30 Questions
What is the normal range for serum sodium?
135 - 145 mmol/L
In hypovolemic hyponatremia, what are the typical signs and symptoms?
Dehydration, dry mucous membrane, poor skin turgor, and orthostatic hypotension
What condition may lead to low albumin, resulting in less fluid from interstitial to vascular and causing ascites?
Cirrhosis
How does the body maintain the normal range of serum sodium?
With the help of antidiuretic hormone, the RAAS, and atrial natriuretic factor
What is the main treatment approach for hypovolemic hyponatremia?
Giving oral rehydration solution (ORS) and NaCl 0.9%
What percentage of the total body weight accounts for total body water?
50 - 70%
Which condition is characterized by elevated serum osmolality and high glucose levels leading to a shift of fluid from cells to extracellular space?
Hypernatremia
What treatment is recommended for hypervolemic hyponatremia?
Na and water restriction, bed rest, manage underlying disease
What can cause hypernatremia to become hypovolemic?
Overuse of diuretics or laxatives
What is the recommended treatment for hypernatremia caused by hypovolemia?
Replace water deficit with 5% dextrose or 0.45% NaCl
What condition is characterized by pure water loss from the body with insensible loss that are not replaced with adequate fluids?
Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
Which condition may lead to cardiac manifestations like premature ventricular contractions, supraventricular or ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and brady-arrhythmias?
Hyperkalemia
What is the recommended treatment for hypercalcemia causing weakness, paralysis, and cardiac conduction abnormalities?
Antagonizing cardiac effects with calcium (severe), use Na Bicarb
What is the main cause of hypokalemia?
Decreased intake of potassium-rich foods
What are the mechanisms by which the body alters sodium and water excretion and reabsorption to regulate balance?
The body alters sodium and water excretion and reabsorption to regulate balance through the kidneys, with the help of antidiuretic hormone, the RAAS, and atrial natriuretic factor.
What are the typical signs and symptoms of hypovolemic hyponatremia?
The typical signs and symptoms of hypovolemic hyponatremia include dehydration, dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, and orthostatic hypotension.
What condition may lead to low albumin, resulting in less fluid from interstitial to vascular and causing ascites?
Cirrhosis may lead to low albumin, resulting in less fluid from interstitial to vascular and causing ascites.
What is the normal range for serum sodium?
The normal range for serum sodium is 135 – 145 mmol/L.
What is the percentage of total body water, and what factors does it depend on?
Total body water accounts for 50 - 70% of the body's weight, and it depends on age, sex, and body muscle to fat ratio.
What is the treatment for hypovolemic hyponatremia?
The treatment for hypovolemic hyponatremia includes oral rehydration solution (ORS) and sodium chloride (NaCl) infusion.
What are the symptoms of hypernatremia above 150 mmol/L?
thirst, restlessness, irritability, tremulousness
What treatment is recommended for hypervolemic hyponatremia?
Na and water restriction, bed rest, and management of underlying disease
In hypovolemic hypernatremia, what are the typical causes?
fluid replacement with higher than required Na solution, overuse of diuretics or laxatives
What are the symptoms of hypokalemia, and what cardiac manifestations may it lead to?
Symptoms: lethargy, myalgia, cramps, weakness. Cardiac manifestations: premature ventricular contractions, supraventricular or ventricular tachyarrhythmias, brady-arrhythmias, and heart block
What are the common causes of hyperkalemia?
increased intake, decreased renal excretion, shift of K from intra- to extra-compartment, drug induced (ACE inhibitors, spironolactone, K supplements)
What is the recommended treatment for hypokalemia?
Correct underlying condition, replace K (oral/IV)
What are the symptoms of hypercalcemia, and what cardiac conduction abnormalities may it cause?
Symptoms: weakness, paralysis (severe). Cardiac conduction abnormalities: ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest
What is the treatment recommendation for hypercalcemia causing weakness, paralysis, and cardiac conduction abnormalities?
Antagonizing cardiac effects with calcium (severe), use Na Bicarb
What are the causes of isovolemic hypernatremia?
pure water loss from the body with insensible loss that are not replaced with adequate fluids
What is the primary intracellular cation, and what is the normal range for it?
Potassium; 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L
Explore alterations in forces affecting fluid regulation and the resultant unwanted fluid shifts, as well as the impact of homeostasis on normal physiologic function. Dive into the balance between fluids, electrolytes, and pH, and the factors influencing total body water.
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