Metabolism and Nutrition: Overview of Metabolic Reactions
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of catabolic reactions?

  • Breaking down larger molecules to release energy
  • Storing excess energy as glycogen or fat
  • Producing ATP as the energy currency of the body
  • Producing larger molecules from smaller ones (correct)

    • What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle)?

  • To oxidize fatty acids for energy
  • To convert pyruvate into acetyl CoA
  • To produce NADH and FADH2 for the electron transport chain (correct)
  • To generate ATP directly through substrate-level phosphorylation

    • Which of the following is NOT a catabolic hormone?

  • Cortisol
  • Epinephrine
  • Insulin (correct)
  • Glucagon

    • What is the primary purpose of the electron transport chain (ETC)?

    <p>To pump hydrogen ions (H+) out of the mitochondrial matrix, creating a proton gradient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of gluconeogenesis?

    <p>To produce glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors during periods of low glucose availability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipolysis?

    <p>To break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol for energy production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the absorptive state, which of the following is true?

    <p>Insulin stimulates the storage of glucose as glycogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a product of the electron transport chain (ETC)?

    <p>Pyruvate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lipogenesis?

    <p>To convert excess acetyl CoA into triglycerides for storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the postabsorptive state, which of the following is true?

    <p>Catabolism is greater than anabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the heat generated during ATP production is lost through radiation?

    <p>60% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components of the body's energy expenditure accounts for the largest portion?

    <p>Basic organ function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, what is the approximate caloric equivalent of one pound of fat?

    <p>3500 calories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about vitamins is true?

    <p>Vitamins are organic compounds needed for biochemical reactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is responsible for the least amount of heat loss in the human body?

    <p>Conduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the energy expended by the body at rest, in a neutral environment, and in a postabsorptive state?

    <p>Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lymph nodes?

    <p>To serve as a major staging area for the development of critical immune responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the structure of lymphatic capillaries?

    <p>They are composed of a single layer of simple squamous endothelial cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas of the body does NOT have lymphatic vessels?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of natural killer (NK) cells?

    <p>To serve as the first line of defense against viruses and some cancers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the thymus gland?

    <p>It begins to shrink at birth and may be completely gone by age 120 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a barrier defense against pathogens?

    <p>Lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE binding to mast cells causing degranulation and rapid reactions?

    <p>Type 1 hypersensitivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate cause of death for individuals infected with HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Opportunistic infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of hypersensitivity reaction does systemic disease cause antigens and antibodies to accumulate along blood vessel linings?

    <p>Type 3 hypersensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is typically used for rapid and severe hypersensitivity reactions involving mast cell degranulation?

    <p>Antihistamines and epinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response is involved in Type 4 hypersensitivities that results in delayed symptoms?

    <p>Cellular immune response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary strategy for treating autoimmune diseases when tolerance breaks down?

    <p>Immunosuppressive drugs and anti-inflammatories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lymph nodes?

    <p>To remove debris and pathogens from lymph fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the lymphoid nodules found in the respiratory and digestive tracts?

    <p>To facilitate the development of immunity to oral pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) found in various parts of the body?

    <p>To provide lymphoid follicles in the gastrointestinal tract, breast tissue, lungs, and eyes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels in relation to the lymph nodes?

    <p>The afferent vessels bring lymph fluid and pathogens into the lymph node, while the efferent vessels remove the filtered lymph fluid from the node. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)?

    <p>To provide an effective immune response against inhaled pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the innate immune response is true?

    <p>It is a rapid, non-specific response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of perforins?

    <p>To put holes in the membranes of infected cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune system?

    <p>To recognize pathogens or molecules released by stressed or damaged cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chemokines?

    <p>To attract cells to the site of infection from longer distances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the inflammatory response is true?

    <p>It is caused by the release of histamine and leukotrienes from mast cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

    <p>Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury, while chronic inflammation is ongoing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the primary and secondary adaptive immune responses?

    <p>The primary response is slower, while the secondary response is more rapid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells?

    <p>To kill target cells by inducing apoptosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of regulatory T cells?

    <p>To suppress other T cell immune responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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