Foot Anatomy and Functions Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which muscle group primarily contributes to the flexion of the knee joint?

Quadriceps

Hamstrings (correct)

Adductors

Gluteus maximus

What is the action of the gluteus medius and minimus muscles?

Flexion of the hip

Adduction of the thigh

Medial rotation of the hip

Abduction of the thigh (correct)

What is the shape of the medial meniscus?

C shaped (correct)

Horseshoe shaped

Triangular shaped

Y shaped

Which of the following structures is part of the composition of the knee joint?

Patella Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is associated with preventing anterior displacement of the tibia?

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily responsible for lateral rotation of the hip?

Piriformis Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament connects the medial condyle of the femur to the tibia?

Medial Collateral Ligament Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Trendelenburg sign in a clinical context?

Indicates gluteus medius and minimus weakness Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would the MCL be likely to tear?

Forced abduction of the knee Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following shapes describes the iliofemoral ligament?

Y shaped Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of the foot?

To support the body weight Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical zone of the foot includes the heel and ankle region?

Hindfoot Signup and view all the answers

What purpose do the arches of the foot serve?

To assist in shock absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT part of the first layer of muscles in the sole of the foot?

Quadratus plantae Signup and view all the answers

What is the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch?

Talus Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments provide support at the inferior edge of the foot?

Plantar ligaments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups do the arches of the foot NOT belong to?

Tarsal arches Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'across all three anatomical zones' refer to in foot structure?

The integration of muscles Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the hip joint?

Synovial ball & socket Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is the strongest and prevents overextension during standing?

Iliofemoral ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle primarily contributes to hip flexion?

Iliopsoas Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hip joint?

To weight-bear Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles is NOT involved in hip flexion?

Gluteus medius Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is majorly associated with the risk of avascular necrosis if damaged?

Medial circumflex femoral artery Signup and view all the answers

What are the two groups of ligaments associated with the hip joint?

Intracapsular and extracapsular Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament prevents excessive abduction and extension of the hip joint?

Pubofemoral ligament Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the peroneus longus muscle?

Plantar flexion and eversion of the foot Signup and view all the answers

Which structure articulates with the hip joint?

Head of femur and acetabulum Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Foot Functions

Two main functions:
- Support body weight
- Act as a lever for walking and running

Foot Zones

Three anatomical and functional zones:
- Hindfoot
- Midfoot
- Forefoot

Arches of the Foot

Three types of arches:
- Medial longitudinal
- Lateral longitudinal
- Transverse

Sole Muscles

Two main groups:
- First layer
  - Abductor hallucis
  - Flexor digitorum brevis
  - Abductor digiti minimi
- Second layer
  - Quadratus plantae
  - Lumbricals
  - Flexor digitorum longus tendon (passes through the tarsal tunnel)
  - Flexor hallucis longus tendon
  - Flexor hallucis brevis
- Third layer
  - Adductor hallucis
  - Flexor digiti minimi
  - Interossei
- Fourth layer
  - Dorsal interossei (4)
  - Plantar interossei (3)
  - Fibularis longus tendon
  - Tibialis posterior tendon

Muscles of the Ankle

Key muscles
- Tibialis Posterior
- Flexor Digitorum longus
- Flexor Hallucis Longus

Arteries of the Foot

Major artery: Tibial Artery

Tibial Nerve

Often called the "Toms Dick And Nervous Harry" nerve
Provides innervation to muscles and skin of the foot

Hip Joint (Coxal Joint):

Synovial ball and socket joint
Articulation between head of femur and acetabulum
Two groups of ligaments:
- Intracapsular:
  - Ligamentum teres
  - Transverse acetabular ligament
- Extracapsular:
  - Iliofemoral ligament (strongest, inverted Y-shaped)
  - Pubofemoral ligament (triangular)
  - Ischiofemoral ligament (spiral orientation)

Hip Joint: Nerve and Artery Supply

Nerves:
- Femoral nerve
- Obturator nerve
- Sciatic nerve
Arteries:
- Medial circumflex femoral artery (MAJOR, damage can cause avascular necrosis)
- Lateral circumflex femoral artery

Hip Joint: Movements

Flexion:
- Iliopsoas
- Rectus femoris
- Sartorius
- Pectineus
Extension:
- Gluteus maximus
- Semimembranosus
- Semitendinosus
- Biceps femoris (hamstrings)
Abduction:
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimus
- Sartorius
- Tensor fascia latae
Adduction:
- Adductors longus, brevis, magnus
- Pectineus
- Gracilis
Lateral rotation:
- Biceps femoris
- Gluteus maximus
- Piriformis
- Obturators
- Gemelli
- Quadratus femoris
- Anterior fibres of gluteus medius and minimus
Medial rotation:
- Tensor fascia latae

Trendelenburg Sign

Indicates weakness or paralysis of the gluteus medius and minimus muscles
Causes the pelvis to tilt downward on the contralateral side when standing on one leg

Knee Joint

Hinge joint (Hyaline cartilage)
Composition:
- Femoral condyle
- Patella (kneecap)
- Tibial plateau
- Patellar tendon (connects patella to quadriceps muscle)

Knee Joint Intra-articular Structures

Menisci:
- Medial meniscus
- Lateral meniscus
Collateral ligaments:
- Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
  - Prevents excessive abduction
  - Attaches to medial epicondyle of femur and tibia
- Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
  - Prevents excessive adduction
  - Attaches to lateral epicondyle of femur and fibula
Cruciate ligaments:
- Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
  - Prevents anterior displacement of the tibia
  - Attaches to lateral condyle of femur and tibia
- Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
  - Prevents posterior displacement of the tibia
  - Attaches to medial condyle of femur and tibia

Knee Joint Clinical Correlation

Forced abduction of the knee often tears the MCL
Forced adduction of the knee often tears the LCL

Shapes and Structures

Acetabulum: Horseshoe shaped
Medial meniscus: C shaped
Iliofemoral ligament: Y shaped
Pubofemoral ligament: Triangular

Surface Anatomy

Four regions:
- Gluteal
- Thigh
- Leg
- Foot
Tarsal bones:
- Talus, calcaneus, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid

"Tiger Cub Needs MILC" Mnemonic

Remember the tarsal bones:
- Talus, Calcaneous, Navicular, Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral cuneiform, Cuboid

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the foot, including the various zones, arches, and muscle layers. This quiz covers both functional aspects and anatomical structures to enhance your understanding of foot mechanics.