Fluids and Electrolytes in Clinical Pharmacy

<p>With the help of antidiuretic hormone, the RAAS, and atrial natriuretic factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Giving oral rehydration solution (ORS) and NaCl 0.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>50 - 70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypernatremia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Na and water restriction, bed rest, manage underlying disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overuse of diuretics or laxatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replace water deficit with 5% dextrose or 0.45% NaCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes Insipidus (DI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antagonizing cardiac effects with calcium (severe), use Na Bicarb</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased intake of potassium-rich foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body alters sodium and water excretion and reabsorption to regulate balance through the kidneys, with the help of antidiuretic hormone, the RAAS, and atrial natriuretic factor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The typical signs and symptoms of hypovolemic hyponatremia include dehydration, dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, and orthostatic hypotension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cirrhosis may lead to low albumin, resulting in less fluid from interstitial to vascular and causing ascites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The normal range for serum sodium is 135 – 145 mmol/L.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Total body water accounts for 50 - 70% of the body's weight, and it depends on age, sex, and body muscle to fat ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The treatment for hypovolemic hyponatremia includes oral rehydration solution (ORS) and sodium chloride (NaCl) infusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>thirst, restlessness, irritability, tremulousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Na and water restriction, bed rest, and management of underlying disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>fluid replacement with higher than required Na solution, overuse of diuretics or laxatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptoms: lethargy, myalgia, cramps, weakness. Cardiac manifestations: premature ventricular contractions, supraventricular or ventricular tachyarrhythmias, brady-arrhythmias, and heart block</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>increased intake, decreased renal excretion, shift of K from intra- to extra-compartment, drug induced (ACE inhibitors, spironolactone, K supplements)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correct underlying condition, replace K (oral/IV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptoms: weakness, paralysis (severe). Cardiac conduction abnormalities: ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antagonizing cardiac effects with calcium (severe), use Na Bicarb</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pure water loss from the body with insensible loss that are not replaced with adequate fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potassium; 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/L</p> Signup and view all the answers