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Questions and Answers
What is the primary location for fluid exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid?
What is the primary location for fluid exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid?
Capillaries
Which of the following are Starling's forces involved in fluid exchange?
Which of the following are Starling's forces involved in fluid exchange?
- Interstitial oncotic pressure (correct)
- Interstitial hydrostatic pressure (correct)
- Capillary oncotic pressure (correct)
- Capillary hydrostatic pressure (correct)
Capillary hydrostatic pressure favors the absorption of fluid into the capillaries.
Capillary hydrostatic pressure favors the absorption of fluid into the capillaries.
False (B)
Capillary oncotic pressure (πC) favors the movement of fluid from the interstitium to the capillaries.
Capillary oncotic pressure (πC) favors the movement of fluid from the interstitium to the capillaries.
What is the formula for calculating the net filtration pressure (NFP)?
What is the formula for calculating the net filtration pressure (NFP)?
At the arterial end of the capillary, net filtration pressure is typically positive (greater than zero), making the movement of fluid from the capillaries into the interstitial space dominant.
At the arterial end of the capillary, net filtration pressure is typically positive (greater than zero), making the movement of fluid from the capillaries into the interstitial space dominant.
At the venular end of the capillary, net filtration pressure is typically negative (less than zero), making the movement of fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries dominant.
At the venular end of the capillary, net filtration pressure is typically negative (less than zero), making the movement of fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries dominant.
Approximately what percentage of filtered fluid is reabsorbed back into the capillaries at the venous end?
Approximately what percentage of filtered fluid is reabsorbed back into the capillaries at the venous end?
What is the main function of the lymphatic system in regard to fluid exchange?
What is the main function of the lymphatic system in regard to fluid exchange?
What is edema?
What is edema?
Which of the following factors can contribute to edema?
Which of the following factors can contribute to edema?
Which conditions can lead to high capillary hydrostatic pressure?
Which conditions can lead to high capillary hydrostatic pressure?
Which conditions can lead to low capillary oncotic pressure?
Which conditions can lead to low capillary oncotic pressure?
Which conditions can lead to lymphatic obstruction?
Which conditions can lead to lymphatic obstruction?
Which conditions can lead to increased permeability of capillaries to proteins?
Which conditions can lead to increased permeability of capillaries to proteins?
Which of the following are types of edema based on the nature of the fluid accumulation?
Which of the following are types of edema based on the nature of the fluid accumulation?
Which of the following conditions can lead to pitting edema?
Which of the following conditions can lead to pitting edema?
Which of the following are types of edema based on the distribution of fluid accumulation?
Which of the following are types of edema based on the distribution of fluid accumulation?
Which of the following conditions can lead to generalized edema?
Which of the following conditions can lead to generalized edema?
Flashcards
Fluid Exchange
Fluid Exchange
The movement of fluid between the blood plasma and the interstitial fluid, primarily occurring at the capillaries.
Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure
The pressure exerted by the fluid within a blood vessel against its walls.
Oncotic Pressure
Oncotic Pressure
The osmotic pressure created by proteins in a solution, primarily albumin, drawing fluid towards the area of higher protein concentration.
Filtration
Filtration
The force that drives fluid out of the capillaries, primarily due to hydrostatic pressure.
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Absorption
Absorption
The force that draws fluid back into the capillaries, primarily due to oncotic pressure.
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Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
The net pressure difference that determines the direction and amount of fluid movement across the capillary wall.
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Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (HPISF)
Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (HPISF)
The pressure exerted by the fluid in the interstitial space.
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Interstitial Fluid Oncotic Pressure (πISF)
Interstitial Fluid Oncotic Pressure (πISF)
The osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the interstitial fluid.
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Arteriolar End of Capillaries
Arteriolar End of Capillaries
The region where the capillary pressure is higher than the oncotic pressure, resulting in net fluid filtration.
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Veniolar End of Capillaries
Veniolar End of Capillaries
The region where the oncotic pressure is higher than the capillary pressure, resulting in net fluid absorption.
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Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic Vessels
The lymphatic system, a network of vessels that collect excess fluid from the interstitial space and return it to the circulatory system.
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Edema
Edema
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space, leading to swelling.
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High HPc
High HPc
Increased hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries due to factors like heart failure or venous obstruction.
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Low OPc
Low OPc
Lowered oncotic pressure in the capillaries due to factors like malnutrition, liver disease, or kidney disease.
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Lymphatic Obstruction
Lymphatic Obstruction
Obstruction of lymphatic vessels, leading to fluid buildup in the interstitium.
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Increased Permeability
Increased Permeability
Increased permeability of capillaries to proteins, allowing fluid to leak out more easily.
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Pitting Edema
Pitting Edema
A type of edema where pressure applied to the swollen area leaves an indentation that persists for a short time.
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Non-pitting Edema
Non-pitting Edema
A type of edema where pressure applied to the swollen area does not leave an indentation.
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Generalized Edema
Generalized Edema
Edema that affects the entire body.
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Localized Edema
Localized Edema
Edema that is localized to a specific area of the body.
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Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive Heart Failure
A condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in the body.
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Deep Vein Thrombosis
Deep Vein Thrombosis
A blood clot that forms in a deep vein, often in the legs, which can obstruct blood flow and lead to edema.
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Filariasis (Elephantiasis)
Filariasis (Elephantiasis)
A condition caused by parasitic worms, primarily filarial worms, which can block lymphatic vessels and lead to severe edema, especially in the legs and arms.
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Chronic Liver Disease
Chronic Liver Disease
The condition where the liver is unable to produce enough albumin, a protein essential for maintaining oncotic pressure, leading to edema.
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Chronic Renal Disease (Nephrotic Syndrome)
Chronic Renal Disease (Nephrotic Syndrome)
The condition where the kidneys are unable to filter waste products properly, leading to protein loss in urine and reduced oncotic pressure.
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Allergy or Inflammation
Allergy or Inflammation
A condition caused by allergic reactions or inflammation, where capillaries become more permeable to proteins, leading to edema.
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Burns
Burns
A condition where the skin is damaged by burns, leading to increased capillary permeability and edema.
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Tumors
Tumors
A condition caused by tumors that compress lymphatic vessels, leading to localized edema.
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Surgical Removal of Lymphatic System
Surgical Removal of Lymphatic System
A surgical procedure where a portion of the lymphatic system is removed, which can lead to localized edema.
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Fluid Exchange and Edema
- Fluid exchange occurs at capillaries, driven by Starling forces.
- Starling forces include hydrostatic pressure (water pressure) and oncotic pressure (protein pressure).
- Hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of capillaries into interstitial fluid.
- Oncotic pressure pulls fluid back into capillaries.
- At the arterial end of capillaries, hydrostatic pressure is higher than oncotic pressure, resulting in filtration of fluid.
- At the venous end of capillaries, oncotic pressure is higher than hydrostatic pressure, resulting in absorption of fluid.
- The remaining 10% of filtered fluid is absorbed by lymphatic vessels.
- Edema is abnormal fluid collection in the interstitial fluid, with pitting and non-pitting types.
Mechanisms of Edema
- High hydrostatic pressure (HPc) can cause edema; this is caused by heart failure or venous obstruction.
- Low oncotic pressure (OPc) can cause edema; this is caused by malnutrition, malabsorption, Chronic liver disease or Chronic renal disease (nephrotic syndrome).
- Lymphatic obstruction, tumors or surgical removal can also lead to edema.
- Allergy, inflammation or burns can also lead to increased edema through increased capillary permeability.
Types of Edema
- Edema can be classified as pitting or non-pitting.
- Pitting edema is caused by high hydrostatic pressure and low oncotic pressure, and affects multiple areas of the body (generalized).
- Non-pitting edema is caused by lymphatic obstruction, increased capillary permeability or localized causes, and is often localized.
- Generalized edema can result from low capillary oncotic pressure, such as Congestive Heart Failure.
- Localized edema is often associated with lymphatic obstruction, venous obstruction or causes of increased permeability.
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