Forms of Energy and ATP Basics

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Questions and Answers

What does basal metabolic rate (BMR) primarily measure?

Energy used during physical activity

Total energy consumption during sleep

Energy required by the body for involuntary work (correct)

Energy used for digesting food

Which factor does NOT affect the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Dietary intake (correct)

Age

Body composition

Climate

What is specific dynamic action (SDA)?

Increase in metabolic rate due to food intake (correct)

The energy cost of exercising

Energy required for body temperature maintenance

The energy spent during sleep

Which of the following energy stores is NOT primarily composed of fat?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes energy balance?

Energy intake equal to energy output results in steady weight Signup and view all the answers

What could lead to underweight according to the energy balance principle?

Excessive physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What type of physical activity is considered moderate work?

Walking briskly Signup and view all the answers

How much glycogen can be stored in the muscles?

300 grams Signup and view all the answers

What does excessive consumption of calories compared to output result in?

Obesity Signup and view all the answers

Which energy store varies the most from one person to another?

Fat in adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of ATP in living cells?

To act as a store of energy rich phosphate bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following forms of energy is primarily involved in muscle movement?

Mechanical energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy value of carbohydrates per gram?

4.0 kCal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'specific dynamic action'?

The energy used during digestion and metabolism Signup and view all the answers

When ATP loses a phosphate ion, it is converted into which compound?

Adenosine diphosphate Signup and view all the answers

What type of activities are considered voluntary?

Walking and cycling Signup and view all the answers

How many kCal of energy does one mole of ATP provide?

8 kCal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not classified as a form of energy relevant to nutrition?

Nuclear energy Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the total energy requirements of a person?

Basal energy needs and energy effects of food intake Signup and view all the answers

Which form of energy is important for the synthesis of vitamin D in the skin?

Light energy Signup and view all the answers

What energy-rich compound is primarily responsible for storing energy in living cells?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following forms of energy is produced when energy is converted from one form to another?

Heat energy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of activities are classified as involuntary?

Digestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy value of protein per gram?

5.65 kCal Signup and view all the answers

What is released when ATP converts to ADP in living cells?

Energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mechanical energy in the body?

Enabling muscle movement Signup and view all the answers

How much energy does one mole of ATP provide in kCal?

8 kCal Signup and view all the answers

What do phosphate ions help facilitate in the conversion process involving ATP?

Energy release and transfer Signup and view all the answers

What accounts for a person's total energy requirement?

Basal energy needs, food intake effects, and physical activity costs Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes activities that are under conscious control?

Voluntary activities Signup and view all the answers

Which factors influence basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Body size and age Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of specific dynamic action (SDA)?

It represents energy required for eating and digesting food. Signup and view all the answers

How does physical activity impact basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

It increases BMR by requiring additional energy. Signup and view all the answers

Which energy store primarily consists of carbohydrates?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What does energy balance ensure?

The body maintains a steady weight. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about adipose tissue is correct?

It varies significantly from person to person. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when there is excessive consumption of calories?

Obesity due to energy surplus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities is classified as heavy work?

Participating in competitive sports Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of fever on BMR?

Increases the metabolic rate. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of physical activity is considered sedentary work?

Sitting and reading for long hours Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Forms of Energy

Energy is defined as the ability to do work.
Energy exists in various forms, crucial for nutrition.
Chemical energy: Found in food.
Light/Solar energy: Aids vitamin D synthesis and photosynthesis.
Mechanical energy: Enables muscle movement.
Electrical energy: Powers brain and nerve functions.
Heat energy: Created when energy changes form.

Energy Storage

Energy from food breakdown is stored as adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
ATP stores energy in rich phosphate bonds.
Living cells use energy only in the form of energy-rich phosphate bonds.

ATP and Cellular Activity

When energy is needed, living cells release energy from ATP.
ATP conversion to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
One mole of ATP releases 8 kcal/33 kJ of energy.
ADP converts back to ATP by adding phosphate ions, facilitating energy release and transfer.

Energy Value of Foods

Physiological fuel value (kcal/g) and potential energy in food (kcal/g).
Carbohydrates: 4.0 kcal/g / 4.15 kcal/g
Proteins: 4.0 kcal/g / 5.65 kcal/g
Fats: 9.0 kcal/g / 9.4kcal/g

Total Energy Requirement

Total energy needed by a person combines basal energy needs, food energy effect, and physical activity.
Energy is required for growth, maintenance, regulating body temperature, and physical/mental activity.

Types of Activities Needing Energy

Voluntary activities: Under conscious control (e.g., walking, cycling, dish washing).
Involuntary activities: Essential for life (e.g., heart beat, respiration, body temperature).
Total energy = basal metabolic rate + specific dynamic action + activity rate

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

BMR is the energy needed for involuntary bodily functions (e.g., work, maintaining temperature).
Factors affecting BMR: Body size, composition, age, sex, health state, fever, hormones and climate

Specific Dynamic Action (SDA)

SDA is the increase in metabolic rate from food digestion.
Energy is needed to digest, absorb, and metabolize consumed food.

Physical Activity

Physical activity increases BMR.
Activities include work, recreation, and mental activity.
Activities categorized as sedentary/light, moderate, and heavy work

Energy Storage in the Body

The body stores energy in three forms.
Glycogen: Carbohydrate storage; 300 g in muscles, 100 g in liver.
Muscles: Protein storage (limited amounts).
Adipose tissue: Fat storage (amounts vary between individuals).

Energy Balance

Energy balance occurs when energy intake equals energy expenditure.
Stable body weight.
Excessive intake: Leads to overweight/obesity.
Insufficient intake: Leads to underweight/under-nutrition.

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Description

Explore the diverse forms of energy essential to life, including chemical, mechanical, and solar energy. This quiz delves into how energy is stored as ATP in living cells and its role in cellular activity. Test your understanding of the energy value of foods and how energy is released and transferred in biological systems.