Foundations Block: Acute Inflammation

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Questions and Answers

Which cytokine is primarily known for promoting the inflammatory response and activating immune cells?

Transforming Growth Factor-beta

Interleukin-1 (correct)

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Interferon-gamma

How do anti-inflammatory medications inhibit the production of leukotrienes in the arachidonic acid cascade?

By blocking the synthesis of phospholipase A2

By enhancing the activity of prostaglandin synthase

By preventing the action of cyclooxygenase

By inhibiting the enzyme lipoxygenase (correct)

Which of the following is NOT one of the main outcomes of acute inflammation?

Necrosis of tissue (correct)

Resolution of inflammation

Chronic inflammation

Formation of scar tissue

What is a common morphological pattern of acute inflammation that is characterized by the accumulation of neutrophils?

Suppurative (purulent) inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of inflammation in the body?

To facilitate tissue repair and protect the host. Signup and view all the answers

Which components of the inflammatory response are part of enzyme cascades that modify inflammation?

Complement, kinin, and clotting systems Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes acute inflammation?

It has a rapid onset and is usually of short duration. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes chronic inflammation from acute inflammation?

Chronic inflammation has a longer duration and variable course. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about inflammation is accurate?

Inflammation can result from various types of injury. Signup and view all the answers

What are the components involved in the inflammatory response?

Vascular responses, leukocytes, and chemical mediators. Signup and view all the answers

If inflammation is poorly regulated, what could be a possible outcome?

Injury to host tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between inflammation and repair?

Inflammation is closely tied to the repair process. Signup and view all the answers

What might cause a prolonged acute inflammation?

Ongoing or repeated injury. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major components of acute inflammation?

Vascular response, cellular response, and chemical mediators Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stimuli is known to trigger acute inflammation?

Viral infections Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid collection is described as having a high protein content and cellular debris?

Exudate Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main results of the vascular response in acute inflammation?

Increased vascular permeability and vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for the initial increase in vascular permeability during acute inflammation?

Histamine Signup and view all the answers

What do adhesion molecules facilitate during leukocyte extravasation?

Adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium Signup and view all the answers

What are the main steps of phagocytosis?

Activation, engulfment, and destruction Signup and view all the answers

Which two diseases are known to occur due to defects in leukocyte function?

Chronic granulomatous disease and leukocyte adhesion deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of acute inflammation?

To rapidly deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins to the site of injury Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is NOT typically involved in the acute inflammatory response?

Osteoblasts Signup and view all the answers

What type of fluid is described as having a high protein concentration and containing cellular debris?

Exudate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stimuli can trigger acute inflammation?

Tissue necrosis Signup and view all the answers

In acute inflammation, what is primarily responsible for increasing blood flow to the affected area?

Vasodilation Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes exudate from transudate?

Exudate contains more proteins than transudate Signup and view all the answers

Which leukocyte is typically the first to arrive at the site of acute inflammation?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of tissue necrosis that can trigger acute inflammation?

Chemical burns Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Overview of Acute Inflammation

Inflammation is a protective response of vascularized living tissue to injury caused by various agents, such as microbes or damaged cells.
It comprises vascular responses, leukocyte migration and activation, and systemic reactions.
Inflammation is not synonymous with infection; it can result from many types of injuries.
Poorly regulated inflammation can damage host tissues and is closely linked to repair processes.

General Features of Inflammation

Acute Inflammation: Characterized by rapid onset and short duration (minutes to days).
- May longitudinally persist in response to ongoing injuries.
Chronic Inflammation: Long-lasting and variable time course, can include granulomatous inflammation as a specialized form.

Objectives of Acute Inflammation

Rapid delivery of leukocytes and plasma proteins to the injury site.
Destruction of offending agents.
Amplification and regulation of the inflammatory response.

Major Components of Acute Inflammation

Vasodilation: Dilation of small blood vessels increases blood flow to the affected area.
Increased Permeability: The microvasculature becomes permeable, allowing fluid and plasma proteins to exude into tissues.
Leukocyte Emigration: White blood cells (neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes, basophils, platelets) migrate from circulation, accumulate at the injury site, and activate to address the threat.

Common Stimuli Triggering Acute Inflammation

Infections and Microbial Toxins: Pathogens lead to inflammatory responses.
Tissue Necrosis: Caused by ischemia, trauma, or physical/chemical injuries (e.g., burns, frostbite).
Foreign Bodies: External materials triggering inflammation.
Immune Reactions: Includes autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity responses.

Types of Extracellular Fluid Collections

Exudate: High protein concentration, cellular debris present, specific gravity >1.020, typically associated with inflammation.
Transudate: Low protein content, minimal cellular components, specific gravity <1.012, often results from systemic conditions rather than local inflammation.

Vascular Response in Acute Inflammation

The two primary results of vascular response are:
- Vasodilation: Expansion of blood vessels increases blood flow to the injured area.
- Increased Vascular Permeability: Facilitates fluid movement from blood vessels to tissues, contributing to edema and the inflammatory process.

Leukocyte Function

Leukocyte Extravasation Sequence: Involves rolling, adhesion, and migration through vessel walls, facilitated by adhesion molecules.

Phagocytosis

Involves three main steps:
- Recognition and attachment of pathogens.
- Engulfment of microorganisms.
- Killing and degradation, which establishes four crucial processes.

Deficiencies in Leukocyte Function

Certain diseases arise due to defects in leukocyte function, impacting the body’s inflammatory response.

Chemical Mediators

Vasoactive Amines: Two main types influence vascular response, sourced from mast cells and platelets.
Arachidonic Acid Cascade: Comprises two main pathways; anti-inflammatory drugs target this pathway to inhibit production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
Nitric Oxide: Acts as an endogenous regulator, modulating inflammation.

Cytokines in Inflammation

Two key cytokines have significant roles in inflammation, with specific major effects on immune responses.

Inflammatory Morphology Patterns

Four primary morphologic patterns of acute inflammation can be recognized, each exemplified by respective tissues and conditions.

Outcomes of Acute Inflammation

Three main outcomes are associated with acute inflammation, influenced by various factors and responses, allowing for mixed inflammatory pictures in situations of ongoing injury.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the key concepts of acute inflammation covered in the Foundations Block session. Participants will explore various aspects including causes, symptoms, and mechanisms underlying this vital physiological response. It is designed for students studying pathology and related fields.