Exam 2 Bacterial Diseases
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary vector responsible for the transmission of Yersinia pestis in Bubonic Plague?

  • Fleas (correct)
  • Sand flies
  • Ticks
  • Mosquitoes

    • Which symptom is specifically associated with the onset of Bubonic Plague?

  • Diarrhea
  • Coughing
  • Nausea
  • Buboes (correct)

    • What could happen if Bubonic Plague is left untreated?

  • It leads to a complete recovery
  • It may develop into Septicemic Plague (correct)
  • It cannot spread to others
  • It only affects the skin

    • What is a common preventive measure against Yersinia pestis infection?

    <p>Flea control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is recommended for both Bubonic and Septicemic Plague?

    <p>IV or IM gentamicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary prevention method for Vibriosis?

    <p>Cook seafood thoroughly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Escherichia coli serotype is known for causing hemorrhagic colitis?

    <p>Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of toxin is associated with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)?

    <p>Enterotoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Vibriosis?

    <p>Severe bloody diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common transmission route for Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)?

    <p>Contaminated water and food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is most at risk for complications from Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)?

    <p>Older adults and immunocompromised</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)?

    <p>Usually resolves without treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following food items poses the highest risk of vibriosis transmission?

    <p>Raw oysters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with Listeriosis?

    <p>Stiff neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary prevention method for Clostridium difficile infection?

    <p>Good hand hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is typically recommended for Brucellosis?

    <p>Doxycycline with gentamicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transmission route is associated with Salmonella typhi?

    <p>Contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Salmonellosis?

    <p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice can help prevent Listeriosis?

    <p>Thoroughly washing and preserving food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary organism responsible for causing pseudomembranous colitis?

    <p>Clostridium difficile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be done to avoid brucellosis?

    <p>Cooking meat thoroughly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of transmission for intestinal anthrax?

    <p>Consumption of contaminated, undercooked meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is associated with cutaneous anthrax?

    <p>Necrotic tissue formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective prevention method against tetanus?

    <p>Receiving the DTaP vaccine and Td boosters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is recommended for leptospirosis?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can arise from the release of the neurotoxin Tetanospasmin by Clostridium tetani?

    <p>Muscle hyperactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding anthrax?

    <p>A vaccine is available for those at increased risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious symptom can develop due to untreated intestinal anthrax?

    <p>Shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common source of contamination that leads to leptospirosis?

    <p>Contaminated soil and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

    <p>High fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vector is associated with Epidemic typhus?

    <p>Body louse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main treatment for Lyme disease?

    <p>Amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis primarily affect the body?

    <p>It affects the Monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is primarily associated with the bite of an infected flea?

    <p>Endemic typhus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a preventative measure for avoiding tick-borne diseases?

    <p>Wearing long sleeves and pants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is characterized by flu-like symptoms and a rash that spreads from the trunk to extremities?

    <p>Epidemic typhus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment can lead to spontaneous recovery for Endemic typhus?

    <p>No drug therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary prevention method for tuberculosis?

    <p>BCG vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is specifically recommended for treating Q fever?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly associated with active tuberculosis?

    <p>Night sweats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pneumonia is characterized by a dry hacking cough and headache?

    <p>Atypical pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transmission route is relevant for Chlamydophila psittaci?

    <p>Contact with infected psittacine birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is transmitted through scratching bites from body lice?

    <p>Epidemic typhus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic prevention method for Legionella pneumophila infections?

    <p>Extreme cleaning and disinfecting of water systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary vector responsible for Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA)?

    <p>Tick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is typically administered for Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

    <p>An infectious dose can be as low as one cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is caused by Coxiella burnetti?

    <p>Q fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is typically associated with Lyme disease in its early stage?

    <p>Flu-like symptoms and joint pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What preventative measure can help reduce the risk of endemic typhus?

    <p>Preventing lice infestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of transmission for cutaneous anthrax?

    <p>Contact of skin abrasions with contaminated animal products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is at high risk for contracting psittacosis?

    <p>Pet owners of psittacine birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a classic symptom of 'walking pneumonia' caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific symptom is associated with tetanus due to the release of Tetanospasmin?

    <p>Muscle stiffness in the jaw and neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is commonly used to treat intestinal anthrax?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a preventive measure against leptospirosis?

    <p>Avoiding contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential fatal complication of untreated intestinal anthrax?

    <p>Acute inflammation of the intestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom for both intestinal and cutaneous anthrax?

    <p>Fever and chills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is included in the DTaP vaccine for tetanus prevention?

    <p>Toxoid vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic symptom distinguishes leptospirosis from other zoonotic diseases?

    <p>Acute headache and muscle aches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the least dangerous form of anthrax?

    <p>Cutaneous anthrax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common symptom of streptococcal pharyngitis?

    <p>Sore throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathogens is responsible for causing epiglottitis?

    <p>Haemophilus influenzae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common preventative measure against Scarlet Fever?

    <p>Hand hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is characteristic of pneumococcal meningitis?

    <p>Stiff neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the DTaP vaccine in disease prevention?

    <p>Preventing diphtheria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical transmission method for respiratory droplet diseases?

    <p>Respiratory droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial infection is characterized by a 'strawberry tongue'?

    <p>Scarlet Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major symptom of Clostridium difficile infection?

    <p>Watery diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common transmission route for Listeria monocytogenes?

    <p>Contaminated food and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first line treatment for Brucellosis?

    <p>Doxycycline with gentamicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preventive measure is effective against Salmonella typhi infection?

    <p>Avoiding risky foods and drinks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism is Clostridium difficile?

    <p>Anaerobic, spore-forming, gram-positive bacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Listeriosis?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of toxin is associated with Salmonella and Listeria infections?

    <p>No established toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the treatment approach for Clostridium difficile infections?

    <p>Stopping antibiotic therapy, followed by anticlostridial antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key preventive measure for Brucellosis?

    <p>Cooking meat thoroughly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common symptoms of Salmonellosis?

    <p>Fever, diarrhea, and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary preventive measure to reduce the risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection?

    <p>BCG vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is primarily associated with chronic respiratory symptoms like dry cough and headache in atypical pneumonia?

    <p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly observed in active tuberculosis?

    <p>Night sweats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of Chlamydophila psittaci transmission?

    <p>Direct contact with infected psittacine birds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option is recommended for Coxiella burnetti infections?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended preventive measure against Legionella pneumophila infection?

    <p>Extreme cleaning and disinfecting of water systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the primary symptom complex of atypical pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

    <p>Headache, fatigue, and dry cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most accurate description of the transmission route for active tuberculosis?

    <p>Respiratory droplets from an infected individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is most commonly associated with Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

    <p>Severe headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vector is responsible for the transmission of Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME)?

    <p>Infected tick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may occur if Bubonic Plague remains untreated for an extended period?

    <p>Meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment recommended for Epidemic typhus?

    <p>Doxycycline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended treatment option for both Bubonic and Septicemic Plague?

    <p>Intravenous or intramuscular streptomycin and gentamicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common prevention method is used against Lyme disease?

    <p>Using tick repellents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of Endemic typhus (Murine typhus)?

    <p>Persistent headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is critical for the prevention of Yersinia pestis infection in rural areas?

    <p>Avoiding contact with sick or dead animals and flea control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is typically associated with Septicemic Plague?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of transmission for Pneumonic Plague?

    <p>Inhalation of infectious droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Bubonic Plague?

    <p>Transmission via contaminated saltwater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common preventive measure against Septicemic Plague?

    <p>Regular flea and rodent control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects how Bubonic Plague can lead to Pneumonic Plague?

    <p>Bubonic Plague bacteria can spread to the lungs through the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with the onset of Pneumonic Plague?

    <p>High fever with chills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for dental caries caused by Streptococcus species?

    <p>Fluoride treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a prevention method for food poisoning caused by Staphylococcus aureus?

    <p>Using airtight containers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is primarily associated with botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum?

    <p>Flaccid paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical treatment for Clostridial food poisoning?

    <p>Illness usually resolves without treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is primarily responsible for causing gingivitis?

    <p>Various species of indigenous microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key preventive measure for cholera caused by Vibrio Cholerae?

    <p>Practicing good hand hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common transmission route for Clostridium perfringens?

    <p>Protein-rich foods improperly handled or stored</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is recommended for Staphylococcal food poisoning?

    <p>Illness usually resolves without treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is associated with contaminated canned food?

    <p>Botulism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended method for preventing periodontitis?

    <p>Regular dental exams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary symptom of Clostridium difficile infection?

    <p>Watery diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is typically used for Listeriosis?

    <p>Ampicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main transmission route for Brucellosis?

    <p>Raw dairy foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prevention measure is critical for preventing Clostridium difficile infections?

    <p>Proper hand hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with Salmonella typhi infection?

    <p>Fever and abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with Listeria monocytogenes infection in immune-compromised patients?

    <p>Meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for Salmonellosis?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key preventive measure against Brucella sp. infection?

    <p>Drinking pasteurized milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following scenarios is Clostridium difficile most likely to be transmitted?

    <p>Improperly washing hands after bathroom use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of Salmonella serotype infections?

    <p>Diarrhea and abdominal cramps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vibriosis

    • Foodborne, Inflammatory Gastroenteritis
    • Symptoms: Abdominal cramping, watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever
    • Transmission: Contaminated seafood, particularly oysters
    • Treatment: Often resolves on its own but antibiotic therapy may be needed for prolonged illness
    • Prevention: Thoroughly cook seafood, avoid raw oysters and clams
    • No toxin involved, classified as a food infection

    Escherichia coli

    • Various serotypes with different pathogenic mechanisms
    • Most common serotypes: Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
    • All three serotypes typically cause inflammatory gastroenteritis

    Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

    • Also known as Traveler's Diarrhea
    • Symptoms: Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, cramps, low-grade fever
    • Transmission: Foodborne or waterborne
    • Treatment: Usually resolves without treatment
    • Prevention: Avoid suspect foods and untreated water
    • Food infection caused by enterotoxin

    Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

    • Symptoms: Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, cramps, low-grade fever
    • Transmission: Foodborne or waterborne
    • Treatment: Usually resolves without treatment
    • Prevention: Avoid suspect foods and untreated water
    • Primarily affects infants
    • Food infection caused by enterotoxin

    Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

    • Most common form: EHEC O157:H7
    • Symptoms: Hemorrhagic colitis (severe, bloody diarrhea)
    • Transmission: Undercooked ground beef, contaminated fruits and vegetables (e.g., spinach)
    • Treatment: Uncomplicated cases usually resolve in 5-10 days
    • Prevention: Good hand hygiene and food preparation
    • Food infection, enterotoxin and cytotoxin involved
    • Complications more common in older adults, young adults, and immunocompromised individuals

    Clostridium difficile (C. Diff)

    • Major cause of Pseudomembranous colitis (severe colon infection)
    • Symptoms: Watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, dehydration, abdominal pain
    • Transmission: Indirectly through contaminated hands or fomites
    • Treatment: Stopping antibiotic therapy, anticlostridial antibiotic therapy
    • Prevention: Thorough hand hygiene, keeping bathrooms and kitchens disinfected with bleach
    • Food infection caused by enterotoxin and cytotoxin
    • Anaerobic, spore-forming, gram-positive, bacillus

    Listeria monocytogenes

    • Causes Listeriosis
    • Symptoms: Headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of appetite, loss of balance, convulsions
    • Transmission: Fecal-contaminated food, water, milk
    • Treatment: Ampicillin (semisynthetic antibiotic)
    • Prevention: Hand hygiene, washing and preserving food properly
    • No established toxin
    • Food infection
    • Can cause meningitis in immunocompromised individuals

    Brucella sp.

    • Causes Brucellosis
    • Symptoms: Flu-like symptoms, backache, joint pain, chills
    • Transmission: Skin abrasions, raw dairy foods
    • Treatment: Doxycycline with gentamicin
    • Prevention: Avoiding raw dairy foods, cooking meat thoroughly, wearing gloves
    • No established toxin, pasteurization can prevent infection
    • Food infection

    Salmonella

    • Salmonella typhi and Salmonella serotypes are key pathogens
    • Both cause invasive gastroenteritis

    Salmonella typhi

    • Causes Typhoid Fever
    • Symptoms: Bloody stools, abdominal pain, fever, lethargy, delirium
    • Transmission: Person shedding cells or contaminated sewage
    • Treatment: Antibiotics
    • Prevention: Avoid risky foods and drinks, vaccination, 5 Fs: Flies, food, fingers, feces, fomites
    • Food infection, no established toxin

    Salmonella serotypes

    • Cause Salmonellosis
    • Symptoms: Fever, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps
    • Transmission: Variety of foods
    • Can be fatal if not treated early
    • Zoonotic disease

    Intestinal Anthrax

    • Symptoms: Fever, chills, cough, chest pain, headache, malaise, severe breathing, shock
    • Transmission: Consumption of contaminated, undercooked meat
    • Treatment: Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin
    • Prevention: Avoiding contact with infected livestock/animal products, vaccine available for high-risk individuals
    • Zoonotic disease, acute inflammation of the intestinal tract

    Cutaneous Anthrax

    • Symptoms: Fever, chills, cough, chest pain, headache, malaise, severe breathing, shock
    • Transmission: Contact of skin abrasions with spore-contaminated animal products
    • Treatment: Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin
    • Prevention: Avoiding contact with infected livestock/animal products, vaccine available for high-risk individuals
    • Zoonotic disease, least dangerous of the three anthrax forms
    • Necrotic tissue formation, surrounding lymph glands may swell
    • First bacterial species shown by Koch to be causative agent of an infectious disease
    • Can be used in bioterrorism and biological warfare

    Clostridium tetani

    • Causes Tetanus
    • Symptoms: Muscle stiffness in jaw and neck, trismus (lockjaw), opisthotonos, reduced ventilation
    • Transmission: Wounds contaminated with soil, dust, and animal feces
    • Treatment: Tetanus antitoxin, Penicillin, sedatives, muscle relaxants
    • Prevention: DTaP vaccine and Td boosters
    • C. tetani releases neurotoxin Tetanospasmin
    • Tetanospasmin causes hyperactivity of muscle contractions
    • DTaP vaccine contains a toxoid (modified toxin that stimulates the immune system)

    Leptospira interrogans

    • Causes Leptospirosis
    • Symptoms: Acute headache, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting, fever and chills
    • Transmission: Contaminated soil, food, water
    • Treatment: Doxycycline
    • Prevention: Avoid contaminated water
    • L. interrogans colonizes in the kidney of infected animals. Bacteria are passed through the animal's urine, humans acquire the infection by swimming in or drinking contaminated water

    Anthropodborne

    • Spread by arthropods (insects, ticks, etc.)

    Yersinia pestis

    • Causes Bubonic Plague, Septicemic Plague, and Pneumonic Plague

    Bubonic Plague

    • Characterized by bacterial localization in the lymph nodes
    • Symptoms: Sudden onset of fever and chills, headache, fatigue, muscle aches, buboes
    • Transmission: Bite of an infected flea, inhaled infectious droplets from an infected person or animal
    • Treatment: IV or IM streptomycin and gentamicin
    • Prevention: Avoiding contact with sick or dead animals, flea control
    • Vector: Flea
    • Vaccine available for those at high risk of infection

    Septicemic Plague

    • Can develop if Bubonic Plague is not treated
    • Think of sepsis, symptoms include: high fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea
    • Transmission: Bite of an infected flea, inhaled infectious droplets from an infected person or animal
    • Treatment: IV or IM streptomycin and gentamicin
    • Prevention: Avoiding contact with sick or dead animals, flea control
    • If untreated, bacilli can spread to the bloodstream from the lymph nodes, potentially causing meningitis
    • Vector: Flea
    • Can cause meningitis

    Pneumonic Plague

    • Can develop from Septicemic Plague and allows human-to-human transmission.
    • Respiratory droplets are the primary means of spread
    • Symptoms: Headache, malaise, extensive coughing
    • Transmission: Bite of an infected flea, inhaled infectious droplets from an infected person or animal
    • Treatment: IV or IM streptomycin and gentamicin
    • Prevention: Avoiding contact with sick or dead animals, flea control
    • Vector: Flea

    Borrelia burgdorgeri

    • Causes Lyme disease
    • Symptoms: Bull's-eye rash, flu-like symptoms, joint pain
    • Transmission: Bite of an infected deer tick
    • Treatment: Amoxicillin
    • Prevention: Avoiding and preventing tick bites
    • Human vaccine was taken off the market due to poor sales
    • Early stages can spread to the skin, heart, nervous system, and joints
    • Late stage: develops chronic arthritis and swelling in joints

    Rickettsia rickettsia

    • Causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever
    • Symptoms: High fever, severe headache, rash on extremities that spreads to the trunk
    • Transmission: Bite of a hard tick
    • Treatment: Doxycycline or Tetracycline
    • Prevention: Avoiding and preventing tick bites
    • Vector: Tick

    Rickettsia prowazekii

    • Causes Epidemic Typhus
    • Symptoms: Fever, rash on the trunk that spreads to extremities
    • Transmission: Scratching bites from body lice
    • Treatment: Doxycycline
    • Prevention: Avoiding and preventing lice infestation
    • Vector: Body louse
    • Associated with war, famine, and poverty
    • Primarily seen in: Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas

    Rickettsia typhi

    • Causes Endemic Typhus (Murine Typhus)
    • Symptoms: Mild fever, persistent headache, rash on the trunk that spreads to extremities
    • Transmission: Bite of an infected flea
    • Treatment: Doxycycline or spontaneous resolution without drug therapy
    • Prevention: Avoiding and preventing flea bites
    • Vector: Flea
    • Primarily seen in: Hawaii, California, Texas

    Ehrlichia chaffeensis

    • Causes Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME)
    • Symptoms: Headache, malaise, fever
    • Transmission: Bite of an infected tick
    • Treatment: Tetracycline or Doxycycline
    • Prevention: Avoiding and preventing tick bites
    • Vector: Tick
    • Affects monocytes

    Anaplasma phagocytophilum

    • Formerly known as Ehrlichia phagocytophila
    • Causes Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA)
    • Symptoms: Headache, malaise, fever
    • Transmission: Bite of an infected tick
    • Treatment: Tetracycline or Doxycycline
    • Prevention: Avoiding and preventing tick bites
    • Vector: Tick
    • Affects neutrophils

    Bacterial Diseases Spread by Air

    • Streptococcus pyogenes

      • Strep Throat (Streptococcal Pharyngitis): causes sore throat, fever, headache, and swollen lymph nodes/tonsils
        • Transmission: Respiratory droplets
        • Treatment: Penicillin
        • Prevention: Hand hygiene
      • Scarlet Fever: a complication of Strep Throat
        • Symptoms: Pink-red rash on neck and chest, Strawberry tongue
        • Transmission: Respiratory droplets
        • Treatment: Penicillin, Clarithromycin
        • Prevention: Hand hygiene
      • Complications: Rheumatic Fever and Acute Glomerulonephritis
        • Caused by: Reaction to M proteins

    • Corynebacterium diptheria

      • Diptheria: causes sore throat and low-grade fever
        • Transmission: Respiratory droplets
        • Treatment: Penicillin, Erythromycin, and treatment for exotoxins
        • Prevention: DTaP vaccine
        • Note: The exotoxin inhibits translation, leading to pseudomembrane formation

    • Streptococcus pneumoniae

      • Epiglottitis: Causes severe throat pain, fever, muffled voice, and breathing difficulties
        • Transmission: Respiratory droplets
        • Treatment: IV antibiotics
        • Prevention: Hib vaccine (responsible for decline in epiglottitis cases in the US)
      • Acute Otitis Media: Common ear infection in young children
        • Symptoms: Ear pain, redness, and swelling of the eardrum
        • Transmission: Airborne contact
        • Treatment: Often wait and see, sometimes antibiotics
        • Prevention: Limit time spent in childcare
      • Pneumococcal Meningitis: severe infection of the brain and spinal cord
        • Symptoms: Stiff neck, fever, headache, nausea/vomiting, and sensitivity to light
        • Transmission: Prolonged contact and respiratory droplets
        • Treatment: Antibiotics
        • Prevention: Vaccination
        • Note: Accounts for 30% of meningitis cases in the US
      • Infectious Bronchitis:
        • Symptoms: Runny nose, sore throat, chills, general malaise, fever, and dry cough
        • Transmission: Respiratory droplets
        • Treatment: Antibiotics
        • Prevention: Annual flu vaccine, hand hygiene
      • Pneumococcal Pneumonia: causes severe lung infection and is a leading cause of death from bacterial pneumonia
        • Symptoms: High fever, sharp chest pain, difficulty breathing (dyspnea), and rusty-colored sputum
        • Transmission: Respiratory droplets
        • Treatment: Penicillin, Cefotaxime
        • Prevention: Vaccination, hand hygiene
        • Note: Accounts for 80% of “typical” pneumonia cases

    • Haemophilus influenzae

      • Epiglottitis: Causes severe throat pain, fever, and a muffled voice
        • Transmission: Respiratory droplets
        • Treatment: Erythromycin
        • Prevention: DTaP and Tdap vaccines
          • DTaP: for children under 7
          • Tdap: for teens and adults
        • Note: Toxin paralyzes ciliated cells in the respiratory tract, leading to an increase in cases recently

    • Mycobacterium tuberculosis

      • Tuberculosis (TB): a serious bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs
        • Symptoms:
          • Active TB: Cough, weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills, and breathing pain
          • Note: 90% of TB patients are asymptomatic
        • Transmission: Respiratory droplets
        • Treatment: Antibiotics
        • Prevention: Prevent exposure to active TB patients, BCG vaccine
          • Note: The infectious dose can be a single cell or miliary TB
        • Testing: Mantoux test
        • Stages: Primary TB infection, primary active TB disease, latent TB infection, secondary active TB Disease

    • Mycoplasma pneumoniae

      • “Atypical” Pneumonia (Walking Pneumonia): often causes less severe symptoms and is more common in adolescents
        • Symptoms: Headache, fever, fatigue, and a dry hacking cough
        • Transmission: Respiratory droplets, water systems, whirlpool spas, and A/C systems
        • Treatment: Antibiotics
        • Prevention: Extreme cleaning and disinfecting of water systems

    • Legionella pneumophila

      • “Atypical” Pneumonia (Legionnaires’ disease): a serious type of pneumonia that is often found in people who are staying in a hotel or another public place with a contaminated water system
        • Symptoms: Headache, fever, fatigue, and a dry hacking cough
        • Transmission: Respiratory droplets, water systems, whirlpool spas, and A/C systems
        • Treatment: Antibiotics
        • Prevention: Extreme cleaning and disinfecting of water systems
      • Pontiac Fever: a milder form of Legionnaires’ disease
        • Symptoms: Flu-like symptoms

    • Coxiella burnetti

      • Q Fever: zoonotic disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans
        • Symptoms: Headache, fever, and dry cough
        • Transmission: Dust particles and contact with infected animals
        • Treatment: Doxycycline
        • Prevention: Vaccination for high-risk occupations

    • Chlamydophila psittaci

      • Psittacosis: zoonotic disease that can be transmitted from birds to humans
        • Symptoms: Headache, fever, and dry cough
        • Transmission: Contact with infected psittacine birds
        • Treatment: Doxycycline
        • Prevention: Keep susceptible birds away from the infecting agent

    • Chlamydophila pneumoniae

      • Chlamydial Pneumonia: a type of atypical pneumonia often associated with cough and fatigue
        • Symptoms: Headache, fever, and dry cough
        • Transmission: Respiratory droplets

    • Clostridium difficile

      • Clostridium Difficile (C.Diff): a bacterium that causes a severe colon infection
        • Symptoms: Watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, dehydration, and abdominal pain
        • Transmission: Indirect contact with contaminated hands or fomites
        • Treatment: Stopping antibiotic therapy, anticlostridial antibiotic therapy
        • Prevention: Good hand hygiene, disinfect bathrooms and kitchens with bleach
        • Note: It produces an enterotoxin and a cytotoxin
        • Note: It is anaerobic, spore-forming, gram-positive, and bacillus

    • Listeria monocytogenes

      • Listeriosis: a bacterial infection that can be transmitted through contaminated food
        • Symptoms: Headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of appetite, loss of balance, and convulsions
        • Transmission: Fecal-contaminated food, water, and milk
        • Treatment: Ampicillin (semisynthetic)
        • Prevention: Hand hygiene and proper food washing and preservation
        • Note: The toxin hasn’t been identified and it can cause meningitis in immunocompromised individuals.

    • Brucella sp.

      • Brucellosis: zoonotic disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans
        • Symptoms: Flu-like symptoms, backache, joint pain, and chills
        • Transmission: Skin abrasions and raw dairy products
        • Treatment: Doxycycline and gentamicin
        • Prevention: Avoid raw dairy, cook meat thoroughly, and wear gloves.
        • Note: Pasteurization prevents transmission and the toxin hasn’t been identified

    • Salmonella

      • Salmonella typhi
        • Typhoid Fever: a serious bacterial infection
          • Symptoms: Bloody stools, abdominal pain, fever, lethargy, and delirium
          • Transmission: Contact with infected individuals, contaminated sewage
          • Treatment: Antibiotics
          • Prevention: Avoid risky foods and drinks, vaccination.
        • Note: It is a food infection and the 5 Fs (flies, food, fingers, feces, fomites) are important contributors to transmission.
      • Salmonella serotypes
        • Salmonellosis: often causes food poisoning
          • Symptoms: Fever, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps
          • Transmission: A variety of foods
          • Note: It is a zoonotic disease and can be fatal if not treated early

    • Bacillus anthracis

      • Intestinal Anthrax:
        • Symptoms: Fever, chills, cough, chest pain, headache, malaise, and severe breathing problems leading to shock.
        • Transmission: Consuming contaminated, undercooked meat
        • Treatment: Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin
        • Prevention: Avoid contact with infected livestock or their products, vaccination for at-risk individuals
        • Note: It is a zoonotic disease and affects the intestinal tract
      • Cutaneous Anthrax:
        • Symptoms: Fever, chills, cough, chest pain, headache, malaise, and severe breathing problems leading to shock.
        • Transmission: Contact of skin abrasions with spore-contaminated animal products
        • Treatment: Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin
        • Prevention: Avoid contact with infected livestock or their products, vaccination for at-risk individuals
        • Note: Least dangerous of the three types of anthrax, causes necrotic tissue and swollen lymph glands, and is a zoonotic disease.
      • Note: First bacterial species proven by Koch to be the causative agent of an infectious disease. Can be used in bioterrorism and biological warfare.

    • Clostridium tetani

      • Tetanus: a severe bacterial infection impacting the nervous system
        • Symptoms: Muscle stiffness in the jaw and neck, trismus (lockjaw), opisthotonos, and reduced ventilation
        • Transmission: Contaminated wounds, soil, dust, and animal feces
        • Treatment: Tetanus antitoxin, Penicillin, sedatives, and muscle relaxants
        • Prevention: DTaP vaccine and Td boosters.
        • Note: C.tetani produces the neurotoxin Tetanospasmin which causes excessive muscle contractions

    • Leptospira interrogans

      • Leptospirosis: a bacterial infection spread through the urine of infected animals
        • Symptoms: Acute headache, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, fever, and chills
        • Transmission: Contaminated soil, food, and water
        • Treatment: Doxycycline
        • Prevention: Avoid contaminated water
        • Note: L.interrogans colonizes animal kidneys and is excreted in urine.

    • Yersinia pestis

      • Plague: a bacterial infection spread through contact with infected fleas or animals
        • Symptoms: Headache, malaise, and severe coughing
        • Transmission: Bite of an infected flea, inhaling infectious droplets from infected individuals or animals
        • Treatment: IV or IM Streptomycin and gentamicin
        • Prevention: Avoid sick or dead animals, control fleas
        • Vector: Fleas

    • Borrelia burgdorgeri

      • Lyme Disease: a bacterial infection spread through the bite of an infected tick
        • Symptoms: Bull’s eye rash, flu-like symptoms, and joint pain
        • Transmission: Bite of an infected deer tick
        • Treatment: Amoxicillin
        • Prevention: Avoid tick bites
        • Note: The human vaccine was withdrawn from the market due to low sales.
        • Note: Early stage – can spread to skin, heart, nervous system, and joints. Late stage – chronic arthritis and swelling in joints.

    • Rickettsia rickettsii

      • Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: a bacterial infection spread through the bite of an infected tick
        • Symptoms: High fever, severe headache, and a rash on extremities that spreads to the trunk
        • Transmission: Bite of a hard tick
        • Treatment: Doxycycline or Tetracycline
        • Prevention: Avoid tick bites
        • Vector: Tics

    • Rickettsia prowazekii

      • Epidemic Typhus: a serious bacterial infection spread through contact with infected body lice
        • Symptoms: Fever and a rash on the trunk that spreads to extremities
        • Transmission: Scratching body lice bites
        • Treatment: Doxycycline
        • Prevention: Avoid lice infestation
        • Vector: Body lice
        • Note: Associated with war, famine, and poverty. Mainly found in Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas

    • Rickettsia typhi

      • Endemic Typhus (Murine typhus)
        • Symptoms: Mild fever, persistent headache, and a rash on the trunk that spreads to extremities
        • Transmission: Bite of an infected flea
        • Treatment: Doxycycline, spontaneous recovery without treatment
        • Prevention: Avoid flea bites
        • Vector: Fleas
        • Note: Found mainly in Hawaii, California, and Texas

    • Ehrlichia chaffeensis

      • Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME): a bacterial infection spread through the bite of an infected tick
        • Symptoms: Headache, malaise, and fever
        • Transmission: Bite of an infected tick
        • Treatment: Tetracycline or Doxycycline
        • Prevention: Avoid tick bites
        • Note: It affects monocytes (white blood cells involved in the immune system)
        • Vector: Ticks

    • Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Formerly known as Ehrlichia phagocytophila)

      • Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA): a bacterial infection spread through the bite of an infected tick
        • Symptoms: Headache, malaise, and fever
        • Transmission: Bite of an infected tick
        • Treatment: Tetracycline or Doxycycline
        • Prevention: Avoid tick bites
        • Note: It affects neutrophils (type of white blood cell that fights infection)
        • Vector: Ticks

    Bacterial Infections: Respiratory Tract

    • Pertussis (Whooping Cough): Caused by Bordetella pertussis, a gram-negative coccobacillus.
      • Symptoms: intense coughing fits, followed by a high-pitched whoop sound, and vomiting.
      • Transmission: Respiratory droplets.
      • Treatment: Erythromycin.
      • Prevention: DTaP vaccine (children under 7 years old) and Tdap vaccine (teens and adults).

    Bacterial Infections: Lower Respiratory Tract

    • Tuberculosis (TB): Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acid-fast bacillus.

      • Symptoms: Cough, weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills, and breathing pain.
      • Transmission: Respiratory droplets.
      • Treatment: Antibiotics.
      • Prevention: Preventing exposure to individuals with active TB, BCG vaccine.
      • Key Points:
        • 90% of people infected with TB are asymptomatic.
        • The infectious dose can be a single cell or miliary TB (active tubercles throughout the body).
        • Mantoux test is used for detection.
        • Types of TB: Primary TB infection, primary active TB disease, latent TB infection, secondary active TB disease.

    • “Atypical” Pneumonia:

      • Mycoplasma pneumoniae:
        • Symptoms: Headache, fever, fatigue, and dry hacking cough.
        • Transmission: Respiratory droplets, water systems (whirlpool spas, A/C systems).
        • Treatment: Antibiotics.
        • Prevention: Extreme cleaning and disinfecting of water systems.
      • Legionella pneumophila:
        • Symptoms: Headache, fever, fatigue, and dry hacking cough.
        • Transmission: Respiratory droplets, water systems (whirlpool spas, A/C systems).
        • Treatment: Antibiotics.
        • Prevention: Extreme cleaning and disinfecting of water systems.
        • Pontiac Fever: Influenza-like infection caused by Legionella pneumophila.
      • Coxiella burnetti:
        • Symptoms: Headache, fever, and dry cough.
        • Transmission: Dust particles, contact with infected animals.
        • Treatment: Doxycycline.
        • Prevention: Vaccine for high-risk occupations.
      • Chlamydophila psittaci:
        • Symptoms: Headache, fever, and dry cough.
        • Transmission: Contact with infected psittacine birds (parrots, cockatoos, etc.).
        • Treatment: Doxycycline.
        • Prevention: Keeping susceptible birds away from the infecting agent.
      • Chlamydophila pneumoniae:
        • Symptoms: Headache, fever, and dry cough.
        • Transmission: Respiratory droplets.
        • Treatment: Doxycycline, Erythromycin.
        • Prevention: Hand hygiene.
        • Common in college students and young adults.

    Bacterial Infections: Oral Cavities

    • Dental Caries (Tooth Decay):
      • Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus:
        • Symptoms: Toothache, sensitivity, and pain when drinking and eating.
        • Cause: Normal indigenous microbiota.
        • Treatment: Fluoride treatment, fillings, and extraction.
        • Prevention: Practicing good oral hygiene (brushing, flossing) and regular dental exams.
    • Gingivitis (Gum Inflammation):
      • Cause: Normal indigenous microbiota.
      • Symptoms: Swollen, soft, red, and bleeding gums.
      • Treatment: Cleaning of teeth to remove plaque.
      • Prevention: Practicing good oral hygiene and regular dental exams.
      • Plaque is a type of biofilm.
    • Periodontitis (Periodontal Disease):
      • Cause: Normal indigenous microbiota.
      • Symptoms: Swollen, bright red, tender gums pulled away from teeth.
      • Treatment: Cleaning pockets of bacteria.
      • Prevention: Practicing good oral hygiene and regular dental exams.

    Bacterial Infections: Foodborne and Waterborne

    • Staphylococcal Food Poisoning: Caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
      • Symptoms: Abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
      • Transmission: Food improperly handled or stored.
      • Treatment: Illness usually resolves without treatment.
      • Prevention: Good hand hygiene, avoiding suspect foods.
      • Key Points: Enterotoxin, food intoxication, incubation 1-6 hours.
    • Clostridial Food Poisoning: Caused by Clostridium perfringens.
      • Symptoms: Abdominal cramping and watery diarrhea.
      • Transmission: Protein-rich foods improperly handled or stored.
      • Treatment: Illness usually resolves without treatment.
      • Prevention: Practicing good hand hygiene, avoiding suspect foods.
      • Key Points: Enterotoxin, food intoxication, incubation 8-24 hours.
    • Gas Gangrene: Caused by Clostridium perfringens.
      • Symptoms: Foul odor, intense pain and swelling at the wound site.
      • Transmission: Soil, endogenous transfer (spores enter the body through an open wound).
      • Treatment: Antibiotics (Cephalosporin), amputation, hyperbaric oxygen chamber.
      • Prevention: Tissue debridement (surgical removal of dead tissue), cleaning wounds.
      • Key Points: Alpha-toxin is the most important of the 12 exotoxins (damages and lyses blood cells).
    • Food Poisoning: Caused by Bacillus cereus.
      • Symptoms: Diarrhea, vomiting.
      • Transmission: Contaminated meats, cream sauces, and starchy foods.
      • Treatment: Illness usually resolves without treatment.
      • Prevention: Avoid suspect foods.
      • Key Points: Enterotoxin, food intoxication.
    • Botulism: Caused by Clostridium botulinum.
      • Symptoms: Difficulty breathing or swallowing, slurred speech, blurred vision, and flaccid paralysis.
      • Transmission: Contaminated canned food, wounds.
      • Treatment: Antitoxin, breathing assistance.
      • Prevention: Practicing good home canning, proper food storage, avoiding honey in infants.
      • Key Points: Neurotoxin, food intoxication, most powerful toxin known to science.
    • Cholera: Caused by Vibrio cholerae.
      • Symptoms: Severe watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, and dehydration.
      • Transmission: Waterborne.
      • Treatment: Oral rehydration therapy, antibiotics.
      • Prevention: Hand hygiene, avoid untreated water.
      • Key Points: Enterotoxin, food infection.
    • Vibrio sp. – Causes various infections including seafood-linked gastroenteritis.
    • Clostridium Difficile (C. Diff):
      • Symptoms: Major cause of Pseudomembranous colitis (severe colon infection), watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, dehydration, and abdominal pain.
      • Transmission: Indirectly from contaminated hands or fomites.
      • Treatment: Stopping antibiotic therapy, Anticlostridial antibiotic therapy.
      • Prevention: Good hand hygiene, keeping bathrooms and kitchens disinfected with bleach.
      • Key Points: Enterotoxin, cytotoxin, food infection, anaerobic, spore-forming, gram-positive, bacillus.
    • Listeriosis: Caused by Listeria monocytogenes.
      • Symptoms: Headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of appetite, loss of balance, and convulsions.
      • Transmission: Fecal-contaminated food, water, and milk.
      • Treatment: Ampicillin (semisynthetic).
      • Prevention: Hand hygiene, washing and preserving food properly.
      • Key Points: Toxin not established, can cause meningitis in immunocompromised patients, food infection.
    • Brucellosis: Caused by Brucella sp..
      • Symptoms: Flu-like symptoms, backache, joint pain, and chills.
      • Transmission: Skin abrasion, raw dairy foods.
      • Treatment: Doxycycline with gentamicin.
      • Prevention: Avoiding raw dairy foods, cooking meat thoroughly, wearing gloves.
      • Key Points: Toxin not established, pasteurization can prevent, food infection.
    • Typhoid Fever: Caused by Salmonella typhi.
      • Symptoms: Bloody stools, abdominal pain, fever, lethargy, and delirium.
      • Transmission: Person shedding cells or contaminated sewage.
      • Treatment: Antibiotics.
      • Prevention: Avoid risky foods and drinks, vaccination (vaccine contains dead or attenuated S. typhi or polysaccharides from the S. typhi capsule).
      • Key Points: Toxin not established, food infection, 5 Fs (Flies, food, fingers, feces, fomites).
    • Salmonellosis: Caused by Salmonella serotypes.
      • Symptoms: Fever, diarrhea, vomiting, abd cramps
      • Transmission: Broad variety of foods. Humans acquire by swimming in or drinking contaminated water

    Bacterial Infections: Anthropodborne

    • Bubonic Plague: Caused by Yersinia pestis.
      • Symptoms: Sudden onset of fever and chills, headache, fatigue, muscle aches, buboes (swollen lymph nodes).
      • Transmission: Bite of infected flea, inhaled infectious droplets from a person or animal.
      • Treatment: IV or IM streptomycin and gentamicin.
      • Prevention: Avoiding contact with sick or dead animals, flea control.
      • Key Points: Vector: flea, vaccine available for those at high risk of infection.
    • Septicemic Plague: Caused by Yersinia pestis.
      • Symptoms: High fever, abd pain, diarrhea
      • Transmission: Bite of infected flea, inhaled infectious droplets from person or animal
      • Treatment: IV or IM Streptomycin and gentamicin
      • Prevention: Avoiding contact with sick or dead animals, flea control
      • Key Points: If untreated, bacilli can spread to the bloodstream from the lymph nodes →Meningitis
      • Vector: flea
      • Symptoms: Headache, malaise, extensive coughing
      • Transmission: Bite of infected flea, inhaled infectious droplets from person or animal
      • Treatment: IV or IM Streptomycin and gentamicin
      • Prevention: Avoiding contact with sick or dead animals, flea control
      • Vector: flea
    • Lyme Disease: Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi.
      • Symptoms: Bull's-eye rash, flu-like symptoms, and joint pain.
      • Transmission: Bite of infected deer tick.
      • Treatment: Amoxicillin.
      • Prevention: Avoiding and preventing tick bites.
      • Key Points: Human vaccine is taken off the market due to poor sales, early stage: can spread to skin, heart, nervous system, and joints, last stage: develops chronic arthritis and swelling in joints.
    • Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Caused by Rickettsia rickettsii.
      • Symptoms: High fever, severe headache, rash on extremities that spreads to the trunk.
      • Transmission: Bite of hard tick.
      • Treatment: Doxycycline or tetracycline.
      • Prevention: Avoiding and preventing tick bites.
      • Key Points: Vector: tick.
    • Epidemic Typhus: Caused by Rickettsia prowazekii.
      • Symptoms: Fever, rash on the trunk that spreads to extremities.
      • Transmission: Scratching bites from body lice.
      • Treatment: Doxycycline.
      • Prevention: Avoiding and preventing lice infestation.
      • Key Points: Vector: body louse, associated with war, famine, and poverty, mainly in: Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas.
    • Endemic Typhus (Murine Typhus): Caused by Rickettsia typhi.
      • Symptoms: Mild fever, persistent headache, rash on the trunk that spreads to extremities.
      • Transmission: Bite of infected flea.
      • Treatment: Doxycycline or spontaneous resolution without drug therapy.
      • Prevention: Avoiding and preventing flea bites.
      • Key Points: Vector: flea, mainly in: Hawaii, California, Texas.
    • Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME): Caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis.
      • Symptoms: Heachace, malaise, fever
      • Transmission: Bite of infected tick
      • Treatment: Tetracycline or Doxycycline
      • Prevention: Avoiding and preventing tick bites
      • Key Points: Vector: Tick.
    • Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA): Caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Formerly known as Ehrlichia phagocytophila).
      • Symptoms: Headache, malaise, fever
      • Transmission: Bite of infected tick
      • Treatment: Tetracycline or Doxycycline
      • Prevention: Avoiding and preventing tick bites
      • Key Points: Vector: Tick. Affects the Neutrophils.

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    Student Made Lecture Exam 2 - Bacterial Diseases PDF

    Description

    Dive into the world of foodborne infections focusing on Vibriosis and Escherichia coli. This quiz covers symptoms, transmission, and prevention for these gastrointestinal illnesses, including Traveler's Diarrhea caused by Enterotoxigenic E. coli. Test your knowledge and learn crucial information to stay healthy!

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