Foodborne Infections and Nutritional Inequalities

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Questions and Answers

What is the most likely cause of Clostridium perfringens infection?

Consuming improperly stored raw meat

Drinking contaminated water

Eating contaminated food (correct)

Contact with infected animals

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of Clostridium perfringens infection?

Nausea

Fatigue

Severe stomach cramps (correct)

Diarrhea

What is the recommended temperature range for the growth of Clostridium perfringens bacteria?

100°C to 120°C

60°C to 100°C

0°C to 20°C

20°C to 60°C (correct)

Which of the following is a recommended way to prevent Clostridium perfringens infection?

Refrigerating perishable items promptly Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding E.coli is TRUE?

Raw fruits and vegetables can be a source of E.coli contamination. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended temperature for storing cold food to prevent E.coli growth?

0°C to 4°C Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following food items is NOT typically associated with E.coli contamination?

Cooked chicken Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of consuming food contaminated with E.coli?

Food poisoning Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended practice for preventing E.coli contamination?

Cross-contaminating cutting boards by using the same one for raw meat and vegetables Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common factor contributing to nutritional inequalities among First Nations communities?

Lack of access to fresh produce Signup and view all the answers

In some societies, women and children experience nutritional inequalities because:

Food is often prioritized for men who are responsible for working Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is more susceptible to food insecurity due to challenges with starting over in a new country?

New immigrants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting food choices?

Weather conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of how economic factors can influence food choices?

Individuals on a tight budget may opt for cheaper prepackaged foods Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of how cultural factors can influence food choices?

People from certain cultures may have dietary restrictions based on their beliefs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of how familial factors can influence food choices?

Parents who value healthy eating may encourage their children to eat more fruits and vegetables Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is NOT a significant source of folate?

Tofu Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between eating habits and food trends?

Eating habits are consistent and sustainable, while food trends are often temporary. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of food security?

Affordability Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of food bank users in Canada are children?

33% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary source of income for the majority of Canadian food bank users?

Social assistance or disability support Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?

Anorexia nervosa involves restricting food intake, while bulimia nervosa involves cycles of binging and purging. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence body image issues?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe foods that are consumed across different cultures and countries?

Global Foods Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods would be considered a global food?

Sushi Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is especially important during pregnancy for healthy cell growth and development?

Zinc Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following dietary practices is considered a food trend rather than a healthy eating habit?

Restricting carbohydrates significantly for rapid weight loss Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the relationship between body image and eating disorders?

Negative body image can contribute to the development of eating disorders. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue highlighted by the HungerCounts 2024 article?

The strain on the food banking system due to its high volume of users. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sustainable food practice?

Reducing food waste through composting and mindful consumption Signup and view all the answers

Why is iron important during pregnancy?

It supports increased blood volume and oxygen delivery. Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum internal temperature required to safely cook poultry, such as chicken?

74 degrees Celsius Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices helps prevent contamination during food preparation?

Washing hands after touching raw food Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate minimum cooking temperature for ground meat to ensure safety?

74 degrees Celsius Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five principles of food hygiene?

Covering food in the refrigerator Signup and view all the answers

How should cooked food be stored to prevent the growth of microorganisms?

Below 5 degrees Celsius Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with fruits and vegetables before consuming them raw?

Wash them thoroughly Signup and view all the answers

Which temperature is recommended to ensure the safe cooking of lamb?

71 degrees Celsius Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to reduce the risk of foodborne illness associated with raw materials?

Washing and peeling before use Signup and view all the answers

What is the safe internal temperature for cooking fish?

70 degrees Celsius Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to safe food storage practices?

Thawing food at room temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason to avoid wearing loose clothing while cooking?

It can catch fire or drag into hot surfaces. Signup and view all the answers

How should cutting boards be managed to prevent cross contamination?

Use separate cutting boards for raw meats and vegetables. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done immediately when a spill is noticed in the kitchen?

Clean it right away to prevent accidents. Signup and view all the answers

What is the safe way to store raw meat in the refrigerator?

In sealed containers on the bottom shelf. Signup and view all the answers

Which practice helps prevent bacteria growth on hot days during food storage?

Using coolers filled with ice packs for storage. Signup and view all the answers

What is advised when grocery shopping for cold or frozen foods?

Choose them last to avoid defrosting. Signup and view all the answers

What is the best practice when marinating meat?

Marinate in the refrigerator or cooler with ice. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to clean cutting boards thoroughly between uses?

To avoid cross contamination. Signup and view all the answers

What significant change was made to the milk products group in 2007?

Introduction of fortified soy beverages Signup and view all the answers

What should you do with broken dishes in the kitchen?

Clean them up with a broom and dustpan. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of the food guide in 2019?

Use of a plate format for food presentation Signup and view all the answers

What are macronutrients primarily used for in the body?

Energy production and growth Signup and view all the answers

What is a key indicator of food spoilage to check during grocery shopping?

The best before date. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of nutrition, what differentiates nutritional eating from a diet?

Nutritional eating emphasizes nutrient-dense foods Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive energy balance indicate?

Calories consumed exceed calories used Signup and view all the answers

Which foods are classified as empty calorie foods?

Sugary snacks and sodas Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

To perform basic life-sustaining functions Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient classification does not provide calories?

Vitamins Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the 2007 eating guide?

It included a guide specifically for diverse ethnics Signup and view all the answers

What food group proportion is recommended in the 2019 food guide?

50% veggies and fruits, 25% grains, 25% protein Signup and view all the answers

What role does family income play in food choices?

It affects access to healthier or more diverse food options. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can heavily influence children’s eating habits?

Peer pressure from other children. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of organic farming?

It promotes the conservation of energy and renewable resources. Signup and view all the answers

How does climate affect food choices?

Different climates determine the locals’ dietary restrictions. Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of over-packaging of food products?

Waste of resources and energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of fair trade certification?

It provides farmers with a fair return for their products. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about digestion is true?

Saliva contains enzymes that initiate carbohydrate breakdown. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the villi in the small intestine?

To absorb nutrients from chyme. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does social norm have on food choices?

They influence what is deemed acceptable to consume in various cultures. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of carbohydrates in the body?

To supply quick and long-term energy Signup and view all the answers

What is likely a consequence of poor nutrition and eating habits?

Weight gain and chronic diseases. Signup and view all the answers

Which food is a common source of protein?

Meat Signup and view all the answers

How can media and advertising shape food choices?

They create perceptions about desirable or trendy foods. Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable characteristic of fats?

They form triglycerides and help absorb vitamins. Signup and view all the answers

Why might access to food in social spaces influence people's choices?

It affects social interactions and dining experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fiber helps lower cholesterol?

Soluble fiber Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of lifespan is characterized by rapid growth and development?

Infancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a food allergy and a food intolerance?

Food allergies involve the immune system; intolerances do not. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of listeriosis?

Constipation Signup and view all the answers

What foodborne illness is associated with undercooked poultry?

Salmonella Signup and view all the answers

What can help prevent botulism?

Properly preparing low-acid foods Signup and view all the answers

Which food is a common allergen?

Peanuts Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of water in the body?

To aid in digestion and nutrient absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is typically linked to listeriosis?

Dairy products Signup and view all the answers

How does insoluble fiber benefit the digestive system?

It aids digestion by adding bulk to stool. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical onset time for symptoms of botulism after exposure?

12 to 36 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of food intolerance?

It leads to difficulty digesting specific foods. Signup and view all the answers

What are local foods primarily characterized by?

They are typically seasonal and culturally significant. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines organic foods?

Foods grown without synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Signup and view all the answers

How long should groceries be stored in a refrigerator or freezer after purchasing?

2 hours. Signup and view all the answers

Which foodborne illness can result from eating contaminated food or contact with an infected person?

E.coli. Signup and view all the answers

Which item should not be refrigerated but can be frozen?

Tomatoes. Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential characteristic of emotional eating?

It is often an automatic and absent-minded response. Signup and view all the answers

What dietary focus is emphasized during the childhood lifespan stage?

Importance of fibers and essential vitamins. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'slow food movement'?

Encouraging consumption of local and seasonal foods. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major health concern linked to diets low in fruit, nuts, and whole grains?

Kidney disease. Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of life might protein consumption decrease due to various factors?

Later life. Signup and view all the answers

Which government regulation is primarily concerned with food and drug safety?

Food and Drugs Act and Regulations. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological factors influence food choices?

Values, beliefs, and habits. Signup and view all the answers

What can be a direct consequence of food marketing targeting children?

Higher rates of obesity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a commonly misunderstood aspect of food hygiene?

Using the same utensils for raw and cooked foods. Signup and view all the answers

What is the BMR calculated for a man aged 25 with a height of 185 cm and a weight of 83 kg?

1866.25 Kcal/day Signup and view all the answers

Which activity multiplier is used for moderate activity in calculating daily caloric needs?

1.55 Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of food allergies?

Itchiness Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes type two diabetes?

Insulin resistance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common allergen?

Broccoli Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

Excessive alcohol consumption Signup and view all the answers

What is the major symptom of anemia?

Fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of osteoporosis?

Bone fragility Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence food choices?

Genetic factors Signup and view all the answers

What causes high blood pressure?

Decreased exercise Signup and view all the answers

What describes food intolerance?

Delayed reactions affecting body systems Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of chronic kidney disease?

Nerve damage Signup and view all the answers

Which activity level is associated with a multiplier of 1.375 for BMR calculation?

Light Activity Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary modification can help in managing diabetes?

Maintaining normal body weight Signup and view all the answers

What dietary component is crucial for infants to support immune function and bone development?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary fat is specifically noted for its importance in childhood growth and brain development?

Butter Signup and view all the answers

What food sources are crucial for adolescents to maintain iron levels due to menstruation?

Spinach and steak Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is primarily recommended for adulthood to support heart health and reduce inflammation?

Omega-3 fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What is important for women in adulthood to help prevent certain types of anemia?

Folic acid Signup and view all the answers

What dietary change is advised for individuals in later life to manage health effectively?

Reduce calorie intake Signup and view all the answers

Which food group is recommended in childhood for boosting immune health and promoting iron absorption?

Citrus fruits Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of antioxidants as mentioned for adults?

Support cell damage protection Signup and view all the answers

What nutrient is noted for preventing osteoporosis in older adults?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

Which food sources are beneficial for maintaining muscle mass in later life?

Dairy and tofu Signup and view all the answers

What type of dietary fiber is needed during childhood for optimal digestion?

Soluble fiber Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is essential during infancy for proper immune function?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

Which group of foods is particularly important for providing healthy fats in childhood?

Butter, nuts, and avocado oil Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is critical for energy levels and brain development in childhood?

Iron Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Food Hygiene Principles (WHO)

Five key principles for food safety: prevent contamination from people, pets, and pests.
Wash hands before handling food and frequently during preparation.
Wash hands after using the toilet.
Sanitize all surfaces and equipment used for food preparation.
Protect food and kitchen areas from insects and animals.

Foodborne Microorganisms

Microorganisms, though not all disease-causing, are commonly found in soil, water, people, and animals.
They can transfer to food through hands, cloths, and utensils (especially cutting boards).
Transferring them to food causes foodborne illnesses.

Separating Foods

Separate raw and cooked foods to avoid contamination.
Keep raw meat, poultry, and seafood apart from other foods.
Use separate knives and cutting boards for raw foods.
Store food in containers to prevent contact between raw and cooked foods.

Cooking Temperatures

Cook foods thoroughly to kill pathogens.
Cook meat, poultry, eggs, and seafood thoroughly.
Bring soups and stews to a rolling boil (at least 70°C for meats and poultry; ensure juices are clear).
Reheat cooked food thoroughly.
Specific internal meat temperatures for various foods (beef, pork, poultry, egg dishes, fish, shellfish, hot dogs, leftovers, ground meat, wild turkey).

Food Storage Temperatures

Keep cooked foods at temperatures over 60°C (or piping hot) before serving.
Refrigerate promptly; perishable foods should be below 5°C.
Do not leave perishable foods at room temperature for over 2 hours.
Do not thaw foods at room temperature.
Microorganisms multiply rapidly at room temperature.
Maintain temperatures below 5°C and above 60°C to slow or stop microbial growth.

Water and Raw Materials

Use safe water or treat water if unsure of its safety.
Choose fresh, wholesome foods.
Select pasteurized milk and other processed foods for safety.
Wash fruits and vegetables (especially those eaten raw).
Avoid using food past its expiration date.
Raw materials (water, ice) can be contaminated.
Damaged or moldy foods may contain toxins.

Six Essential Nutrients

Carbohydrates: Provide quick and long-term energy; include grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables.
Proteins: Build and repair body tissues; found in meat, fish, eggs, cheese, beans, and dairy.
Fats: Store energy, form cell membranes, and aid vitamin absorption; include butter, oil, cheese, meat, and some dairy.
Vitamins: Essential for various body functions (fat-soluble & water-soluble vitamins).
Fiber: Aids digestion, promotes regularity; found in oats, apples, whole grains, and vegetables (soluble and insoluble).
Water: Essential for bodily functions and nutrient transport.

Food Allergies vs. Food Intolerances

Food allergy: Immune system response to a specific food; causes symptoms ranging from mild (hives) to severe (anaphylaxis).
Food intolerance: Digestive system's inability to break down certain foods; causes less severe symptoms (bloating, gas).

Foodborne Illnesses

Specific information on Listeriosis, Salmonella, Botulism, Clostridium perfringens, E. coli (causes, symptoms, prevention details in each illness).

Causes of Nutritional Inequality

Ethnicity, gender, culture, age can contribute to food insecurity; discuss factors influencing access and affordability.

Factors Affecting Food Choices

Economic factors: Budget constraints may lead to eating processed foods.
Culture: Cultural traditions influence food choices.
Family: Family customs and parenting styles affect eating habits.
Social: Peer pressure, media influence, social norms shape food preferences.
Geography: Regional availability of food impacts choices.

Consumer Choices

Fair trade: Ensures fair prices for producers and supports sustainable practices.
Organic food: Grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers; higher demand often outstrips supply.
Packaging: Packaging protects, preserves, and markets but can waste resources.

Lifespan Stages

Infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, later life, and pregnancy all have specific nutritional needs. Discussion on meeting those needs and relevant considerations for each stage.

Digestion of Food

The digestive process begins in the mouth with saliva containing amylase to aid in carbohydrate breakdown.
Food moves through the esophagus, stomach (where it's processed into chyme), and small intestine where nutrients are absorbed.
Villi on the small intestine facilitate nutrient absorption into the bloodstream.
The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas aid digestion via bile and enzymes.

Criteria for Food Preparation

Prevention tips include ensuring no burns or uncontrolled fires.
Never leave cooking unattended or use loose clothes in the kitchen.
Clean spills promptly. Use sharp objects safely.
To prevent cross-contamination: wash hands, use separate cutting boards and utensils, clean cutting boards with hot soapy water.
Food preparation and storage tips.

Canada's Food Guide

2007 and 2019 versions of the Canada's Food Guide, highlighting changes and key recommendations.

Macronutrients vs Micronutrients

Macronutrients: Nutrients needed in large amounts (carbohydrates, proteins, fats).
Micronutrients: Vitamins and minerals needed in smaller amounts (important for various bodily functions).

Nutritional Eating vs. Diet

Nutritional eating promotes balanced, varied diet for overall health.
Diet is more general consuming food and beverages and can be specific eating plans.

Energy Balance

Positive energy balance: Consuming more calories than used; can lead to weight gain
Negative energy balance: Consuming fewer calories than used; can lead to weight loss.

Calorie Types

High-calorie foods: Many calories per serving (e.g., nuts, oils, avocados, sugary snacks).
Low-calorie foods: Few calories per serving (e.g., fruits, vegetables, lean proteins).
Empty-calorie foods: Provide calories but minimal nutrients (e.g., sugary snacks, soda, fast food).

Basal Metabolic Rate

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): Energy (calories) needed for basic life functions at rest; calculations using the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation.
Formulas and calculations of Basal Metabolic rate for light, medium and heavy activity to estimate the energy needed per day.

Eating Habits and Health Conditions

Food allergies: Abnormal immune response to food (allergens like milk, peanuts) affecting body systems.
Diabetes: High blood sugar (Type 1 & Type 2, gestational); discussion of causes, symptoms, and management.
Cardiovascular disease: Diseases of the heart or blood vessels (heart attacks, strokes); factors affecting risk.
Osteoporosis: Low bone density; factors that increase risk, common symptoms, and treatment.
Food intolerance: Negative reaction to foods (symptoms, causes, treatment).
Anemia: Reduced red blood cells (symptoms, treatment, sources of iron).
Chronic kidney disease: Progressive kidney failure (causes, symptoms, and treatment).
High blood pressure: Elevated blood pressure (causes, symptoms, and management).

Factors Affecting Food Choices (revisited)

Economic factors: Income, food prices, access to food, food availability.
Social factors: Peer influence, media, social norms, convenience.
Cultural factors: Traditions, customs, religious beliefs, family influence.
Geographic factors: Regional eating patterns, food availability, climate.
Ethical factors: Animal welfare, environmental impact, fair trade, health concerns.

Nutritional Lifespan Stages

Specific nutritional needs at each stage (infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, later life, and pregnancy); relating those needs to the Canada's Food Guide.

Eating Habits vs. Trends or Fads

Eating habits: Regular eating patterns; balanced and sustainable over time.
Trends or fads: Temporary, short-lived eating patterns; may not be sustainable and supported by good science.

Food Security (A4S)

Accessibility, Availability, Adequacy, Acceptability, and Sustainability in the context of food security.

Hunger in Canada (HungerCounts 2024)

High rates of food bank use in Canada, exceeding pre-pandemic levels.
Key demographics relying on food banks (children, single individuals, seniors, employed individuals).
Data illustrating the critical situation.

Body Image vs. Body Shape

Body image: Perception of one's appearance; can influence food choices.
Body shape expectations: Societal ideals, cultural norms, media.
Disorders: Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa; symptoms and descriptions.

Food Types

Global foods: Widely consumed across countries and cultures.
Local foods: Grown or produced in a region.
Organic foods: Grown without synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.

Exam Answer Key

Specific answers to test questions provided in the document.

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Description

This quiz covers essential information on Clostridium perfringens and E.coli infections, including causes, symptoms, and prevention strategies. It also addresses nutritional inequalities faced by First Nations communities. Test your knowledge on these important public health topics.