10 Questions
Who were the German psychologists credited with introducing Gestalt principles to psychologists in the United States?
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler
What does the word 'Gestalt' roughly translate to?
Whole
What is a major emphasis of Gestalt psychology?
The relationship of individual sensory parts to the whole perception
What did the rise of behaviorism in the United States do to the principles of Gestalt psychology?
Prevented them from being as influential as in Germany
In what way did the perspective of Gestalt psychology directly contradict Wundt’s ideas of structuralism?
By emphasizing the perception of the whole over individual parts
Who advocated for behaviorism and shifted psychology's focus from the mind to observable behavior?
John B. Watson
Which psychologist studied conditioned reflex and classical conditioning in behavior?
Ivan Pavlov
Who focused on how behavior is affected by consequences, emphasizing reinforcement and punishment?
B.F. Skinner
Which psychologist's work led to the establishment of psychology as a scientific discipline through objective methods and experimentation?
John B. Watson
Which psychologist's popular science books advocated for the value of operant conditioning for creating happier lives?
B.F. Skinner
Study Notes
Foundations of Behaviorism and Key Figures
- Humanistic theory late in the century emphasized viewing the human individual as a whole rather than a sum of individually measured parts.
- The ideas of Gestalt continued to influence research on sensation and perception.
- Structuralism, Freud, and the Gestalt psychologists focused on understanding inner experience.
- Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, studied conditioned reflex and classical conditioning in behavior.
- John B. Watson shifted psychology's focus from the mind to observable behavior, advocating for behaviorism.
- Behaviorism dominated experimental psychology, establishing psychology as a scientific discipline through objective methods and experimentation.
- Behavior modification derived from behaviorism is commonly used in classroom settings and behavioral therapy.
- B.F. Skinner, a behaviorist, focused on how behavior is affected by consequences, emphasizing reinforcement and punishment.
- Skinner's operant conditioning chamber, known as the Skinner box, allowed the study of modifying behavior through reinforcement and punishment.
- The Skinner box isolates the subject and delivers positive reinforcement, punishment, or token conditioning.
- Skinner's focus on positive and negative reinforcement of learned behaviors had a lasting influence in psychology.
- Skinner's popular science books advocated for the value of operant conditioning for creating happier lives.
Test your knowledge of the foundations of behaviorism and key figures in psychology with this quiz. Explore the contributions of Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner to the development of behaviorism and its impact on the field of psychology.
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