Fluid Balance in Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a common cause of hypovolaemia?

Cardiac failure

Diuretics (correct)

Primary hyperaldosteronism

Excessive isotonic IV

What physiological response occurs during hypervolaemia?

Increased sodium excretion (correct)

Constriction of blood vessels

Release of ADH

Decreased water retention

Which clinical sign indicates hypovolaemia?

Low urine output (correct)

Ascites

Peripheral oedema

High JVP

What is a treatment option for hypovolaemia?

5% glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by a gain of potassium in the extracellular fluid?

Hyperkalaemia Signup and view all the answers

What clinical manifestation is associated with hypokalaemia?

Skeletal muscle weakness Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change occurs in the presence of hyperkalaemia?

Decreased negativity of transmembrane potential Signup and view all the answers

Which of these might be a cause of hypokalaemia?

Diuretics use Signup and view all the answers

What fluid is typically used to treat hypervolaemia?

Diuretics Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological mechanism is primarily activated during hypovolaemia?

ADH release Signup and view all the answers

What causes increased extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical sign associated with decreased ECF?

Headache Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of increased ECF?

Muscle weakness Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is indicated for increased extracellular fluid?

Fluid restriction Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is likely to cause increased levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Chronic renal failure Signup and view all the answers

In children, which symptom of increased ECF is more pronounced compared to elderly individuals?

Seizures Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of prolonged increased ECF?

Central bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What condition is primarily associated with decreased extracellular fluid?

Diabetes insipidus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hormone released by the adrenal zona glomerulosa?

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is used to stabilize membrane potential?

Insulin and glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition characterized by low sodium levels?

Hyponatraemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method for removing potassium from the body?

Increased dietary potassium intake Signup and view all the answers

What causes renal tubular cells to release potassium?

Increased aldosterone secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of failure of urine dilution?

Hyponatraemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments shifts potassium into cells?

Insulin and glucose Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by a gain of sodium?

Hypernatraemia Signup and view all the answers

Which diuretic mechanism reduces potassium levels?

Inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of Aldosterone on the kidneys?

Stimulates sodium reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hypovolaemia

Defined as the loss of sodium and water resulting in extracellular fluid (ECF) loss.
Common causes include blood loss, internal fluid loss, diuretics, sweating, and vomiting.
Clinical signs include low jugular venous pressure (JVP) and low urine output.
Laboratory tests often reveal high albumin, urea levels, and hematocrit.
Physiological responses involve baroreceptors triggering ADH release and activation of RAAS, leading to water retention and sodium reabsorption.
Treatment typically includes administration of 0.9% NaCl and 5% glucose, along with fluid and salt restriction.

Hypervolaemia

Characterized by the gain of sodium and water, which increases extracellular fluid volume.
Common causes include excessive isotonic intravenous fluids and sodium retention due to congestive heart failure (CHF) and primary hyperaldosteronism.
Clinical signs consist of high JVP, peripheral and pulmonary edema, shortness of breath (SOB), and ascites.
Physiological responses include atrial distension releasing ANP, which promotes natriuresis and diuresis, leading to vasodilation.
Management often involves diuretics and fluid and salt restrictions.

Impaired Sodium Transport: Hypokalaemia

Defined as the loss of potassium resulting in extracellular fluid loss, specifically levels below 5mmol/L.
Causes include redistribution (e.g., alkalosis), diuretics, Conn’s syndrome, and gastrointestinal fluid loss.
Clinical manifestations include skeletal muscle weakness, polyuria, cardiac arrhythmias, and ECG changes such as decreased T wave height.
Physiological impact includes hyperpolarization and increased excitability of cells.
Treatment focuses on reversing the cause, with options like oral or IV KCl and amiloride.

Impaired Sodium Transport: Hyperkalaemia

Characterized by the gain of potassium leading to elevated levels in extracellular fluid.
Causes involve lysed cells, acidosis, lack of insulin, beta-blocker effects, and renal retention due to reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Clinical signs include skeletal muscle paralysis, significant ECG changes (peaked T waves, prolonged QRS), and potential cardiac arrest.
Physiological effects result in depolarization and reduced cellular excitability.
Treatment includes stabilizing membrane potential with calcium salts, shifting potassium into cells (insulin and glucose, beta-agonists), and methods to remove potassium (diuretics, resin in the gut, dialysis).

Impaired Water Transport: Hyponatraemia

Defined as sodium loss resulting in low osmolality in extracellular fluid.
Urine dilution failure leads to concentrated urine, occurring under different ECF volume conditions.
Common causes include chronic kidney disease (CKD), loop or thiazide diuretics, and excessive ADH.
Clinical symptoms may include headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, and cognitive impairments.
Treatment approaches vary based on ECF status, generally involving fluid restriction or careful sodium replacement.

Impaired Water Transport: Hypernatraemia

Characterized by sodium gain leading to high osmolality.
Causes include chronic renal failure, high fluid losses, and diabetes insipidus.
Clinical signs can include confusion, muscle weakness, and complications from central bleeding or cerebral shrinkage.
Treatment typically involves the administration of hypotonic solutions to correct fluid imbalance.

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Description

This quiz covers hypovolaemia and hypervolaemia, exploring their definitions, causes, clinical signs, physiological responses, and treatments. Test your knowledge on how these conditions affect fluid balance in the body and the implications for clinical practice.