberty?
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Which statement about pneumatic bones is accurate?
Which statement about pneumatic bones is accurate?
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How do the periosteal arteries contribute to bone health?
How do the periosteal arteries contribute to bone health?
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What primarily comprises the shaft (diaphysis) of a long bone?
What primarily comprises the shaft (diaphysis) of a long bone?
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Study Notes
Functions of Bones
- Contributes to the body's shape
- Provides attachment points for skeletal muscles
- Stores calcium and phosphorus, which can be used in emergencies
- Bone marrow produces blood cells and immune cells
- Protects vital organs, including the brain, heart, and spinal cord
Classifications of Bones
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Regional: Bones classified by location
- Axial: in the center of the body, including the skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage
- Appendicular: limbs, including the humerus, femur
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Developmental: Bones classified by how they develop
- Membranous: form from connective tissue by a process known as intramembranous ossification. Examples include the skull cap and flat facial bones
- Cartilaginous: form from hyaline cartilage by a process called endochondral ossification, Examples include the humerus
- Mixed Ossification: developed partly by membrane and partly by cartilage, Examples include the mandible and clavicle
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Structural: Bones classified by structure
- Compact Bone: Hard, makes up the outer layer of bones. Highly developed in the shaft of long bones.
- Cancellous (Spongy) Bone: Trabecular meshwork filled with bone marrow, found in the ends of long bones and within other types of bones
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Morphological: Bones classified by shape
- Long: Elongated shaft with two smooth articular ends. Examples include the humerus, femur
- Short: Thin outer cortex with an inner structure of compact bone, supported by a layer of spongy bone. Examples include bones in the wrist and ankle.
- Flat: Flattened or curved with two layers of compact bone separated by a layer of spongy bone. Examples include the skull, sternum, and ribs.
- Irregular: Don't fit into other classifications. Made of cartilage. Examples include hip bones.
- Pneumatic: Contain air spaces. Examples include the maxilla.
- Sesamoid: Found embedded within tendons. Example: the patella.
Structure of the "Living Bones"
- Epiphysis: End of a long bone
- Diaphysis: Shaft of a long bone
- Metaphysis: Part of the diaphysis that connects to the epiphyseal cartilage plate
- Epiphyseal Plate: Made of hyaline cartilage, found between the epiphysis and metaphysis in growing bones. Responsible for bone length growth. Ossifies between 15-22 years after bone has finished growing.
- Bone Cortex: Made of compact bone.
- Medullary Cavity: Found in long bones (excluding the clavicle), filled with bone marrow
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Bone Marrow: Fatty, vascular tissue found in the medullary cavity and spongy bone
- Red Bone Marrow: Found in most bones and is responsible for blood cell formation
- Yellow Bone Marrow: Replaces red bone marrow in long bones at puberty. Has no role in blood cell formation.
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Periosteum: Fibrous membrane covering the shaft of the bone.
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Structures attached to the periosteum:
- Joint capsule
- Tendons
- Muscles
- Ligaments
- Septa
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Structures attached to the periosteum:
Blood Supply of the Bones
- Bones have a rich blood supply for repair and regeneration.
- Nutrient, periosteal, metaphyseal, and epiphyseal arteries supply blood to the bones.
- Nutrient Artery: Enters through the nutrient canal and supplies the inner two-thirds of the bone cortex, medullary cavity, and bone marrow.
- Periosteal Arteries: Supply the outer one-third of the bone cortex.
- Metaphyseal Arteries: Supply the metaphysis.
- Epiphyseal Arteries: Supply the epiphysis.
Cartilage
- Firm, rubber-like part of the skeleton.
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Description
Explore the essential functions of bones, including shape formation, muscle attachment, and mineral storage. Discover the classifications of bones, focusing on regional and developmental types. This quiz will enhance your understanding of skeletal anatomy and its significance.
