Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which process utilizes ATP to move solutes against a concentration gradient?

  • Passive diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Filtration
  • Active transport (correct)

What is the primary force driving filtration in blood vessels?

  • Diffusion gradient
  • Osmotic pressure
  • Oncotic pressure
  • Hydrostatic pressure (correct)

What is a key function of carrier proteins in cellular transport?

  • Creating a concentration gradient for electrolyte movement
  • Facilitating the movement of small, nonpolar molecules
  • Assisting large molecules, like glucose, across cell membranes (correct)
  • Enabling the diffusion of water across cell membranes

In the context of fluid balance, what does a positive balance typically indicate?

<p>Fluid intake is greater than losses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered the best indicator of fluid status due to its objectivity?

<p>Daily weight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of hypovolemia?

<p>A fluid volume deficit in the intravascular space (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides the kidneys, where else in the body does filtration occur?

<p>Capillaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical physiological change associated with aging that affects fluid balance?

<p>Loss of thirst mechanism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary direction of water movement during osmosis?

<p>From an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which transport process requires a helper molecule to move substances across a membrane?

<p>Facilitated diffusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the lungs, which direction does carbon dioxide move during respiration?

<p>From the bloodstream to the alveoli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does angiotensin II have on the adrenal gland?

<p>It causes the release of aldosterone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?

<p>The kidneys retain more water and sodium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an increased BUN level typically indicate?

<p>Poor kidney function or damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is more specific to kidney function: creatinine or BUN?

<p>Creatinine, because it is an end product of muscle metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does specific gravity measure in urine?

<p>The density of urine compared to the density of water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of fluid volume deficit (dehydration) as described in the provided text?

<p>Elevated serum osmolarity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus when treating a patient with fluid volume deficit?

<p>Restore fluid volume through rehydration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes fluid that shifts out of the blood vessels and into a space where it's not readily available?

<p>Third spacing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical sign associated with third spacing?

<p>Fluid accumulation in the abdomen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the primary cause of hypervolemia as described in this information?

<p>Increase in total body sodium, leading to increased water content. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lab findings is associated with hypervolemia?

<p>Decreased hemoglobin (hgb) and serum osmolarity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary nursing intervention for a patient with hypervolemia?

<p>Enforce sodium and fluid restrictions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do the treatments for fluid volume deficits and hypervolemia differ according to the text?

<p>Fluid replacement is key for deficits, sodium and fluid restriction are key for hypervolemia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in maintaining fluid balance?

<p>To promote water retention by the kidneys. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fluid compartments contains the largest volume of fluid in the body?

<p>Intracellular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism by which water moves between fluid compartments in the body?

<p>Osmosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During dehydration, which hormone is most likely to be released in higher concentrations?

<p>ADH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) respond to a decrease in blood perfusion to the kidneys?

<p>It leads to increased sodium and water retention to increase volume. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of aldosterone in fluid and electrolyte balance?

<p>It increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would NOT be considered a location of transcellular fluid?

<p>Plasma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of angiotensin II on blood vessels and aldosterone release?

<p>It leads to vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a function of water in the body?

<p>Facilitating the transport of oxygen through the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osmoreceptors in maintaining fluid balance?

<p>To sense changes in blood osmolarity and trigger ADH release. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between osmolarity and solute concentration?

<p>Higher osmolarity indicates a higher solute concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Sodium-Potassium pump in maintaining potassium balance?

<p>To actively transport potassium into the intracellular fluid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, what would likely occur?

<p>The cell will gain water and swell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most direct effect of potassium on cardiac function?

<p>Maintenance of cardiac rhythms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between tonicity and osmolarity?

<p>Tonicity describes the ability to cause a change in cellular water content, while osmolarity describes the concentration of solutes in a solution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intravenous solution would be most appropriate to administer to a patient experiencing severe hyponatremia?

<p>3% NaCl (Hypertonic Saline) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with hypoalbuminemia is exhibiting edema. Which of these physiological mechanisms BEST explains this condition?

<p>Reduced oncotic pressure allowing fluid to seep into tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a patient with hypercalcemia, which of the following findings would be MOST expected?

<p>Muscle weakness and pathological bone fractures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between calcium and phosphorous?

<p>They have an inverse relationship, where an increase in one results in a decrease in the other. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with hypokalemia. Which of these causes would be BEST ruled out before all others?

<p>Insulin administration causing potassium shift into cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is MOST appropriate for a patient with hyperkalemia?

<p>Administering calcium gluconate to stabilize the heart and prevent arrhythmias. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient who has been experiencing chronic diarrhea is at risk for developing which electrolyte imbalance?

<p>Hypomagnesemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary effect of albumin administration in a patient with hypoalbuminemia?

<p>It increases oncotic pressure to draw fluid back into blood vessels. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key regulator of serum calcium levels by promoting bone reabsorption?

<p>Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of rapidly correcting hypernatremia with hypotonic fluids?

<p>Cerebral edema and seizures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of oncotic pressure in the blood vessels?

<p>To pull fluid into the intravascular space. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to administer potassium (K) slowly when giving it intravenously?

<p>To prevent lethal cardiac arrthymias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a hallmark sign of refeeding syndrome?

<p>Hypomagnesemia and hypophosphatemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best explanation as to why Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) must be administered through a central line?

<p>To avoid damaging peripheral veins due to the high concentration of sugar in the solution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary mechanism by which hypotonic intravenous solutions work?

<p>They cause fluid to shift from the bloodstream into the cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Intracellular fluid

Fluid within cells, making up the largest portion of body water.

Extracellular fluid

Fluid outside cells, including interstitial fluid, intravascular fluid, and transcellular fluid.

Interstitial fluid

The fluid surrounding cells, the largest component of extracellular fluid.

Intravascular fluid

Fluid within blood vessels, including plasma and blood.

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Transcellular fluid

A small amount of specialized fluid found in body cavities like cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, and pericardial fluid.

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Osmosis

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water, thus reducing urine output and increasing blood volume.

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Aldosterone

A hormone released by the adrenal glands that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water, helping to regulate blood pressure and volume.

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Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

A system activated by decreased blood flow to the kidneys, leading to the release of renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone, ultimately increasing blood pressure and volume.

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Solute

A substance dissolved in a solvent, like electrolytes in body fluid.

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Diffusion

The passive movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Facilitated Diffusion

A type of passive transport where large molecules move from an area of high concentration to low concentration with the help of a protein carrier.

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Osmolarity

The concentration of solutes in a solution, often used to describe the concentration of solutes in blood or serum.

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Specific Gravity

The density of urine compared to water, reflecting the concentration of solutes in urine.

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BUN and Creatinine

A blood test that measures waste products in the blood, indicating kidney function. Creatinine is a more specific indicator than BUN.

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Fluid Balance

The process by which the body maintains a stable fluid balance by regulating water and electrolyte levels.

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Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels, which can be caused by factors like angiotensin II.

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Carrier proteins

Helper proteins that move large molecules like glucose and potassium against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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Active transport

The movement of solutes from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, requiring energy.

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Filtration

The passive movement of water and dissolved solutes from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure. This is vital for kidney filtration and capillary exchange.

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Hydrostatic pressure

The force exerted by a fluid within a compartment, like blood vessels, pushing outward. This is essential for filtration.

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Osmotic pressure

The pressure exerted by dissolved substances in a fluid that draws water across a membrane. It is determined by the concentration of solutes.

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Hematocrit

A measurement of the percentage of red blood cells (RBCs) in blood volume, reflecting the oxygen-carrying capacity.

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Hypovolemia

Low blood volume in the intravascular space, indicating fluid deficit.

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Daily weight

A daily measurement reflecting fluid balance, a valuable indicator of overall fluid status.

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Third Spacing

Fluid shifts out of the intravascular space and into interstitial spaces, becoming unavailable for use by the body.

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Edema

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, causing swelling.

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Dehydration

A condition where there is a loss of fluids from the body without a corresponding loss of electrolytes. This can lead to dehydration.

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Fluid Overload (Hypervolemia)

A type of fluid imbalance marked by high blood volume and low serum sodium concentration.

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Dehydration

A type of fluid imbalance marked by loss of water without loss of electrolytes.

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Third-Spacing

A type of fluid imbalance where fluid shifts out of the intravascular space and into interstitial spaces, becoming unavailable for use by the body.

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Tonicity

The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water, influencing whether an IV fluid will hydrate or dehydrate a cell.

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Cations

Positively charged particles in a solution, formed when an atom loses an electron.

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Anions

Negatively charged particles in a solution, formed when an atom gains an electron.

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Potassium (K)

The main electrolyte inside cells, crucial for nerve and muscle function, maintained by the sodium-potassium pump.

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Sodium (Na+)

The main electrolyte in the extracellular fluid (ECF), vital for maintaining fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, and acid-base balance.

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Hypertonic

A solution that causes a cell to lose water, making the cell shrink.

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Hypotonic

A solution that causes a cell to gain water, making the cell swell.

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Isotonic

A solution that does not cause a cell to gain or lose water, maintaining normal cell size.

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Serum Proteins

The proteins in the blood, primarily albumin, that contribute to the oncotic pressure. They attract fluid into the intravascular space.

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Hypoalbuminemia

A medical condition characterized by low serum protein levels, often caused by liver or kidney disease, malnutrition, or blood loss.

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Calcium (Ca++)

A mineral that is essential for bone health, muscle contraction, nerve impulses, and blood coagulation.

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A hormone produced by the parathyroid gland that increases serum calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and bone resorption.

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Calcitonin

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that decreases serum calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts and promoting calcium deposition into bones.

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Phosphorous (PO4)

A mineral essential for numerous metabolic processes, including bone formation, ATP production, and muscle function.

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Magnesium (Mg)

A mineral that is crucial for muscle contraction, nerve impulses, and normal cardiovascular function.

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Study Notes

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

  • Water makes up about 60% of adult body weight, and 70-80% for children.
  • Intracellular fluid is within cells; extracellular fluid is outside cells.
  • Interstitial fluid surrounds cells, and intravascular fluid is within blood vessels.
  • Transcellular fluid is in specialized body cavities (CSF, synovial fluid, etc.).
  • Water functions include lubrication, transporting substances, regulating temperature, and supporting cellular metabolism.

Movement of Solutes

  • Diffusion: Passive movement of solutes from high to low concentration.
  • Facilitated Diffusion: Passive transport using carrier proteins; higher molecular weight solutes.
  • Active Transport: Movement against a solute concentration gradient, requires energy (ATP). Examples include the Na+/K+ pump.
  • Filtration: Passive movement of water and dissolved solutes based on pressure differences, common in kidneys and capillaries.
  • Osmosis: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low to high solute concentration.

Homeostatic Mechanisms

  • Renal Regulation: Kidneys adjust urine volume and electrolyte reabsorption.
  • Hypothalamic/Pituitary Regulation: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates water reabsorption by kidneys, stimulated by high blood osmolarity. This is also known as vasopressin; triggers thirst and ADH release to cause water retention & decreased blood osmolarity.
  • Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): Activated by reduced blood flow to the kidneys. This leads to a cascade of effects increasing sodium & water reabsorption by the kidneys. Renin from the kidneys triggers a chain reaction, converting angiotensinogen from the liver to angiotensin I. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor (increasing blood pressure, narrowing blood vessel walls). Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone, which further enhances sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, effectively increasing blood volume and blood pressure.

Fluid Balance

  • Intake and Output: Vital monitoring of fluid balance.
  • Weight: Daily weight monitoring helps assess fluid status; one kilogram (kg) of weight equals one liter (L) of fluid.
  • Hypovolemia: Low blood volume; inadequate fluid intake or excessive loss. Symptoms include low blood pressure and elevated hematocrit, BUN and creatinine levels.
  • Hypervolemia: Excessive blood volume; cause could be fluid overload or excessive sodium intake. Symptoms include edema, elevated blood volume, reduced hematocrit and BUN and creatinine levels.
  • Third Spacing: Fluid leaving the bloodstream and entering interstitial spaces elsewhere in the body.
  • Labs affected by volume status: Osmolarity, specific gravity, BUN, creatinine and hematocrit. BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine are kidney function tests. Creatinine is more specifically related to muscle metabolism, while BUN is more related to protein metabolism. A rise in these levels may indicate poor kidney function. Hematocrit measures the percentage of red blood cells in the blood.

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Related Documents

Wk 1 PDF - Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Fluid and Electrolytes Pt. 2 PDF

Description

Test your understanding of fluid and electrolyte balance in the human body. This quiz covers the functions of water, the types of bodily fluids, and the movement of solutes, including diffusion and osmosis. Ensure you grasp the concepts essential for understanding physiological processes.

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