Questions and Answers
What is the most common type of fluid volume deficit?
What is isotonic dehydration?
Fluid deficit caused by a decrease in plasma volume.
What happens to the concentration of water and sodium in the bloodstream during isotonic dehydration?
Little or no change.
In isotonic dehydration, fluid lost is primarily from which spaces?
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What is the most common type of fluid volume excess?
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What happens to the concentration of electrolytes and water in the bloodstream during isotonic hypervolemia?
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In isotonic hypervolemia, is water pulled from the cells to circulation or from circulation into the cells?
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What happens to the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) volumes during isotonic hypervolemia?
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What is a common sign of fluid volume deficit?
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What is tachycardia?
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What is signified by a weak pulse in fluid volume deficit?
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What change occurs in the respiration rate during fluid volume deficit?
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What indicates dehydration in terms of skin turgor?
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What is the typical urine specific gravity range in fluid volume deficit?
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Study Notes
Fluid Volume Deficit
- Isotonic Dehydration: Most common type of fluid volume deficit, accounting for 80% of cases.
- Plasma Volume Reduction: Isotonic dehydration results from a decrease in plasma volume.
- Electrolyte Concentration: There is little to no change in the concentration of water and sodium in the bloodstream.
- Fluid Loss Locations: Fluid loss occurs specifically from vascular and interstitial spaces, affecting extracellular fluid (ECF).
Fluid Volume Excess
- Isotonic Hypervolemia: The most common type of fluid volume excess.
- Non-variation of Electrolytes and Water: Little or no change in electrolyte and water concentration in the bloodstream.
- Cellular Fluid Movement: Water is not shifted between intracellular fluid (ICF) and circulation.
- Volume Status: ECF volume is elevated while ICF remains normal.
Signs and Symptoms of Fluid Volume Deficit
- Decreased Blood Pressure: Notable drop leading to orthostatic hypotension.
- Tachycardia: Increased heart rate due to compensatory mechanisms.
- Weak Pulse: Pulse strength diminishes.
- Increased Respiratory Rate: Signs of respiratory compensation.
- Normal to Slightly Elevated Temperature: Body temperature may remain in a normal range or increase slightly.
- Decreased Central Venous Pressure: Indicates a reduction in circulating blood volume.
- Weight Loss: Significant loss can be observed.
- Decreased Urine Output: Urine production is lower than normal.
- Decreased Skin Turgor: Assessing skin tenting for dehydration signs.
- Skin Characteristics: Appearance of pale, cool, and clammy skin.
- Flattened Neck Veins: Evidence of depleted blood volume.
- Sunken Eyeballs: A sign of severe dehydration.
- Infant Considerations: Sunken fontanels indicate fluid volume deficit in infants.
- Dry Mucous Membranes: Indicates hydration status.
- Thirst: Increased sensation of thirst due to dehydration.
- Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia may present.
Labs for Fluid Volume Deficit
- Increased Hematocrit: Reflecting higher concentration due to fluid loss (Men: 42-52%, Women: 37-47%).
- Elevated BUN: Blood urea nitrogen levels increasing (Normal: 8-20 mg/dL).
- Increased Urine Specific Gravity: Indicates concentrated urine due to dehydration (Normal: 1.010-1.030).
Causes and Risk Factors
- Fluid volume deficit arises when fluid intake does not meet the body’s needs, commonly due to:
- Vomiting and Diarrhea
- Increased Respiratory Rate: Can lead to fluid loss.
- Increased Urinary Output: Caused by various conditions.
- Inadequate IV Fluid Replacement: Lack of adequate hydration methods.
- Draining Fistulas: Significant fluid loss through drainage.
- Presence of Ileostomy or Colostomy: Increased fluid loss from stool.
- High-Risk Clients: Those with heart failure, on long-term corticosteroids, or undergoing frequent wound irrigations are more prone to fluid volume excess.
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Description
Test your knowledge about fluid volume deficits and excesses, including isotonic dehydration and hypervolemia. This quiz covers the common signs, symptoms, and physiological implications associated with changes in fluid balance in the body. Perfect for students in health sciences or nursing programs.
