Cell Biology Intracellular Fluid Balance

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Questions and Answers

What is the recommended total water intake for adult women?

8 cups (1.9L)

11 cups (2.7L) (correct)

10 cups (2.3L)

15 cups (3.7L)

The kidneys are the only organs responsible for regulating water balance in the body.

False

What condition results when water accumulates in the blood, diluting sodium concentration?

Hyponatremia

The process by which water moves from low concentration to high concentration is called ______.

osmosis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following to their roles in water regulation:

Kidneys = Main regulators of water balance Brain = Minor role in regulating water intake Lungs = Assist in water balance through breathing Liver = Minor role in regulating electrolyte balance Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released in response to low blood pressure to aid in water retention?

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) Signup and view all the answers

Water toxicity occurs when kidneys are able to remove water quickly enough.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the Daily Value of sodium?

2300 mg Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the Daily Value of potassium?

4700 mg Signup and view all the answers

The condition of hypertension is defined as blood pressure over 140/90.

True Signup and view all the answers

What role does vitamin D play in calcium metabolism?

Vitamin D helps control blood calcium levels and enhances calcium absorption in the intestines. Signup and view all the answers

Calcium is often poorly absorbed when it is bound to __________ acid.

oxalic Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

Hypertension = Persistently elevated blood pressure Osteoporosis = Depletion and fragility of bones due to insufficient calcium intake Hypercalcemia = Calcium toxicity resulting in kidney stones Magnesium = Plays a role in over 300 biochemical processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum amount of calcium one should not exceed daily (UL)?

2500 mg Signup and view all the answers

Potassium is not essential for transporting glucose and amino acids into cells.

False Signup and view all the answers

List three food sources of calcium.

Dairy, fortified foods, green leafy vegetables. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Water Balance and Intake

The human body comprises more water than any other component, essential for maintaining intracellular and extracellular fluid balance.
Electrolyte concentration regulates fluid balance through transmembrane pumps, which maintain normal water volume and electrolyte levels.
Sodium-potassium pumps function by moving ions against their concentration gradient.
Osmosis involves water moving from lower to higher concentration of electrolytes due to water’s attachment to them.
Recommended total water intake is 15 cups (3.7L) for adult men and 11 cups (2.7L) for adult women.
Individual water intake needs can vary based on body size, physical activity, environmental conditions, and dietary intake.
Water balance is achieved when water input equals water output.

Regulation of Water Balance

The kidneys serve as the primary regulators of water balance, with minor roles played by the brain, lungs, and liver.
The body conserves water in response to dehydration through the renin-angiotensin system to regulate blood pressure and volume:
- Renin is released by the kidneys when blood pressure drops.
- This triggers the secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland, increasing water retention and decreasing urine output to raise blood pressure.
- Renin activates angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I, which converts to angiotensin II, causing blood vessel constriction and secretion of aldosterone.
- Aldosterone prompts kidneys to retain sodium and chloride, leading to increased water retention.

Water Toxicity

Water toxicity occurs when kidneys cannot excrete water rapidly enough, causing accumulation in the blood.
This condition dilutes sodium levels in the serum, leading to hyponatremia, characterized by a decreased sodium concentration in the bloodstream.

Sodium

The Daily Value of sodium is 2300 mg.
Sodium is essential for conducting nerve impulses and transporting glucose and amino acids into cells.
Hypertension (high blood pressure) is defined as consistently exceeding 140/90 mmHg and increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure.

Potassium

The Daily Value for potassium is 4700 mg.

Calcium

Calcium food sources include dairy products, fortified foods, green leafy vegetables, and supplements.
The Daily Value for calcium is 1300 mg; the upper limit (UL) is 2500 mg.
Calcium in some plant foods may be bound to oxalic acid, leading to poor absorption; both quantity per serving and bioavailability are crucial.
Vitamin D (calcitriol) regulates blood calcium levels; low calcium levels trigger the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH), stimulating osteoclast cells to release calcium from bones and conserve it in kidneys.
Calcitonin is released when blood calcium is high, inhibiting the release of calcium from bones and promoting excretion in kidneys.
Insufficient calcium intake can lead to osteoporosis, a condition that makes bones fragile and depleted.
Hypercalcemia describes calcium toxicity, which can result in kidney stones and calcium deposits in soft tissues.

Magnesium

The Daily Value for magnesium is 420 mg.
Magnesium is vital for over 300 biochemical processes and is the second most abundant intracellular cation.
It contributes to bone structure and mineralization alongside calcium and phosphorus.

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Description

Explore the vital concepts of intracellular and extracellular fluid balance in this quiz. Learn about the role of electrolytes and transmembrane pumps, particularly the sodium-potassium pumps, in maintaining normal water volume and electrolyte concentrations. Test your knowledge on osmosis and its impact on fluid movement.