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Questions and Answers
What is a clinical manifestation of hypovolemia?
What is a clinical manifestation of hypovolemia?
Which condition results from an excess of extracellular fluid volume?
Which condition results from an excess of extracellular fluid volume?
What is a common etiology of edema?
What is a common etiology of edema?
Which symptom is associated with hypo-osmolar imbalance?
Which symptom is associated with hypo-osmolar imbalance?
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What can lead to decreased serum osmolality?
What can lead to decreased serum osmolality?
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Which of the following is true regarding hypervolemia?
Which of the following is true regarding hypervolemia?
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What clinical manifestation indicates decreased skin turgor?
What clinical manifestation indicates decreased skin turgor?
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Which of the following factors can cause cellular swelling?
Which of the following factors can cause cellular swelling?
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Study Notes
Fluid Balance
- Fluid balance is the equilibrium of water exchange between internal and external fluid compartments of the body.
- Isotonic imbalances involve no shifting of fluid.
- Hypovolemia: low blood volume (intravascular).
- Water and electrolytes are lost in equal proportions.
- Etiology includes decreased fluid intake, vomiting, hemorrhage, and diarrhea.
- Pathophysiology involves decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) and decreased filtration. CHP is higher in the arteriole (pushing fluid out) and lower in the venule (pulling fluid back in).
- Manifestations include decreased blood volume, decreased blood pressure, decreased urine output, and increased heart rate. Cells become deprived of fluids.
- Hypervolemia: increased volume of blood.
- Water and electrolytes are gained in equal proportions.
- Etiology includes excess fluid intake, chronic renal failure, liver failure, heart failure, and hyperaldosteronism.
- Manifestations include edema, increased blood pressure, increased urine output, and bounding pulse.
- Fluid shifts from blood vessels into interstitial spaces within the connective tissues.
- Hypovolemia: low blood volume (intravascular).
Osmolar Imbalances
- Hypo-osmolar (hypotonic) imbalance: excess retention of free water.
- Etiology: excess water intake, end-stage renal failure, inappropriate ADH release, and insufficient intake of free water.
- Pathophysiology: fluid moves into cells, causing cellular swelling.
- Manifestations include headache, confusion, and lethargy.
- Hyper-osmolar (hypertonic) imbalance: excess concentration of extracellular fluid (water deficit).
- Etiology includes decreased water intake, inadequate fluid intake, increased water loss, and excess intake of hypertonic solutions.
- Pathophysiology: fluid moves out of cells, causing shrinkage.
- Manifestations include high blood concentration, tissue dehydration, increased thirst, and confusion.
Fluid Regulation (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
- The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a critical hormonal pathway that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
- Renin is released in response to decreased blood pressure.
- Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor.
- Angiotensin II increases blood pressure. It also stimulates the release of aldosterone which leads to the retention of sodium and water, further increasing blood volume.
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Description
Test your knowledge on fluid balance in the human body. This quiz covers the concepts of hypovolemia and hypervolemia, their causes, and physiological effects. Understand how fluid exchange impacts overall health and learn the critical signs and symptoms associated with these conditions.
