Neurogenic Inflammation in Tendon Pathology

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Which of the following is the primary function of long and thin tendons?

Nutrient diffusion

Force transduction

Energy storage (correct)

Stress reduction

How does the cross-sectional area of a tendon affect the internal stress experienced by the tendon?

Larger cross-section increases internal stress

Smaller cross-section increases internal stress

Larger cross-section reduces internal stress (correct)

Cross-section has no effect on internal stress

Which of the following is the primary source of nutrition for mature tendons?

Musculotendinous junction

Osseotendinous junction

Vascular perfusion

Synovial fluid diffusion (correct)

Which part of the Tibialis Anterior tendon has an avascular zone?

Between 45 and 67 mm in length Signup and view all the answers

Which tendon has a richer intrinsic vascularity that may enhance its use as a graft?

Patellar tendon Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the transition to the symptomatic phase of tendinopathy according to the text?

Repetitive strain leading to inflammation and pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor that determines whether the tendon can fully heal according to the 'iceberg theory' of tendinopathy?

The duration of the recovery period Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the slow healing process in tendinopathy according to the 'failed healing theory'?

Low metabolic rate of tenocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between the 'under-stimulation' and 'over-stimulation' hypotheses for the pathogenesis of tendinopathy?

The 'under-stimulation' hypothesis focuses on altered tenocyte-matrix interactions, while the 'over-stimulation' hypothesis focuses on excessive tendon cell activity Signup and view all the answers

How does tendinopathy affect the mechanical function of the tendon according to the text?

Tendinopathy leads to a loss of elasticity, a loss of potential energy production, and decreased power Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of tendon tissue denaturation according to the passage?

Repeated overloading of the tendon's elastic region Signup and view all the answers

According to the continuum model of tendon pathology, which stage is characterized by failed tendon healing?

Tendon disrepair Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key factor in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy according to the passage?

Restoration of the tendon's mechanical function Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between inflammation and tissue degeneration in the pathogenic cascade of tendinopathy, according to the passage?

Inflammation and tissue degeneration work together in the pathogenic cascade Signup and view all the answers

Why is crimp morphology in tendon tissue important?

It is associated with sub-optimal response to mechanical loading Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tenocyte cell contractility in tendon healing and regeneration?

Restoring mechanical function after injury Signup and view all the answers

How do tendon collagen fibres behave during elongation (load)?

They slide past each other Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes normal tendon microstructure?

Tightly packed collagen bundles Signup and view all the answers

What is a proposed implication of crimp formation requiring forces generated by cells and being sensitive to the relative mechanical properties of fibrils and inter-fibrillar material?

It has implications for tissue healing and regeneration. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the crimp angle in tendons as we age?

The crimp angle decreases with age, with a greater reduction in the central fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What is a proposed explanation for the changing crimp morphology with age?

It is a function of a changed cell-to-matrix ratio caused by increased collagen content and cross-linking. Signup and view all the answers

Which fibers in a tendon receive differentially greater load during deformation, and why?

The central fibers, because they straighten first during deformation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a proposed mechanism for the difference between tissue and fibril strain in tendons?

Interfibrillar collagen sliding, where discontinuous collagen fibrils slide relative to each other. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of failure to control exercise-induced hyperthermia in tendons?

Fibroblast death and collagen tissue degeneration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the asymptomatic phase of tendinopathy?

Absence of symptoms but potential for tendon cell apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the symptomatic phase of tendinopathy is true?

The tendon is submitted to further loads without adequate recovery time Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of inflammatory cytokines in the context of tendinopathy?

Upregulate inflammatory reactions and induce neoangiogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy?

Degrade both collagen matrix and non-collagen matrix proteins Signup and view all the answers

How does glycated lysine contribute to the structure of collagen fibers?

Increases the effective modulus of collagen fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of sugar-mediated AGEs in collagen crosslinking?

Impairs tissue flexibility and permeability Signup and view all the answers

In tendon insertion, what is the function of the tendon-like finger projections into muscle tissue?

Increase contact surface area Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the muscle-tendon junction regarding collagenous fibrils and sarcolemma?

Tendon fibrils penetrate into sarcolemma indentations Signup and view all the answers

How do shear forces affect the interfaces at the muscle-tendon junction?

Undergo interlocking morphological changes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cross-linkages are associated with abnormal conditions like diabetes?

Sugar-mediated AGEs Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increased glycated lysine have on collagen fibers?

Decreases effective modulus Signup and view all the answers