Forensic Science: Fingerprint and Evidence Analysis
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a method used to develop or enhance fingerprints on skin?

  • Vacuum metal deposition
  • AccuTrans (correct)
  • Ninhydrin
  • Amido Black

What is the primary reason why nondestructive investigations are performed before chemical processing of evidence?

  • Chemical processing can contaminate the evidence and make it difficult to obtain accurate results.
  • Nondestructive investigations are faster and more efficient than chemical processing.
  • Nondestructive investigations are less expensive than chemical processing.
  • Chemical processing can damage the evidence and make it unusable for other investigations. (correct)

Why is it important to examine a ransom or hold-up note before treating it with ninhydrin?

  • Ninhydrin can react with the ink on the note, causing it to fade or run. (correct)
  • Ninhydrin can damage the paper of the note, making it difficult to handle.
  • Ninhydrin can create a false positive reaction on the note, leading to incorrect conclusions.
  • Ninhydrin can leave a residue on the note that can interfere with other tests.

Why is it important to preserve shoe prints at a crime scene?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between fingerprint analysis and footprint analysis?

<p>Fingerprints are unique to each individual, while footprints are not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques is most likely to be used to preserve a shoeprint at a crime scene?

<p>Making a casting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using vacuum metal deposition in the development of fingerprints on clothing?

<p>To enhance the visibility of the prints by coating them with a thin layer of metal. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the use of AccuTrans in latent print lifting?

<p>AccuTrans is a liquid casting compound that fills in the nooks and crannies of textured surfaces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the Footprint Section established under the CID, Government of Bengal?

<p>1915 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Note Forgery Section set up in 1917?

<p>To examine forged currency notes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section was established in 1930 under the Calcutta Police?

<p>Ballistics Laboratory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred in the criminal investigation department in 1936?

<p>Establishment of a Scientific Section (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key development in police work is referenced regarding a Hindu constable's action?

<p>Identification through footprint analysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which governmental body established laboratories for detecting counterfeit currency notes?

<p>Government Mint and Security Printing Departments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of investigations did the scientific sections in CID eventually cover?

<p>Fingerprints, footprints, firearms, and questioned documents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which year did the CID embrace more branches of science in its investigations?

<p>1936 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of fingerprint patterns are classified as whorls?

<p>35% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of arch rises to a sharper point than a plain arch?

<p>Tented arch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a use of fingerprint analysis?

<p>Enhancing image quality for photography (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the method used to collect patent prints?

<p>Photography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fingerprints can link a perpetrator to which of the following?

<p>Multiple unsolved crimes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do arches in fingerprint patterns create?

<p>A wave-like pattern (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context are fingerprints especially important?

<p>The criminal justice realm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are fingerprints commonly used by officers of the court?

<p>To verify convicted offenders' identities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of photoanthropometry?

<p>To measure and compare facial landmarks from images (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method enhances the accuracy of facial similarity studies?

<p>Utilizing facial mapping software (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of current facial identification methods?

<p>The reliance on abundant similarities rather than distinct differences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is least relevant to estimating sex in biological profiling?

<p>Body mass index (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sexual dimorphism refer to?

<p>Physical and physiological differences between males and females (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach has recently been developed to enhance photo anthropometry?

<p>A Software as a Service (SAAS) model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary method for differentiating sex?

<p>Behavioral analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of superimposition in facial analysis?

<p>It allows for the study of facial similarities and dissimilarities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the BPR&D CFSLs as mentioned in the content?

<p>To provide R&amp;D support and specialized training in forensic science (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'Centers of Excellence' in the context of CFSLs?

<p>They focus on specific fields of research and development in forensic science. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy was implemented for the reorganized CFSLs in 1998?

<p>To pool resources in designated Centers of Excellence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major restriction placed on routine forensic analysis by the CFSLs?

<p>It only examines cases from specific government organizations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for CFSLs to adapt new developments for use in forensic science?

<p>High levels of expertise and resource availability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is pooling resources into Centers of Excellence beneficial for CFSLs?

<p>It generates synergy and focuses attention on crucial research areas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the restructured CFSLs play in relation to State FSLs?

<p>They act as referral centers for complex cases needing high expertise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the evolution strategy for CFSLs?

<p>Implementing a specialized focus within a multi-disciplinary environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques is most commonly used to collect latent fingerprints from smooth, nonporous surfaces?

<p>Dusting with fingerprint powder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when using fingerprint powder to collect latent prints?

<p>The powder can contaminate the evidence, hindering other techniques. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is an alternate light source (ALS) becoming more common for fingerprint detection?

<p>ALS is more sensitive and can reveal prints that are too faint for other methods to detect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following techniques is most effective for enhancing latent fingerprints on porous surfaces?

<p>Chemical developers like ninhydrin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cyanoacrylate fuming do to latent fingerprints?

<p>It enhances the fingerprints by adhering to the residue, making them easier to see. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using DFO (1,2-diazafluoren-9-one) to reveal fingerprints on porous surfaces?

<p>It causes fingerprints to glow under blue-green light, making them easier to photograph. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of using an alternate light source (ALS) in fingerprint detection?

<p>To permanently preserve fingerprints for future analysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best explanation for why a variety of light sources and filters are used in ALS techniques?

<p>Different light sources and filters can enhance fingerprints on different types of surfaces, such as glass versus plastic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Footprint Section

Established in 1915 under CID, it identifies criminals via footprints.

SM Edwardes' Example

Notable case of identifying a burglar by foot peculiarities noted by a constable.

Note Forgery Section

Set up in 1917 under CID to examine forged currency notes.

Laboratory for Narcotics

Set up by the Revenue Department for opium, liquor, and precious metals analysis.

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Ballistics Laboratory

Established in 1930 to examine firearms linked to crimes.

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Scientific Section

Created in 1936 in Bengal CID for crime-related scientific investigations.

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Criminal Investigation Maturity

Over years, CID embraced more scientific branches in their investigations.

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Development of CID Laboratories

Various states established labs for sophisticated forensic examinations over the years.

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CFSL

Central Forensic Science Laboratories that support forensic science R&D.

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R&D Support

Research and Development assistance pivotal for advancing forensic science.

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Centers of Excellence

Specialized laboratories focused on advanced forensic research and training.

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Synergy in R&D

Combining resources to enhance effectiveness in forensic research and development.

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Forensic analysis restrictions

Limitations placed on routine analysis to central government cases.

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Referral centers

Laboratories that provide extensive forensic analysis and expertise.

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Paradigm change

A significant shift in the structure and focus of laboratories.

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Composite structure

The combined format of the laboratories maintaining their core functions.

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Facial Image Identification

A process of identifying individuals using facial features from images.

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Photoanthropometry

A metric-based technique for facial image comparison using predetermined landmarks.

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Anatomical Landmarks

Specific points on the face used for measurement in photoanthropometry.

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Superimposition

A method that overlays one image over another to compare facial features.

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Sex Determination

The process of identifying biological sex based on physical characteristics.

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Sexual Dimorphism

Differences in size, shape, and behavior between males and females of a species.

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CCTV Evidence

Video surveillance footage used for facial identification in investigations.

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Facial Mapping Software

A tool that automates facial comparison and identification processes.

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Whorl Types

There are four types of whorls: plain, central pocket loop, double loop, and accidental loop.

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Whorl Percentage

Whorls make up about 35% of all fingerprint patterns.

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Arch Types

Arches include plain arches and tented arches; they create a wave-like pattern.

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Arch Percentage

Arches account for about 5% of all fingerprint patterns.

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Fingerprint Uses

Fingerprints are used for biometric security, identity verification, and background checks.

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Criminal Justice Role

Fingerprints help link suspects to crimes and verify offender identities.

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Patent Prints

Patent prints are collected using photography with a measurement scale.

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Tented Arches

Tented arches rise to a sharper point compared to plain arches.

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Latent Fingerprints

Fingerprints that are not visible to the naked eye until processed.

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Fingerprint Powder

A substance used to dust surfaces to reveal latent fingerprints.

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Lifting Prints

The process of transferring a dusted fingerprint to tape for preservation.

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Alternate Light Source (ALS)

Devices that emit specific wavelengths of light to assist in finding prints.

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Cyanoacrylate Fuming

A method that uses super glue vapors to reveal fingerprints on non-porous surfaces.

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Ninhydrin

A chemical used to develop fingerprints on porous surfaces like paper.

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DFO (1,2-diazafluoren-9-one)

A chemical that makes latent fingerprints fluoresce under blue-green light.

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Contamination Risk

The potential risk of losing evidence quality by using certain powders.

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Amido Black

A non-specific protein stain used to enhance bloody impressions on skin.

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Vacuum Metal Deposition

A high-tech method for revealing prints on clothing using gold and zinc.

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AccuTrans

A liquid casting compound that lifts powdered latent prints from rough surfaces.

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Nondestructive Investigations

Investigations performed without chemical treatment to preserve evidence.

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Unique Footprint

Every individual has a distinct footprint pattern, similar to fingerprints.

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Shoeprint Identification

Methods used to record and match shoeprints from crime scenes.

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Detailed Photographs

Captures images of footprints for computer analysis and record-keeping.

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Casting of Prints

Creating a duplicate of a footprint for further examination.

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Study Notes

Forensic Science and Forensic Medicine

  • Forensic science is the application of various scientific disciplines to law enforcement, civil, legal, and judicial matters.
  • Forensic science answers questions important to the legal system, regarding crimes or civil actions.
  • The term "forensic" comes from the Latin word "forensis," meaning "of or before the forum."
  • Forensic science includes the use of scientific methods to collect and examine evidence to solve crimes.
  • New testing methods are used in cold cases or cases from years ago, that remain unsolved.
  • Forensic science is applied to prove elements of crime, verify/discredit victim/suspect statements, identify decedents/suspects, and establish connections to crime scenes.
  • Forensic science in India has a long history, as evidenced from Kautilya's Arthashastra, written about 2300 years ago.

Physical Evidence

  • Physical evidence can be classified as class or individual characteristics.
  • Locard's Exchange Principle states that when two items come into contact, there will be an exchange of trace evidence.
  • Examples of trace evidence include footwear/tyre marks, skid marks, and tool marks.
  • Fingerprints are classified based on their patterns, which remain unchanged throughout a person's life..
  • Blood, semen, and other body fluids, are also examples of physical evidence used for identification.
  • Specific chemical and physical analysis of evidence, like paint, glass and explosives can be compared to help solve crimes.

Personal Identification

  • Identification is a process establishing a person's or body's identity whether living or dead.
  • Forensic science helps identify individuals through various methods, from fingerprints to DNA analysis.
  • The examination of human remains, or identifying those missing in mass disasters.
  • Techniques include analyzing skeletal remains to determine characteristics like age, sex, race, and height.
  • Forensic anthropologists use skeletal remains for identification.

Forensic Medicine

  • Forensic medicine applies medical knowledge to the legal process.
  • It is used to identify and assess those who are alive and those deceased.
  • The methods used in this study include autopsy, examination of tissues and organs to determine specific causes of death and injuries sustained during life.
  • Forensic medicine examines issues like death, injuries, and sex-related issues.
  • Includes identifying living persons, medico-legal documents such as inquests and autopsies, and examination of decomposed or mutilated bodies.
  • Forensic medicine experts often deal with questions of authenticity/genuineness of documents, including wills and contracts, as well.

Questioned Documents

  • Document examination is the study of potentially questionable documents.
  • It's used to determine authenticity, forgery, origin, damage, and alterations involved in a document.
  • Documents examined include handwriting, typewriting, ink, paper, and other elements.
  • Examiners frequently encounter cases involving counterfeiting, forgery, identity theft, and fraud.

Ballistics

  • Ballistics is a crucial branch that helps determine the identity of the firearm used given the bullet or cartridge casing recovered from a crime scene.
  • A ballistic examination determines the characteristics of firearm's bullets, projectiles, and firearm itself by comparing those with a database.
  • The study of motion, forces, and mechanisms of projectiles (like the paths of bullets and missiles), especially in relation to criminal investigations.

Scene of Crime

  • Determining the location, circumstances, and evidence associated with a crime or accident.
  • Recording and documenting the scene through photography, sketches, and detailed notes.
  • Ensuring that the integrity of evidence (especially physical traces or impressions remains unchanged).
  • Using methods to secure the scene and protect the evidence from contamination or tampering.

Time Since Death

  • Factors such as temperature, weather, and body condition affect putrefaction.
  • The time of death can be estimated by observing changes in the body after death, like rigor mortis, algor mortis, and changes related to decomposition.
  • The conditions influencing putrefaction should also be considered.

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Description

Test your knowledge on forensic science techniques related to fingerprint and evidence analysis. This quiz covers various methods used in latent print development, the importance of preserving evidence, and historical facts about forensic sections in law enforcement. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these critical aspects of crime scene investigation.

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