Free Fatty Acids and Energy Metabolism Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary source of energy during endurance training?

  • Protein
  • Free Fatty Acids (FFA) (correct)
  • Lactate
  • Glucose

    • Which enzyme is the rate-limiting step in glycolysis?

  • Alanine Transaminase
  • Phosphofructokinase (PFK) (correct)
  • Glycogen Synthase
  • LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase)

    • What process occurs when pyruvate is converted to lactate?

  • Krebs Cycle
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Beta-Oxidation
  • Glycolysis (correct)

    • Which type of training leads to an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 1 and 2 isoforms?

    <p>Endurance training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Glycerol-phosphate shuttle in muscle cells?

    <p>Transporting NADH across the mitochondrial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation occurs with an increase in mitochondrial volume?

    <p>Enhanced capacity for oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mitochondria shows greater adaptability to training?

    <p>Subsarcolemmal mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of myoglobin in muscle cells?

    <p>Transporting oxygen inside the muscle cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the activation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) via PDH phosphatases?

    <p>Ca2+ and insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to O2 cost for any absolute workload with an increase in VO2max?

    <p>It remains the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net ATP production from the complete oxidation of one molecule of palmitate-16 through Beta-Oxidation and the Krebs Cycle?

    <p>38 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) in ATP production?

    <p>To generate ATP from NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating total ATP production from 1 molecule of glucose-6?

    <p>30 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average stroke volume (SV) per beat?

    <p>70 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating stroke volume (SV)?

    <p>End-diastolic volume (EDV) - End-systolic volume (ESV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing preload in the context of stroke volume?

    <p>Venous return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating ejection fraction (EF)?

    <p>Stroke volume (SV) / End-diastolic volume (EDV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Frank-Starling Mechanism in the context of stroke volume?

    <p>Increased stretch in ventricles causes increased force of contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing afterload in the context of stroke volume?

    <p>Pressure after the heart has to pump against</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to stroke volume during MOD exercise?

    <p>Increase in blood ejected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of thermoregulation on stroke volume?

    <p>Decrease in stroke volume due to decreased blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing preload when transitioning from lying down to standing?

    <p>Decrease in venous return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the respiratory pump in influencing preload?

    <p>Forces blood to the chest during diaphragm movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the muscle pump when transitioning from standing to running?

    <p>Pinching the valve to increase venous return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Endurance Training and Energy Production

    • The primary source of energy during endurance training is carbohydrates.
    • Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is the rate-limiting step in glycolysis.
    • When pyruvate is converted to lactate, it occurs through the process of lactic acid fermentation.
    • Endurance training leads to an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 1 and 2 isoforms.

    Cellular Energy Production

    • The primary function of the Glycerol-phosphate shuttle in muscle cells is to regenerate NADH from FADH2.
    • An increase in mitochondrial volume is an adaptation that occurs with endurance training.
    • Intermyofibrillar mitochondria show greater adaptability to training.
    • The primary function of myoglobin in muscle cells is to store oxygen.

    ATP Production

    • Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) is activated via PDH phosphatases when stimulated by insulin and NAD+.
    • With an increase in VO2max, the O2 cost for any absolute workload decreases.
    • The net ATP production from the complete oxidation of one molecule of palmitate-16 through Beta-Oxidation and the Krebs Cycle is 106 ATP.
    • The primary function of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) in ATP production is to generate ATP through the transfer of electrons.

    Glucose Metabolism

    • The formula for calculating total ATP production from 1 molecule of glucose-6 is 36-38 ATP.
    • Glucose-6 is converted to pyruvate through glycolysis, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

    Cardiovascular Function

    • The average stroke volume (SV) per beat is 70-80 mL.
    • The formula for calculating stroke volume (SV) is SV = EDV - ESV.
    • The primary factor influencing preload in the context of stroke volume is ventricular filling.
    • The formula for calculating ejection fraction (EF) is EF = (SV / EDV) x 100%.

    Regulation of Stroke Volume

    • The primary function of the Frank-Starling Mechanism in the context of stroke volume is to regulate cardiac output by adjusting ventricular stretch.
    • The primary factor influencing afterload in the context of stroke volume is systemic vascular resistance.
    • During moderate-intensity (MOD) exercise, stroke volume increases.
    • The primary consequence of thermoregulation on stroke volume is a decrease in SV due to increased blood flow to the skin.
    • When transitioning from lying down to standing, the primary factor influencing preload is the decrease in venous return.
    • The primary function of the respiratory pump in influencing preload is to increase venous return through the creation of negative pressure.
    • The primary function of the muscle pump when transitioning from standing to running is to increase venous return through the contraction of skeletal muscles.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of metabolic pathways with this quiz on the release and utilization of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) and their impact on energy metabolism. Explore the involvement of proteins, liver enzymes, and glycogen in these processes.

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