Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary force driving filtration at the arteriolar end of capillaries?
What is the primary force driving filtration at the arteriolar end of capillaries?
- Peripheral vascular resistance
- Capillary hydrostatic pressure (correct)
- Oncotic pressure
- Interstitial pressure
Edema can be caused by which of the following mechanisms?
Edema can be caused by which of the following mechanisms?
- Decreased venous pressure
- Increased capillary oncotic pressure
- Increased endothelial cell integrity
- High capillary hydrostatic pressure (correct)
Which type of edema is specifically associated with lymphatic obstruction?
Which type of edema is specifically associated with lymphatic obstruction?
- Localized edema (correct)
- Generalized edema
- Cumulative edema
- Pitting edema
What percentage of filtered fluid is absorbed at the venous end of capillaries?
What percentage of filtered fluid is absorbed at the venous end of capillaries?
Which condition can lead to low oncotic pressure and contribute to edema?
Which condition can lead to low oncotic pressure and contribute to edema?
What type of edema would you most likely expect in a patient with chronic liver disease?
What type of edema would you most likely expect in a patient with chronic liver disease?
What is the consequence of increased permeability of capillaries to protein?
What is the consequence of increased permeability of capillaries to protein?
Which condition is not typically associated with high capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc) leading to edema?
Which condition is not typically associated with high capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc) leading to edema?
Which mechanism is least likely to cause edema in cases of allergy and inflammation?
Which mechanism is least likely to cause edema in cases of allergy and inflammation?
What kind of edema results from the obstruction of lymphatic vessels?
What kind of edema results from the obstruction of lymphatic vessels?
What primarily influences the oncotic pressure within the capillaries?
What primarily influences the oncotic pressure within the capillaries?
Which equation represents the net filtration pressure (NFP) as described?
Which equation represents the net filtration pressure (NFP) as described?
What is the typical capillary oncotic pressure (Ï€C) stated in mmHg for absorption of fluid?
What is the typical capillary oncotic pressure (Ï€C) stated in mmHg for absorption of fluid?
Which statement correctly describes the role of hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries?
Which statement correctly describes the role of hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries?
What pressure opposes the filtration of fluid from capillaries into the interstitial fluid (ISF)?
What pressure opposes the filtration of fluid from capillaries into the interstitial fluid (ISF)?
In the context of fluid exchange dynamics, which of the following pressures is typically the most considerable opposing force?
In the context of fluid exchange dynamics, which of the following pressures is typically the most considerable opposing force?
How are the forces controlling fluid exchange described, collectively known?
How are the forces controlling fluid exchange described, collectively known?
Which of the following pressures is typically considered low in magnitude and often ignored in fluid exchange calculations?
Which of the following pressures is typically considered low in magnitude and often ignored in fluid exchange calculations?
What is the primary reason that changes in Starling’s forces are significant in the development of edema?
What is the primary reason that changes in Starling’s forces are significant in the development of edema?
What is the typical range for capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc) expressed in mmHg relevant for fluid filtration?
What is the typical range for capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc) expressed in mmHg relevant for fluid filtration?
Flashcards
Fluid Exchange
Fluid Exchange
The movement of fluid between blood plasma and the interstitial fluid (fluid between cells).
Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure
The pressure exerted by water on the vessel wall, pushing fluid outward.
Oncotic Pressure
Oncotic Pressure
The osmotic pressure created by proteins (mainly albumin) in the blood, pulling fluid inward.
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (HPc)
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (HPc)
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Capillary Oncotic Pressure (Ï€C)
Capillary Oncotic Pressure (Ï€C)
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Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (HPISF)
Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (HPISF)
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Interstitial Fluid Oncotic Pressure (Ï€ISF)
Interstitial Fluid Oncotic Pressure (Ï€ISF)
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Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
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Edema
Edema
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Starling's Forces
Starling's Forces
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Filtration at the Arteriole End
Filtration at the Arteriole End
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Absorption at the Venule End
Absorption at the Venule End
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Lymphatic Absorption
Lymphatic Absorption
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High Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (HPc)
High Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (HPc)
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Low Capillary Oncotic Pressure (OPc)
Low Capillary Oncotic Pressure (OPc)
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Lymphatic Obstruction
Lymphatic Obstruction
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Increased Capillary Permeability
Increased Capillary Permeability
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Pitting Edema
Pitting Edema
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Study Notes
Fluid Exchange & Edema
- Fluid exchange occurs between plasma and interstitial fluid at the capillaries.
- This exchange is driven by Starling forces.
- Starling forces involve hydrostatic pressure (pressure of water on the vessel wall) and oncotic pressure (osmotic pressure of protein, mainly albumin).
Capillary Microcirculation
- Capillaries have both hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure.
- Hydrostatic pressure (HPc) at capillaries (10-35mmHg) forces fluid out of the capillaries.
- Oncotic pressure (Ï€c) (25mmHg) pulls fluid back into the capillaries.
- Interstitial fluid (ISF) also has hydrostatic (HPISF) and oncotic pressure (Ï€ISF).
- These forces against each other determine net filtration pressure (NFP).
Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)
- NFP = HPc - HPISF - πc + πISF
- At the arterial end, NFP is positive, leading to net filtration.
- At the venous end, NFP is negative, leading to net absorption of fluid.
- The remaining 10% of fluid is absorbed by lymphatic vessels.
Edema
- Edema is defined as abnormal fluid collection in the interstitium.
- It can be caused by high hydrostatic pressure (HPc), low oncotic pressure (Ï€c), lymphatic obstruction, or increased capillary permeability to protein.
Types of Edema
- Pitting and non-pitting are two types of edema.
- Pitting edema results from high HPc and low πc.
- Non-pitting edema results from lymphatic obstruction and increased capillary permeability to protein.
- Edema can also be generalized or localized.
- Generalized edema arises from causes like low capillary oncotic pressure or congestive heart failure.
- Localized edema results from lymphatic or venous obstruction, or localized causes of increased permeability.
Mechanisms of Edema
- High HPc: Caused by heart failure or venous obstruction.
- Low πc: Caused by malnutrition, malabsorption, chronic liver disease, or chronic renal disease (nephrotic syndrome).
- Lymphatic Obstruction: Caused by filariasis (elephantiasis), tumors, or surgical removal.
- Increased Capillary Permeability: Caused by inflammation, allergic reactions, or burns.
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