Neurogenic Inflammation in Tendon Pathology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the primary function of long and thin tendons?

  • Nutrient diffusion
  • Force transduction
  • Energy storage (correct)
  • Stress reduction

How does the cross-sectional area of a tendon affect the internal stress experienced by the tendon?

  • Larger cross-section increases internal stress
  • Smaller cross-section increases internal stress
  • Larger cross-section reduces internal stress (correct)
  • Cross-section has no effect on internal stress

Which of the following is the primary source of nutrition for mature tendons?

  • Musculotendinous junction
  • Osseotendinous junction
  • Vascular perfusion
  • Synovial fluid diffusion (correct)

Which part of the Tibialis Anterior tendon has an avascular zone?

<p>Between 45 and 67 mm in length (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tendon has a richer intrinsic vascularity that may enhance its use as a graft?

<p>Patellar tendon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of the transition to the symptomatic phase of tendinopathy according to the text?

<p>Repetitive strain leading to inflammation and pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor that determines whether the tendon can fully heal according to the 'iceberg theory' of tendinopathy?

<p>The duration of the recovery period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the slow healing process in tendinopathy according to the 'failed healing theory'?

<p>Low metabolic rate of tenocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between the 'under-stimulation' and 'over-stimulation' hypotheses for the pathogenesis of tendinopathy?

<p>The 'under-stimulation' hypothesis focuses on altered tenocyte-matrix interactions, while the 'over-stimulation' hypothesis focuses on excessive tendon cell activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does tendinopathy affect the mechanical function of the tendon according to the text?

<p>Tendinopathy leads to a loss of elasticity, a loss of potential energy production, and decreased power (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of tendon tissue denaturation according to the passage?

<p>Repeated overloading of the tendon's elastic region (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the continuum model of tendon pathology, which stage is characterized by failed tendon healing?

<p>Tendon disrepair (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key factor in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy according to the passage?

<p>Restoration of the tendon's mechanical function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between inflammation and tissue degeneration in the pathogenic cascade of tendinopathy, according to the passage?

<p>Inflammation and tissue degeneration work together in the pathogenic cascade (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is crimp morphology in tendon tissue important?

<p>It is associated with sub-optimal response to mechanical loading (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of tenocyte cell contractility in tendon healing and regeneration?

<p>Restoring mechanical function after injury (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do tendon collagen fibres behave during elongation (load)?

<p>They slide past each other (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes normal tendon microstructure?

<p>Tightly packed collagen bundles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a proposed implication of crimp formation requiring forces generated by cells and being sensitive to the relative mechanical properties of fibrils and inter-fibrillar material?

<p>It has implications for tissue healing and regeneration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the crimp angle in tendons as we age?

<p>The crimp angle decreases with age, with a greater reduction in the central fibers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a proposed explanation for the changing crimp morphology with age?

<p>It is a function of a changed cell-to-matrix ratio caused by increased collagen content and cross-linking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fibers in a tendon receive differentially greater load during deformation, and why?

<p>The central fibers, because they straighten first during deformation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a proposed mechanism for the difference between tissue and fibril strain in tendons?

<p>Interfibrillar collagen sliding, where discontinuous collagen fibrils slide relative to each other. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of failure to control exercise-induced hyperthermia in tendons?

<p>Fibroblast death and collagen tissue degeneration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the asymptomatic phase of tendinopathy?

<p>Absence of symptoms but potential for tendon cell apoptosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the symptomatic phase of tendinopathy is true?

<p>The tendon is submitted to further loads without adequate recovery time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of inflammatory cytokines in the context of tendinopathy?

<p>Upregulate inflammatory reactions and induce neoangiogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy?

<p>Degrade both collagen matrix and non-collagen matrix proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does glycated lysine contribute to the structure of collagen fibers?

<p>Increases the effective modulus of collagen fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of sugar-mediated AGEs in collagen crosslinking?

<p>Impairs tissue flexibility and permeability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In tendon insertion, what is the function of the tendon-like finger projections into muscle tissue?

<p>Increase contact surface area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the muscle-tendon junction regarding collagenous fibrils and sarcolemma?

<p>Tendon fibrils penetrate into sarcolemma indentations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do shear forces affect the interfaces at the muscle-tendon junction?

<p>Undergo interlocking morphological changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cross-linkages are associated with abnormal conditions like diabetes?

<p>Sugar-mediated AGEs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increased glycated lysine have on collagen fibers?

<p>Decreases effective modulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) impact tissue mechanical properties?

<p>Impair tissue mechanical properties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tendon crimp formation in mechanical function restoration?

<p>Enhance energy storage capacity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does collagen crosslinking affect tissue healing and regeneration?

<p>Enhance tissue strength and stability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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