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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic that makes maintenance solutions isotonic?
What is the primary characteristic that makes maintenance solutions isotonic?
- High sodium concentration
- Use of hypotonic solutions
- Potassium supplementation
- Metabolized dextrose leaving only water (correct)
What is the recommended maximum rate for potassium infusion?
What is the recommended maximum rate for potassium infusion?
- 0.5 mEq/kg/hr (correct)
- 0.2 mEq/kg/hr
- 2 mEq/kg/hr
- 1 mEq/kg/hr
Why should hypertonic saline not be administered repeatedly?
Why should hypertonic saline not be administered repeatedly?
- It is ineffective in treating shock
- It is isotonic and provides stable volumes
- It causes immediate osmotic lysis of red blood cells
- It has severe side effects like hypernatraemia and ventricular arrhythmias (correct)
Which of the following solutions requires potassium to be added for maintenance?
Which of the following solutions requires potassium to be added for maintenance?
What does hypertonic saline do to blood pressure in cases of shock?
What does hypertonic saline do to blood pressure in cases of shock?
What is a key component that must follow the administration of hypertonic saline?
What is a key component that must follow the administration of hypertonic saline?
What is the effect of hypotonic solutions on red blood cells?
What is the effect of hypotonic solutions on red blood cells?
What is the importance of infusing maintenance fluids slowly over 24 hours?
What is the importance of infusing maintenance fluids slowly over 24 hours?
What percentage of water constitutes the total body weight in an adult?
What percentage of water constitutes the total body weight in an adult?
What is the main type of fluid loss associated with pure dehydration?
What is the main type of fluid loss associated with pure dehydration?
Which of the following fluid compartments includes plasma in the blood?
Which of the following fluid compartments includes plasma in the blood?
Which type of fluid loss is primarily associated with diarrhea?
Which type of fluid loss is primarily associated with diarrhea?
What does tonicity indicate?
What does tonicity indicate?
How is total body water distributed in an adult?
How is total body water distributed in an adult?
Which category of fluid includes synovial and cerebrospinal fluid?
Which category of fluid includes synovial and cerebrospinal fluid?
What is the approximate percentage of extracellular fluid in the body?
What is the approximate percentage of extracellular fluid in the body?
What should be administered for each episode of vomiting in a dehydrated dog?
What should be administered for each episode of vomiting in a dehydrated dog?
How is the fluid deficit calculated for a dog with dehydration?
How is the fluid deficit calculated for a dog with dehydration?
When should fluid therapy be administered until in a hospitalised animal?
When should fluid therapy be administered until in a hospitalised animal?
What is the total fluid rate calculated for a 20kg dog that is 8% dehydrated assuming no ongoing losses?
What is the total fluid rate calculated for a 20kg dog that is 8% dehydrated assuming no ongoing losses?
What is a common rate for drips per millilitre in standard drip sets?
What is a common rate for drips per millilitre in standard drip sets?
If a dog continues to have episodes of diarrhea while hospitalized, how should this impact fluid therapy?
If a dog continues to have episodes of diarrhea while hospitalized, how should this impact fluid therapy?
What is the maintenance fluid requirement for a 20kg dog based on the formula provided?
What is the maintenance fluid requirement for a 20kg dog based on the formula provided?
Which parameters should be monitored to assess the response to fluid therapy?
Which parameters should be monitored to assess the response to fluid therapy?
What is the recommended rate of blood aspiration into the syringe when using a butterfly catheter?
What is the recommended rate of blood aspiration into the syringe when using a butterfly catheter?
What should be done if signs of hypovolaemia are observed in the donor?
What should be done if signs of hypovolaemia are observed in the donor?
Which of the following is NOT a type of anticoagulant mentioned for stopping blood clotting once collected?
Which of the following is NOT a type of anticoagulant mentioned for stopping blood clotting once collected?
Which dog erythrocyte antigen is considered the most critical for compatibility in blood transfusions?
Which dog erythrocyte antigen is considered the most critical for compatibility in blood transfusions?
What is true about blood groups in cats regarding compatibility?
What is true about blood groups in cats regarding compatibility?
What blood volume is typically considered a 'unit' of dog blood?
What blood volume is typically considered a 'unit' of dog blood?
Which blood type in cats is dominant over the AB blood type?
Which blood type in cats is dominant over the AB blood type?
What is the volume of a typical unit of packed red cells in dogs?
What is the volume of a typical unit of packed red cells in dogs?
What is the preferred hematocrit level for a cat donor?
What is the preferred hematocrit level for a cat donor?
What should be done if the blood donation causes signs of hypovolaemia in the donor?
What should be done if the blood donation causes signs of hypovolaemia in the donor?
Which condition should not exclude a female cat from donating blood?
Which condition should not exclude a female cat from donating blood?
What type of monitoring should be used for sedated cats during blood donation?
What type of monitoring should be used for sedated cats during blood donation?
How much blood should a cat donate relative to its weight?
How much blood should a cat donate relative to its weight?
Which of the following medication types is recommended for sedation prior to blood donation in cats?
Which of the following medication types is recommended for sedation prior to blood donation in cats?
What anticoagulant to whole blood ratio is suggested for the donation process?
What anticoagulant to whole blood ratio is suggested for the donation process?
What process should be done after removing the needle from the venepuncture site?
What process should be done after removing the needle from the venepuncture site?
Study Notes
Fluids in the Body
- Water accounts for 60% of an adult's body weight, compared to 80% in neonates and 75% in pediatric animals.
- Body water is divided into intracellular fluid (within cells) and extracellular fluid (outside cells).
- Extracellular fluid comprises plasma in the blood (intravascular volume) and interstitial fluid bathing the cells.
- Transcellular fluid (e.g., synovial and cerebrospinal fluid) constitutes a small percentage of total body water.
Fluid Losses
- Dehydration involves water loss from all extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments.
- Hemorrhage causes loss primarily from the intravascular space.
- Diarrhea primarily affects extracellular fluid loss (interstitial and intravascular compartments).
Fluid Solutions
- Tonicity refers to the solute concentration of a solution compared to another.
- Hypotonic solutions should not be used intravenously as they can lyse red blood cells.
- Isotonic solutions are ideal for replacing lost fluids and are used for maintenance.
- Hypertonic solutions can be used for shock by drawing fluid from the interstitial space.
Fluid Therapy Solutions
- 4% glucose with 0.18% sodium chloride is a maintenance solution, often supplemented with potassium.
- 5% dextrose is another maintenance solution requiring potassium supplementation.
- Hypertonic saline (7.2% NaCl) is used for shock, but its effects are transient and require follow-up with isotonic fluids.
Assessing Response to Fluid Therapy
- Regularly reassess the patient and adjust treatment plans as needed.
- Continue fluid therapy until parameters like heart rate, mentation, mucous membranes, and skin turgor normalize.
Calculating Drip Rates
- Drip rate is typically measured in ml/kg/hr.
- To determine drips per second, consider the animal's body weight and the drips per milliliter delivered by the drip set.
Blood Donation
- Canine Donors: A healthy, normal-weight dog (>5kg) is preferred, with a PCV >30%.
- Feline Donors: A friendly, normal-weight cat (>5kg) is preferred, with a PCV >30%.
- Blood Transfusion: A typical canine blood unit is 450ml, whereas a packed red cell unit is roughly 200ml.
Anticoagulants
- Acid Citrate Dextrose (ACD)
- Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Adenosine (CPDA)
- Heparin
Canine Blood Groups
- DEA (Dog Erythrocyte Antigen) 1 and 7 are the most significant.
- DEA 1 negative dogs are considered universal donors.
- Cross-matching is recommended before transfusing, especially for subsequent transfusions.
Feline Blood Groups
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A: Dominant, most common.
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B: Found in certain breeds (e.g., Persian, British Shorthair).
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AB: Recessive to A, co-dominant with B.
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Cross-matching is essential for feline transfusions, even with compatible blood types.
General Considerations
- Maintain sterile technique during blood donation and transfusion procedures.
- Monitor the donor's health status and potential signs of hypovolemia.
- Provide appropriate fluid therapy to compensate for blood loss.
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Description
This quiz examines the role of fluids in the human body, including the distribution of body water and the effects of dehydration. It also covers the importance of tonicity and the types of fluid solutions used in medical settings. Test your understanding of these crucial concepts related to body fluids.
