Patho Exam 1

Questions and Answers

What primarily causes decreased plasma oncotic pressure leading to edema?

Increased production of albumin

Increased capillary blood pressure

Loss or diminished production of albumin (correct)

Excessive capillary permeability

Which condition is a common cause of third space fluid accumulation?

Increased lymphatic clearance

Translocation of plasma proteins

Liver failure leading to hypoalbuminemia (correct)

Hyperalbuminemia

What is the effect of increased capillary blood pressure on fluid movement?

Increased ultrafiltration of fluids (correct)

Decreased interstitial fluid pressure

Decreased plasma oncotic pressure

Increased reabsorption of fluids

What role does albumin play in capillary dynamics?

It has a higher pulling pressure and attracts water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would most likely lead to lymphedema?

Blockage of lymphatic vessels causing impaired fluid clearance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neuroactive peptides in relation to neurotransmitters?

They modify the postsynaptic response to neurotransmitters. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is known to have an excitatory effect in the central nervous system?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitter categories is directly derived from the amino acid tyrosine?

Catecholamines Signup and view all the answers

How do monoamines primarily influence physiological functions?

By modifying mood and alertness via G-protein coupled receptors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about GABA is true?

GABA is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is considered primarily a hormone rather than a neurotransmitter?

Epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is most associated with amino acid neurotransmitters?

Fast-acting and localized effects. Signup and view all the answers

In what way do catecholamines primarily function in relation to physiological responses?

By modulating stress responses and reward mechanisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is crucial for the synthesis of T3 and T4 hormones in the thyroid?

Iodine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of calcitonin released by C-cells in the thyroid?

Regulates blood calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

How do T3 and T4 hormones primarily affect the body?

Enhance overall metabolic activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Na-K pump that is stimulated by thyroid hormones?

Maintains osmotic balance Signup and view all the answers

What regulatory hormone does the hypothalamus release to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland?

TRH Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of thyroid hormones stimulating gluconeogenic enzymes?

Enhanced glucose formation Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes are associated with increased basal metabolic rate (BMR) due to thyroid hormones?

Enhanced oxygen consumption Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of the thyroid storage center in the follicles?

Colloid Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary actions of cortisol related to blood glucose levels?

Stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with a deficiency in thyroid hormones?

Increased heart rate Signup and view all the answers

What does elevated TSH levels in Hazel C's case suggest about her thyroid function?

Insufficient hormone production by the thyroid gland Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a TSH stimulation test?

Measurement of thyroid hormone levels before and after administration of TSH Signup and view all the answers

In Hazel's case, what is the most likely endocrine disorder indicated by the findings?

Hashimoto's thyroiditis Signup and view all the answers

How does cortisol primarily affect calcium levels in the body?

Causes micro breakdown of bone to release calcium Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect of cortisol may contribute to bradycardia in Hazel C.?

Induced vasodilation and reduced heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains the lower-than-normal body temperature in Hazel C.?

Reduced thyroid hormone levels leading to decreased metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for the production of intelligible speech?

Broca’s area Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by difficulty in understanding language due to issues primarily in Wernicke’s area?

Receptive aphasia Signup and view all the answers

Which structure combines auditory input and sensory information before it is processed by Wernicke’s area?

Angular gyrus Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is involved in controlling voluntary movement and lies anterior to the central sulcus?

Motor cortex Signup and view all the answers

In the language circuit, which sequence accurately describes the flow of information when responding to speech?

Primary auditory area → Angular gyrus → Wernicke’s area → Broca’s area → Motor cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of Wernicke’s area in the language circuit?

Processing auditory input for understanding speech Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly identifies the interaction between Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

Both areas communicate bidirectionally to facilitate speech and comprehension. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the inputs processed by the sensory cortex from those in the motor cortex?

Sensory cortex perceives conscious sensation, while motor cortex controls voluntary movement of the contralateral side. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fluid Dynamics and Edema

Interstitial Oncotic Pressure: Occurs when plasma proteins leak into interstitial spaces due to capillary wall damage or inflammation; typically zero.
Causes of Edema:
- Decreased plasma oncotic pressure leads to reduced reabsorption, often due to loss or decreased production of albumin.
- Increased interstitial oncotic pressure results in increased ultrafiltration from vascular injury, allowing albumin to escape and pull more fluid.
- Increased capillary blood pressure causes ultrafiltration, often linked to hypertension or venous obstructions.
- Lymphatic obstruction impairs interstitial fluid clearance, causing lymphedema.
Water and Albumin Relationship: Water follows albumin due to its higher oncotic pulling pressure.

Third Space Fluid Accumulation

Fluid accumulates in the transcellular compartment which includes body cavities like the pericardial sac and peritoneal cavity.
Caused by imbalances in Starling forces.
Examples:
- Ascites: Often due to hypoalbuminemia (e.g., liver failure).
- Pleural Effusion: Fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity.

Neurotransmitters Overview

Types of Neurotransmitters:
- Amino Acids: Fast-acting, directly influencing ion channels. Examples: Glutamate (excitatory), GABA, Glycine (both inhibitory).
- Monoamines: Derived from single amino acids, with modulatory effects on mood and sleep patterns. Examples: Acetylcholine, Serotonin, Histamine.
- Catecholamines: Derived from tyrosine, with slower modulatory effects on stress response and motor control. Examples: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine.

Language Processing in the Brain

Language Circuit: Primarily localized on the left side of the brain.
Wernicke’s Area: Processes auditory input for understanding speech. Damage leads to receptive aphasia.
Angular Gyrus: Integrates sensory inputs to aid language comprehension.
Broca’s Area: Responsible for speech production; damage results in expressive aphasia.
Flow of Language Processing: Primary auditory area, visual cortex, and somatosensory cortex feed data into Wernicke's area, which communicates with Broca's area for speech generation.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) vs. Brain Extracellular Fluid (BECF)

CSF is produced in the ventricles of the brain and occupies various compartments of the CNS; ultimately absorbed into the bloodstream.
BECF allows for nutrient transport and waste removal from brain cells.

Thyroid Gland Function

Structure: Arranged in follicles lined with follicular cells; C-cells release calcitonin, regulating calcium levels.
Iodine: Essential for synthesizing thyroid hormones T3 and T4, obtained via diet.
Physiological Effects of Thyroid Hormones: Regulate metabolic activity, increase basal metabolic rate (BMR), promote energy metabolism, and respond to physiological demands.

Adrenal Gland Zones

Hormones produced in the adrenal cortex and medulla manage stress responses, energy levels, and blood pressure.

Insulin Deficiency

Destruction of pancreatic beta cells leads to insulin deficiency, resulting in Type I diabetes.

Case Study Insights: Hazel C.

Symptomatic of hypothyroidism with low levels of T3 and T4, but elevated TSH indicates pituitary dysfunction; thyroid gland shows lymphocytic infiltration.
Feedback Mechanism: Elevated TSH despite low T3/T4 indicates a lack of response from the thyroid; typically denotes primary hypothyroidism.

Clinical Associations

Bradycardia and Hypotension: Likely related to lower-than-normal thyroid hormone levels affecting heart rate and blood pressure.
Body Temperature: Lower levels of thyroid hormones are linked to decreased metabolic rate, hence lower body temperature.

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Description

Test your understanding of fluid dynamics and edema mechanisms. This quiz covers concepts like interstitial oncotic pressure, causes of edema, and relationships between water and albumin. Dive deep into the physiological processes that lead to fluid accumulation and the effects of capillary and lymphatic functions.