42 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of catabolic reactions?
Producing larger molecules from smaller ones
What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle)?
To produce NADH and FADH2 for the electron transport chain
Which of the following is NOT a catabolic hormone?
Insulin
What is the primary purpose of the electron transport chain (ETC)?
To pump hydrogen ions (H+) out of the mitochondrial matrix, creating a proton gradient
What is the main purpose of gluconeogenesis?
To produce glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors during periods of low glucose availability
What is the primary function of lipolysis?
To break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol for energy production
During the absorptive state, which of the following is true?
Insulin stimulates the storage of glucose as glycogen
Which of the following is NOT a product of the electron transport chain (ETC)?
Pyruvate
What is the primary function of lipogenesis?
To convert excess acetyl CoA into triglycerides for storage
During the postabsorptive state, which of the following is true?
Catabolism is greater than anabolism
What percentage of the heat generated during ATP production is lost through radiation?
60%
Which of the following components of the body's energy expenditure accounts for the largest portion?
Basic organ function
According to the information provided, what is the approximate caloric equivalent of one pound of fat?
3500 calories
Which of the following statements about vitamins is true?
Vitamins are organic compounds needed for biochemical reactions.
Which of the following processes is responsible for the least amount of heat loss in the human body?
Conduction
What is the term used to describe the energy expended by the body at rest, in a neutral environment, and in a postabsorptive state?
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
To serve as a major staging area for the development of critical immune responses
Which of the following statements accurately describes the structure of lymphatic capillaries?
They are composed of a single layer of simple squamous endothelial cells
Which of the following areas of the body does NOT have lymphatic vessels?
All of the above
What is the primary function of natural killer (NK) cells?
To serve as the first line of defense against viruses and some cancers
Which of the following statements accurately describes the thymus gland?
It begins to shrink at birth and may be completely gone by age 120
Which of the following is NOT considered a barrier defense against pathogens?
Lymphocytes
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE binding to mast cells causing degranulation and rapid reactions?
Type 1 hypersensitivity
What is the immediate cause of death for individuals infected with HIV/AIDS?
Opportunistic infections
In which type of hypersensitivity reaction does systemic disease cause antigens and antibodies to accumulate along blood vessel linings?
Type 3 hypersensitivity
What treatment is typically used for rapid and severe hypersensitivity reactions involving mast cell degranulation?
Antihistamines and epinephrine
What type of immune response is involved in Type 4 hypersensitivities that results in delayed symptoms?
Cellular immune response
What is the primary strategy for treating autoimmune diseases when tolerance breaks down?
Immunosuppressive drugs and anti-inflammatories
What is the primary function of the lymph nodes?
To remove debris and pathogens from lymph fluid
What is the purpose of the lymphoid nodules found in the respiratory and digestive tracts?
To facilitate the development of immunity to oral pathogens
What is the purpose of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) found in various parts of the body?
To provide lymphoid follicles in the gastrointestinal tract, breast tissue, lungs, and eyes
What is the primary function of the afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels in relation to the lymph nodes?
The afferent vessels bring lymph fluid and pathogens into the lymph node, while the efferent vessels remove the filtered lymph fluid from the node.
What is the primary function of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)?
To provide an effective immune response against inhaled pathogens
Which of the following statements about the innate immune response is true?
It is a rapid, non-specific response
What is the primary function of perforins?
To put holes in the membranes of infected cells
What is the role of pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune system?
To recognize pathogens or molecules released by stressed or damaged cells
What is the primary function of chemokines?
To attract cells to the site of infection from longer distances
Which of the following statements about the inflammatory response is true?
It is caused by the release of histamine and leukotrienes from mast cells
What is the primary difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury, while chronic inflammation is ongoing
What is the primary difference between the primary and secondary adaptive immune responses?
The primary response is slower, while the secondary response is more rapid
What is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells?
To kill target cells by inducing apoptosis
What is the primary function of regulatory T cells?
To suppress other T cell immune responses
This quiz covers the overview of metabolic reactions, including catabolic reactions (breaking down molecules for energy) and anabolic reactions (building larger molecules). Learn about energy storage and usage in the body, as well as the role of ATP in energy transfer.
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