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Questions and Answers
To maintain physiological function the cells of the body require a constant supply of water (comprising ____________ of the volume of fluid outside cells).
To maintain physiological function the cells of the body require a constant supply of water (comprising ____________ of the volume of fluid outside cells).
~75%
Which one of the following does the extracellular fluid NOT comprise?
Which one of the following does the extracellular fluid NOT comprise?
The ionic concentrations and ______________ of body fluids are as important as their absolute quantity.
The ionic concentrations and ______________ of body fluids are as important as their absolute quantity.
pH
Stability of the volumes, solute concentrations and pH of the ECF and ICF involves each of the following inter-related processes, EXCEPT:
Stability of the volumes, solute concentrations and pH of the ECF and ICF involves each of the following inter-related processes, EXCEPT:
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The body is in ________________ when the amount of water gained each day is equal to the amount lost to the environment.
The body is in ________________ when the amount of water gained each day is equal to the amount lost to the environment.
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Fluid balance reflects primarily the control of _________________________ inside and outside of the cell.
Fluid balance reflects primarily the control of _________________________ inside and outside of the cell.
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What are ions released through the breakdown of inorganic compounds called?
What are ions released through the breakdown of inorganic compounds called?
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If the gains and losses for each electrolyte are in balance, the body is said to be in:
If the gains and losses for each electrolyte are in balance, the body is said to be in:
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Electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of absorption across the digestive tract with rates of loss at the:
Electrolyte balance primarily involves balancing the rates of absorption across the digestive tract with rates of loss at the:
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The body is in acid-base balance when the production of __________________ in the body is precisely matched by their loss.
The body is in acid-base balance when the production of __________________ in the body is precisely matched by their loss.
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Preventing a reduction of pH is complicated as the body generates a variety of ___________ during normal metabolism.
Preventing a reduction of pH is complicated as the body generates a variety of ___________ during normal metabolism.
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The extracellular fluid (ECF) and the intracellular fluid (ICF) are called:
The extracellular fluid (ECF) and the intracellular fluid (ICF) are called:
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The principal ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF) are all of the following, EXCEPT:
The principal ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF) are all of the following, EXCEPT:
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The principal components of the intracellular fluid (ICF) include large numbers of _____________ proteins.
The principal components of the intracellular fluid (ICF) include large numbers of _____________ proteins.
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Cell membranes are ______________________ and ions can only enter or leave by specific channels or carriers.
Cell membranes are ______________________ and ions can only enter or leave by specific channels or carriers.
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Despite the differences in concentration of specific substances, the intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) _____________________ concentrations in most instances are identical.
Despite the differences in concentration of specific substances, the intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF) _____________________ concentrations in most instances are identical.
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Minor components of the extracellular fluid (ECF) include each of the following, EXCEPT:
Minor components of the extracellular fluid (ECF) include each of the following, EXCEPT:
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In clinical situations, it is customary to approximate that two-thirds of the total body water (TBW) is in the:
In clinical situations, it is customary to approximate that two-thirds of the total body water (TBW) is in the:
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Continuous movement of water through the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) functions to perform all of the following, EXCEPT:
Continuous movement of water through the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) functions to perform all of the following, EXCEPT:
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four key concepts in the regulation of fluids and electrolytes?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four key concepts in the regulation of fluids and electrolytes?
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Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in the major physiological adjustments affecting fluid balance and electrolyte balance?
Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in the major physiological adjustments affecting fluid balance and electrolyte balance?
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Which two major ions contribute to the osmotic concentrations of the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF), respectively?
Which two major ions contribute to the osmotic concentrations of the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF), respectively?
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__________ are substances that combine with hydrogen (H+) ions (pH > 7).
__________ are substances that combine with hydrogen (H+) ions (pH > 7).
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Slight changes in acid-base balance can cause each of the following, EXCEPT:
Slight changes in acid-base balance can cause each of the following, EXCEPT:
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Which of the following is NOT a major mechanism to maintain hydrogen (H+) ion homeostasis?
Which of the following is NOT a major mechanism to maintain hydrogen (H+) ion homeostasis?
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Buffers are dissolved compounds that can remove:
Buffers are dissolved compounds that can remove:
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Which of the following is NOT one of the three main acid-base buffer systems?
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main acid-base buffer systems?
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The functions of blood include each of the following, EXCEPT:
The functions of blood include each of the following, EXCEPT:
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Formed elements of blood include each of the following, EXCEPT:
Formed elements of blood include each of the following, EXCEPT:
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Red blood cells are formed by differentiation of embryonic stem cells (______________________) in the red bone marrow.
Red blood cells are formed by differentiation of embryonic stem cells (______________________) in the red bone marrow.
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Which of the following white blood cell types is responsible for the body's specific defenses?
Which of the following white blood cell types is responsible for the body's specific defenses?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of platelets?
Which of the following is NOT a function of platelets?
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The cessation of bleeding is also called:
The cessation of bleeding is also called:
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The three phases of haemostasis include each of the following, EXCEPT:
The three phases of haemostasis include each of the following, EXCEPT:
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The ______________ pathway - which begins when enzymes from either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways activate Factor X.
The ______________ pathway - which begins when enzymes from either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways activate Factor X.
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Which of the following is NOT an organ of the lymphatic system?
Which of the following is NOT an organ of the lymphatic system?
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Lymphatic vessels carry lymph from peripheral tissues through the lymph nodes to the:
Lymphatic vessels carry lymph from peripheral tissues through the lymph nodes to the:
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Movement of interstitial fluid into lymphatic vessels depends on the interstitial fluid _____________ pressure.
Movement of interstitial fluid into lymphatic vessels depends on the interstitial fluid _____________ pressure.
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The blockage of lymphatic vessels can result in a rise in the volume of interstitial fluid, which can result in a massive regional:
The blockage of lymphatic vessels can result in a rise in the volume of interstitial fluid, which can result in a massive regional:
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Which one of the following is part of the lymphatic system's non-specific defenses?
Which one of the following is part of the lymphatic system's non-specific defenses?
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Study Notes
Fluid Compartments
- Cells require a constant supply of water: ~75% of the volume of fluid outside cells
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) comprises: interstitial fluid, plasma, and other body fluids
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) comprises: cytosol
- ECF and ICF volumes, solute concentrations and pH are important for physiological function
- Maintaining these factors involves: fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and acid-base balance
Fluid Balance
- Defined by equal water gained and lost each day
- Digestive system: primary route for water gain
- Urinary system: primary route for water loss
- Primarily reflects electrolyte balance
Electrolyte Balance
- Balancing ionic concentrations inside and outside the cell
- Electrolytes are ions that conduct electrical current in a solution
- Gained from food and water, and lost in urine, sweat, and feces
- Electrolyte balance involves balancing absorption across the digestive tract with loss at the kidneys
Acid-Base Balance
- Maintained when production of hydrogen ions (H+) in the body is precisely matched by their loss.
- Metabolism generates acids which can lower pH
- Maintaining pH is complicated as the body generates various acids during normal metabolism
Regulation of Fluids and Electrolytes
- Fluid and electrolytes are lost by evaporation
- Cells cannot move water molecules by active transport
- Body's water and electrolyte content adjusts based on dietary gains and losses
- Homeostatic mechanisms monitor and adjust fluid composition based on changes in the ECF
Key Hormones for Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Aldosterone
- Natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP)
- Insulin
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
- Principal ions: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3-)
- Minor components: lymph, aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
- Principal components include negatively charged proteins
Cell Membranes
- Selectively permeable
- Ions require specific channels or carriers to cross
- ICF and ECF osmotic concentrations are identical due to water's free movement.
Movement of Fluids
- Continuous movement of water through ICF and ECF performs important functions:
- Constant communication between plasma and interstitial fluid
- Regulation of body temperature
- Transportation of insoluble lipids and tissue proteins
- Distribution of nutrients, hormones, and dissolved gases throughout tissues
Acid-Base Balance Mechanisms
- Buffer systems
- Exhalation of carbon dioxide
- Kidney excretion
Buffer Systems
- Dissolved compounds that remove hydrogen (H+) ions
- Three main acid-base buffer systems: bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
Blood
- Functions: transportation, support, thermoregulation, immunity
Blood Components
- Formed elements: red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets
- RBCs are formed by differentiation of embryonic stem cells in the red bone marrow (erythropoiesis)
White Blood Cells (WBC)
- Lymphocytes: responsible for specific defenses
Platelets
- Functions: temporary patching of blood vessel walls, scar formation, contraction of clots, transport of clotting chemicals
Haemostasis
- Cessation of bleeding
- Three phases: vascular phase, platelet phase, coagulation phase
Coagulation Phase
- Common pathway: activated by extrinsic or intrinsic pathways, leading to fibrinogen conversion to fibrin
Lymphatic System
- Organs: thymus, spleen, lymph nodes
- Lymphatic vessels carry lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system
- Movement of interstitial fluid into lymphatic vessels depends on hydrostatic pressure
Lymphatic System Blockage
- Can result in edema
Lymphatic System Defenses
- Non-specific defenses: inflammation, skin, mucous membranes
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of fluid compartments within the human body. This quiz covers fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and acid-base dynamics crucial for physiological functions. Understand how intracellular and extracellular fluids interact to maintain overall health.
