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Questions and Answers
What are the three parts of personality according to Freud's theory?
What are the three parts of personality according to Freud's theory?
During which stage of Freud's Psychosexual Theory does the Oedipus complex occur?
During which stage of Freud's Psychosexual Theory does the Oedipus complex occur?
Which of the following stages is characterized by the development of trust versus mistrust according to Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?
Which of the following stages is characterized by the development of trust versus mistrust according to Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory?
What is a major criticism of Freud's Psychosexual Theory?
What is a major criticism of Freud's Psychosexual Theory?
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Which of the following best describes Erikson's contribution to developmental psychology?
Which of the following best describes Erikson's contribution to developmental psychology?
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In Bronfenbrenner's theory, which level is primarily concerned with the immediate environment impacting a child's development?
In Bronfenbrenner's theory, which level is primarily concerned with the immediate environment impacting a child's development?
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Which stage in Freud's Psychosexual Theory is marked by a dormant period of sexual feelings?
Which stage in Freud's Psychosexual Theory is marked by a dormant period of sexual feelings?
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What is typical of the superego part of personality in Freud's theory?
What is typical of the superego part of personality in Freud's theory?
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When do children typically exhibit their first social smile?
When do children typically exhibit their first social smile?
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What triggers the increase in anger in infants around 4-6 months?
What triggers the increase in anger in infants around 4-6 months?
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At what age do self-conscious emotions such as guilt and pride usually begin to appear?
At what age do self-conscious emotions such as guilt and pride usually begin to appear?
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How do children learn to manage their emotions as they grow older?
How do children learn to manage their emotions as they grow older?
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What is emotional self-regulation?
What is emotional self-regulation?
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When do children start using display rules to mask negative emotions?
When do children start using display rules to mask negative emotions?
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What is the primary focus of the initiative vs. guilt stage in child development?
What is the primary focus of the initiative vs. guilt stage in child development?
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What characterizes emotion-coaching parenting?
What characterizes emotion-coaching parenting?
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What does the still-faced paradigm assess?
What does the still-faced paradigm assess?
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How does B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning suggest that behavior changes?
How does B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning suggest that behavior changes?
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Which emotional coping strategy involves changing or fixing a problem?
Which emotional coping strategy involves changing or fixing a problem?
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What is one criticism of behaviorism concerning child development?
What is one criticism of behaviorism concerning child development?
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What was the key finding of Harlow’s Wire Monkey Experiment regarding attachment?
What was the key finding of Harlow’s Wire Monkey Experiment regarding attachment?
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What is a primary factor influencing how and when children feel self-conscious emotions?
What is a primary factor influencing how and when children feel self-conscious emotions?
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What aspect of temperament describes a child's ability to adapt to new situations?
What aspect of temperament describes a child's ability to adapt to new situations?
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Which level of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological systems theory describes a child's immediate settings?
Which level of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological systems theory describes a child's immediate settings?
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What does Bandura's Social Learning Theory emphasize in the context of child behavior development?
What does Bandura's Social Learning Theory emphasize in the context of child behavior development?
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What emotional behavior can begin to appear in infants as early as 3 months in cases of neglect or abuse?
What emotional behavior can begin to appear in infants as early as 3 months in cases of neglect or abuse?
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How does Bowlby’s attachment theory describe the importance of early attachments?
How does Bowlby’s attachment theory describe the importance of early attachments?
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What developmental change occurs in emotional self-regulation from infancy to toddlerhood?
What developmental change occurs in emotional self-regulation from infancy to toddlerhood?
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By what age do children begin to understand that they can control their expressions to achieve social goals?
By what age do children begin to understand that they can control their expressions to achieve social goals?
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Which outcome is most likely if a child experiences early disappointments in relationships during the intimacy vs. isolation stage?
Which outcome is most likely if a child experiences early disappointments in relationships during the intimacy vs. isolation stage?
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What is a characteristic of the identity vs. identity confusion stage?
What is a characteristic of the identity vs. identity confusion stage?
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What distinguishes the macrosystem in Bronfenbrenner’s theory?
What distinguishes the macrosystem in Bronfenbrenner’s theory?
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Which of the following behaviors is an example of classical conditioning?
Which of the following behaviors is an example of classical conditioning?
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What is one limitation of evolutionary developmental psychology?
What is one limitation of evolutionary developmental psychology?
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Which statement best describes the focus of the generativity vs. stagnation stage?
Which statement best describes the focus of the generativity vs. stagnation stage?
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In the context of social learning theory, what is meant by 'delayed imitation'?
In the context of social learning theory, what is meant by 'delayed imitation'?
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What is the primary characteristic of a child categorized as having a 'difficult' temperament?
What is the primary characteristic of a child categorized as having a 'difficult' temperament?
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How stable is temperament across a person's lifetime?
How stable is temperament across a person's lifetime?
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What parenting style is most beneficial for a child with a difficult temperament?
What parenting style is most beneficial for a child with a difficult temperament?
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At what age do children typically begin to show signs of self-recognition?
At what age do children typically begin to show signs of self-recognition?
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What does the concept of 'theory of mind' refer to?
What does the concept of 'theory of mind' refer to?
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How does self-concept evolve during middle childhood?
How does self-concept evolve during middle childhood?
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Why do self-esteem levels typically decrease in middle childhood?
Why do self-esteem levels typically decrease in middle childhood?
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Which identity development stage involves exploring one’s own values without commitment?
Which identity development stage involves exploring one’s own values without commitment?
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At what age do most children begin to identify genders, both their own and others'?
At what age do most children begin to identify genders, both their own and others'?
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What is a key factor in the development of self-awareness among children?
What is a key factor in the development of self-awareness among children?
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During which stage of identity development are individuals committed to their own values and goals?
During which stage of identity development are individuals committed to their own values and goals?
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What common characteristic is observed in preschool-age children regarding self-esteem?
What common characteristic is observed in preschool-age children regarding self-esteem?
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What is a typical understanding of gender roles in preschool children?
What is a typical understanding of gender roles in preschool children?
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What is a typical outcome when adolescents experience a discrepancy between their real self and ideal self?
What is a typical outcome when adolescents experience a discrepancy between their real self and ideal self?
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What behavioral response would indicate a secure attachment in a child during the Strange Situation?
What behavioral response would indicate a secure attachment in a child during the Strange Situation?
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Which parenting style is associated with children who are the most successful and self-controlled?
Which parenting style is associated with children who are the most successful and self-controlled?
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What impact does a mother's work satisfaction have on children?
What impact does a mother's work satisfaction have on children?
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What is a characteristic of avoidant attachment in children?
What is a characteristic of avoidant attachment in children?
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Which of the following factors does not influence the development of secure attachment?
Which of the following factors does not influence the development of secure attachment?
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What is the consequence of uninvolved parenting on children?
What is the consequence of uninvolved parenting on children?
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How does authoritative parenting support a child's resilience during stress?
How does authoritative parenting support a child's resilience during stress?
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Which attachment category is characterized by confusion and contradictory behavior in children?
Which attachment category is characterized by confusion and contradictory behavior in children?
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What factor is essential for high-quality daycare to benefit children's development?
What factor is essential for high-quality daycare to benefit children's development?
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What typically occurs with children raised under authoritarian parenting?
What typically occurs with children raised under authoritarian parenting?
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What key feature does emotional development in children involve?
What key feature does emotional development in children involve?
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How does maternal employment potentially affect children's achievements?
How does maternal employment potentially affect children's achievements?
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Which parenting style is characterized by high responsiveness and low demandingness?
Which parenting style is characterized by high responsiveness and low demandingness?
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At what age do children typically start to recognize and classify traits as male or female?
At what age do children typically start to recognize and classify traits as male or female?
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What is the term for a child's understanding that gender remains consistent despite superficial changes?
What is the term for a child's understanding that gender remains consistent despite superficial changes?
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What is one common behavior exhibited by withdrawn-rejected children?
What is one common behavior exhibited by withdrawn-rejected children?
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Which of the following describes the relationship between parenting style and peer acceptance?
Which of the following describes the relationship between parenting style and peer acceptance?
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What does Kohlberg's Cognitive Development Theory emphasize in gender development?
What does Kohlberg's Cognitive Development Theory emphasize in gender development?
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In what way do girls' aggression patterns differ from boys' according to documented gender differences?
In what way do girls' aggression patterns differ from boys' according to documented gender differences?
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What indicates that a child has achieved gender stability?
What indicates that a child has achieved gender stability?
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Which statement is true regarding peer rejection stability?
Which statement is true regarding peer rejection stability?
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What factor contributes to girls displaying higher rates of anxiety and depression beginning in early adolescence?
What factor contributes to girls displaying higher rates of anxiety and depression beginning in early adolescence?
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Aggressive children often misinterpret social interactions by attributing what intent to others' actions?
Aggressive children often misinterpret social interactions by attributing what intent to others' actions?
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Which area shows consistent differences between genders when comparing academic abilities?
Which area shows consistent differences between genders when comparing academic abilities?
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What role do peers play that significantly impacts children's identity formation?
What role do peers play that significantly impacts children's identity formation?
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Which of the following behaviors is NOT typically associated with male infants according to studies?
Which of the following behaviors is NOT typically associated with male infants according to studies?
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What is a likely outcome for transgender youth who receive familial support?
What is a likely outcome for transgender youth who receive familial support?
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Study Notes
Freud and Erikson's Psychoanalytic Theories
- Freud's psychosexual theory proposes that personality development is shaped by how parents manage a child's sexual and aggressive drives.
- Three parts of personality: Id (biological needs), Ego (balances Id and Superego), Superego (conscience).
- Stages: Oral (birth-1 year), Anal (1-3 years), Phallic (3-6 years), Latency (6-11 years), Genital (adolescence). Each stage involves specific conflicts and potential outcomes if not resolved.
- Erikson's psychosocial theory builds on Freud's, focusing on how the ego develops attitudes and skills for societal contribution.
- Eight stages: Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Identity Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, and Integrity vs. Despair. Each stage presents a unique psychosocial conflict and a desired outcome.
Behaviorism
- Behaviorism emphasizes observable events and responses.
- Watson: "blank slate" view, focused on classical conditioning, believing environment shapes behavior.
- Classical conditioning: associating a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally produces a response to cause the neutral stimulus to produce the same response.
- Operant conditioning (Skinner): behavior increases with positive reinforcement, decreases with punishment.
- Critiques: oversimplification of development, neglects internal processes, and leaves out broader complex factors in the environment.
Bandura's Social Learning Theory
- Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes observational learning (imitation and modeling).
- Children learn by observing others, even if imitation is delayed.
- Social context plays a role (e.g., violent media). External feedback shapes personal standards of behavior and self-efficacy.
- Critiques: downplays biology, ignores complexity of raising children, and doesn't fully account for children's unique contributions.
Evolutionary Developmental Psychology (Lorenz)
- Lorenz's theory examines the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior.
- Imprinting: learning occurring at a particular age or life stage (e.g., ducklings imprinting on first moving object).
- Critiques: use of "critical period" concept, emphasis on adaptive behavior, and oversimplification. "Sensitive periods" are a more accurate concept as these are optimal times for learning specific skills but learning can occur later.
Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Systems Theory
- Bronfenbrenner's theory describes child development within a complex system of relationships and contexts.
- Environment seen as nested structures:
- Microsystem: child's immediate settings (family, school, neighborhood).
- Mesosystem: interconnections between microsystems (e.g., parent-teacher relationship).
- Exosystem: social systems indirectly impacting the child (e.g., parent's workplace).
- Macrosystem: larger cultural context (e.g., society's laws and values).
- Chronosystem: changes in the individual or environment over time.
- Critique: doesn't fully explain how children process information, learn from experiences, or gain new skills. The model is "bioecological" but doesn't adequately address biological influences.
Bowlby's Attachment Theory
- Attachment is a strong, affectionate tie. Children need at least one secure attachment for healthy development.
- Internal working models: early bonds influence future relationships.
- Harlow's research demonstrated that attachment is more about care and security than just feeding. Monkey studies showed that comfort and security are paramount in attachment development.
Ainsworth's Strange Situation
- Measures attachment security in unfamiliar contexts.
- Secure attachment: child uses parent as a secure base, distressed when separated and comforted upon return.
- Avoidant attachment: unresponsive to parents, little distress when separated, similar reaction to stranger and parent.
- Resistant attachment: clingy to parent, distressed when separated, angry and resistant to comfort upon reunion.
- Disorganized/disoriented attachment: confused or contradictory behavior upon reunion.
Parenting Styles (Baumrind)
- Four styles: Authoritative (high responsiveness and demandingness), Authoritarian (low responsiveness, high demandingness), Permissive (high responsiveness, low demandingness), and Uninvolved (low responsiveness and demandingness).
- Authoritative parenting is generally viewed as the most effective, fostering successful, self-controlled, and socially adept children.
Maternal Employment
- Impact depends on factors like mother's satisfaction, partner support, parent-child relationship, child care quality, and child's gender.
- Positive impact generally occurs when mothers enjoy their work and remain committed to parenting.
Non-Maternal Care
- Factors like quality, group size, and caregiver-child ratio are crucial in non-maternal care settings. Higher quality care, lower group size, and appropriate caregiver-to-child ratios are correlated with better cognitive, language, and social development, especially for children from low-SES backgrounds.
Emotional Development
- Tasks for emotional competence include identifying/understanding own emotions, managing emotions, understanding emotion display rules, and social referencing.
Temperament
- Temperament is an innate and biologically based style of interacting with the world, influencing reactivity and self-regulation.
- Thomas and Chess identified three categories: Easy, Difficult, and Slow-to-Warm-Up. A significant portion of children don't fall into these three categories.
Self-Awareness
- Mirror self-recognition (rouge test) is a classic method for evaluating self-awareness, observed when children touch their own forehead after having rouge put on it.
- Sensitive caregivers provide a secure base for exploration, fostering self-awareness.
Theory of Mind
- Theory of mind involves understanding that others have beliefs that may be different from one's own.
- False-belief tasks assess theory of mind development (e.g., Sally-Anne task).
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
- Self-concept and self-esteem change throughout development.
- Early childhood: high self-esteem, lack of social comparison.
- Middle childhood: self-esteem decreases due to social comparisons and feedback; physical appearance is a strong predictor of self-esteem in this stage.
- Adolescence: self-esteem typically fluctuates, lowest in early adolescence, as adolescents navigate physical changes, school transitions, and cognitive development.
Identity Development
- Identity development is a process of exploring and committing to one's values and goals.
- Stages: Identity Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, and Achievement, are the four stages of identity development that are not mutually exclusive and might fluctuate based on the domain.
Gender Identity
- Gender identity: psychological perception of oneself as male, female, neither, or another gender.
- Development involves recognizing and categorizing gender, developing gender schemas, internalizing gender roles, and understanding societal expectations.
Gender Differences
- More similarities than differences; some consistent differences exist in areas like activity level, aggression (forms often vary by gender), anxiety/depression (trends often differ by gender), academic ability (generally narrower differences which are narrowing) , and friendships.
Peer Relations
- Positive peer relations are essential for various aspects of development, including mental health, school adjustment, and future success. Factors to consider when assessing peer relations include peer acceptance, friendship, and peer victimization.
Risks and Support for Transgender Youth
- Supportive environments decrease the risk of psychiatric difficulties for transgender youth. Acceptance of affirmed gender identity/expression correlates with lower risk across multiple mental health domains.
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Description
Explore the foundational theories of personality development by Freud and Erikson. This quiz covers Freud's psychosexual stages and Erikson's psychosocial conflicts, detailing how these concepts apply to human growth and societal interaction. Test your understanding of these influential theories in psychology.
