Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which process utilizes ATP to move solutes against a concentration gradient?

  • Passive diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Filtration
  • Active transport (correct)

    • What is the primary force driving filtration in blood vessels?

  • Diffusion gradient
  • Osmotic pressure
  • Oncotic pressure
  • Hydrostatic pressure (correct)

    • What is a key function of carrier proteins in cellular transport?

  • Creating a concentration gradient for electrolyte movement
  • Facilitating the movement of small, nonpolar molecules
  • Assisting large molecules, like glucose, across cell membranes (correct)
  • Enabling the diffusion of water across cell membranes

    • In the context of fluid balance, what does a positive balance typically indicate?

    <p>Fluid intake is greater than losses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered the best indicator of fluid status due to its objectivity?

    <p>Daily weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of hypovolemia?

    <p>A fluid volume deficit in the intravascular space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides the kidneys, where else in the body does filtration occur?

    <p>Capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical physiological change associated with aging that affects fluid balance?

    <p>Loss of thirst mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary direction of water movement during osmosis?

    <p>From an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transport process requires a helper molecule to move substances across a membrane?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lungs, which direction does carbon dioxide move during respiration?

    <p>From the bloodstream to the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does angiotensin II have on the adrenal gland?

    <p>It causes the release of aldosterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?

    <p>The kidneys retain more water and sodium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increased BUN level typically indicate?

    <p>Poor kidney function or damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is more specific to kidney function: creatinine or BUN?

    <p>Creatinine, because it is an end product of muscle metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does specific gravity measure in urine?

    <p>The density of urine compared to the density of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of fluid volume deficit (dehydration) as described in the provided text?

    <p>Elevated serum osmolarity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus when treating a patient with fluid volume deficit?

    <p>Restore fluid volume through rehydration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes fluid that shifts out of the blood vessels and into a space where it's not readily available?

    <p>Third spacing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign associated with third spacing?

    <p>Fluid accumulation in the abdomen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the primary cause of hypervolemia as described in this information?

    <p>Increase in total body sodium, leading to increased water content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lab findings is associated with hypervolemia?

    <p>Decreased hemoglobin (hgb) and serum osmolarity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary nursing intervention for a patient with hypervolemia?

    <p>Enforce sodium and fluid restrictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do the treatments for fluid volume deficits and hypervolemia differ according to the text?

    <p>Fluid replacement is key for deficits, sodium and fluid restriction are key for hypervolemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in maintaining fluid balance?

    <p>To promote water retention by the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fluid compartments contains the largest volume of fluid in the body?

    <p>Intracellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which water moves between fluid compartments in the body?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During dehydration, which hormone is most likely to be released in higher concentrations?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) respond to a decrease in blood perfusion to the kidneys?

    <p>It leads to increased sodium and water retention to increase volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of aldosterone in fluid and electrolyte balance?

    <p>It increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would NOT be considered a location of transcellular fluid?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of angiotensin II on blood vessels and aldosterone release?

    <p>It leads to vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a function of water in the body?

    <p>Facilitating the transport of oxygen through the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of osmoreceptors in maintaining fluid balance?

    <p>To sense changes in blood osmolarity and trigger ADH release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between osmolarity and solute concentration?

    <p>Higher osmolarity indicates a higher solute concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Sodium-Potassium pump in maintaining potassium balance?

    <p>To actively transport potassium into the intracellular fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, what would likely occur?

    <p>The cell will gain water and swell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most direct effect of potassium on cardiac function?

    <p>Maintenance of cardiac rhythms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between tonicity and osmolarity?

    <p>Tonicity describes the ability to cause a change in cellular water content, while osmolarity describes the concentration of solutes in a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intravenous solution would be most appropriate to administer to a patient experiencing severe hyponatremia?

    <p>3% NaCl (Hypertonic Saline)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with hypoalbuminemia is exhibiting edema. Which of these physiological mechanisms BEST explains this condition?

    <p>Reduced oncotic pressure allowing fluid to seep into tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a patient with hypercalcemia, which of the following findings would be MOST expected?

    <p>Muscle weakness and pathological bone fractures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the relationship between calcium and phosphorous?

    <p>They have an inverse relationship, where an increase in one results in a decrease in the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is diagnosed with hypokalemia. Which of these causes would be BEST ruled out before all others?

    <p>Insulin administration causing potassium shift into cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is MOST appropriate for a patient with hyperkalemia?

    <p>Administering calcium gluconate to stabilize the heart and prevent arrhythmias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient who has been experiencing chronic diarrhea is at risk for developing which electrolyte imbalance?

    <p>Hypomagnesemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary effect of albumin administration in a patient with hypoalbuminemia?

    <p>It increases oncotic pressure to draw fluid back into blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key regulator of serum calcium levels by promoting bone reabsorption?

    <p>Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential complication of rapidly correcting hypernatremia with hypotonic fluids?

    <p>Cerebral edema and seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of oncotic pressure in the blood vessels?

    <p>To pull fluid into the intravascular space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to administer potassium (K) slowly when giving it intravenously?

    <p>To prevent lethal cardiac arrthymias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark sign of refeeding syndrome?

    <p>Hypomagnesemia and hypophosphatemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best explanation as to why Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) must be administered through a central line?

    <p>To avoid damaging peripheral veins due to the high concentration of sugar in the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which hypotonic intravenous solutions work?

    <p>They cause fluid to shift from the bloodstream into the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

    • Water makes up about 60% of adult body weight, and 70-80% for children.
    • Intracellular fluid is within cells; extracellular fluid is outside cells.
    • Interstitial fluid surrounds cells, and intravascular fluid is within blood vessels.
    • Transcellular fluid is in specialized body cavities (CSF, synovial fluid, etc.).
    • Water functions include lubrication, transporting substances, regulating temperature, and supporting cellular metabolism.

    Movement of Solutes

    • Diffusion: Passive movement of solutes from high to low concentration.
    • Facilitated Diffusion: Passive transport using carrier proteins; higher molecular weight solutes.
    • Active Transport: Movement against a solute concentration gradient, requires energy (ATP). Examples include the Na+/K+ pump.
    • Filtration: Passive movement of water and dissolved solutes based on pressure differences, common in kidneys and capillaries.
    • Osmosis: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.

    Homeostatic Mechanisms

    • Renal Regulation: Kidneys adjust urine volume and electrolyte reabsorption.
    • Hypothalamic/Pituitary Regulation: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water reabsorption by kidneys, stimulated by high blood osmolarity. This is also known as vasopressin; triggers thirst and ADH release to cause water retention & decreased blood osmolarity.
    • Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): Activated by reduced blood flow to the kidneys. This leads to a cascade of effects increasing sodium & water reabsorption by the kidneys. Renin from the kidneys triggers a chain reaction, converting angiotensinogen from the liver to angiotensin I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor (increasing blood pressure, narrowing blood vessel walls). Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone, which further enhances sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, effectively increasing blood volume and blood pressure.

    Fluid Balance

    • Intake and Output: Vital monitoring of fluid balance.
    • Weight: Daily weight monitoring helps assess fluid status; one kilogram (kg) of weight equals one liter (L) of fluid.
    • Hypovolemia: Low blood volume; inadequate fluid intake or excessive loss. Symptoms include low blood pressure and elevated hematocrit, BUN and creatinine levels.
    • Hypervolemia: Excessive blood volume; cause could be fluid overload or excessive sodium intake. Symptoms include edema, elevated blood volume, reduced hematocrit and BUN and creatinine levels.
    • Third Spacing: Fluid leaving the bloodstream and entering interstitial spaces elsewhere in the body.
    • Labs affected by volume status: Osmolarity, specific gravity, BUN, creatinine and hematocrit. BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine are kidney function tests. Creatinine is more specifically related to muscle metabolism, while BUN is more related to protein metabolism. A rise in these levels may indicate poor kidney function. Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in the blood.

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    Related Documents

    Wk 1 PDF - Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
    Fluid and Electrolytes Pt. 2 PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. This quiz covers the functions of water, the types of bodily fluids, and the movement of solutes, including diffusion and osmosis. Ensure you grasp the concepts essential for understanding physiological processes.

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