Podcast
Questions and Answers
What key event defines fruit set in flowering plants?
What key event defines fruit set in flowering plants?
- The initial growth of the stem supporting the flower.
- The opening of the flower petals to expose the reproductive organs.
- The shedding of petals after fertilization.
- The transition of a dormant ovary into a rapidly developing young fruit after successful pollination. (correct)
Following pollination, what developmental process occurs that directly contributes to fruit formation?
Following pollination, what developmental process occurs that directly contributes to fruit formation?
- Transformation of the sepals into the primary structure of the fruit.
- Maturation of the petals into a fleshy outer layer.
- Growth of the carpels to form the fruit and the ovules to form seeds due to synthesis of growth substances. (correct)
- Development of the stamen into a protective layer around the ovary.
How do developing seeds contribute to fruit development?
How do developing seeds contribute to fruit development?
- By serving as nutrient storage for the developing fruit.
- By attracting pollinators to ensure continued fruit development.
- By acting as sources of hormones that stimulate the surrounding tissues (pericarp) to grow and form a fruit. (correct)
- By providing structural support to the growing pericarp.
What is the direct effect of auxin application on flowers and pollen grains?
What is the direct effect of auxin application on flowers and pollen grains?
How does boron deficiency affect auxin levels in floral parts?
How does boron deficiency affect auxin levels in floral parts?
What is the primary effect of post-blossom thinning on fruit crops?
What is the primary effect of post-blossom thinning on fruit crops?
Why is maintaining proper soil moisture crucial during flowering and fruit set?
Why is maintaining proper soil moisture crucial during flowering and fruit set?
What is the purpose of tipping growing vegetative shoots in the context of fruit cultivation?
What is the purpose of tipping growing vegetative shoots in the context of fruit cultivation?
In fruit crops, what is the primary reason for the lower percentage of fruit set on terminal growth compared to other positions?
In fruit crops, what is the primary reason for the lower percentage of fruit set on terminal growth compared to other positions?
Why can premature pollination lead to fruit drop?
Why can premature pollination lead to fruit drop?
What is the crucial role of the developing endosperm in fruit development?
What is the crucial role of the developing endosperm in fruit development?
During fruit development, what process competes with vegetative organs for organic matter?
During fruit development, what process competes with vegetative organs for organic matter?
Which of the following best describes Phase III of fruit development?
Which of the following best describes Phase III of fruit development?
Incompatibility in fruit crops, manifested by multiple alleles at a single locus, is controlled by what factor?
Incompatibility in fruit crops, manifested by multiple alleles at a single locus, is controlled by what factor?
A fruit grower observes that their apple trees have many young spurs but few flowers. Based on the provided text, which of the following is the MOST likely reason?
A fruit grower observes that their apple trees have many young spurs but few flowers. Based on the provided text, which of the following is the MOST likely reason?
What broad external factor can cause poor fruit development?
What broad external factor can cause poor fruit development?
A fruit grower observes that smaller, poorer quality cluster buds on their apple trees tend to exhibit a greater fruit drop. Which of the following strategies would be MOST effective in addressing this issue?
A fruit grower observes that smaller, poorer quality cluster buds on their apple trees tend to exhibit a greater fruit drop. Which of the following strategies would be MOST effective in addressing this issue?
If apple trees receive less than 40% of full sunlight, what is the MOST likely consequence regarding fruit development?
If apple trees receive less than 40% of full sunlight, what is the MOST likely consequence regarding fruit development?
A fruit grower notices poor fruit set in their orchard. Soil tests reveal deficiencies in nitrogen, boron, and zinc. Besides direct fertilization with these elements, which additional strategy could MOST effectively improve fruit set related to these deficiencies?
A fruit grower notices poor fruit set in their orchard. Soil tests reveal deficiencies in nitrogen, boron, and zinc. Besides direct fertilization with these elements, which additional strategy could MOST effectively improve fruit set related to these deficiencies?
A commercial orchard is experiencing issues with inadequate fruit set in their apple trees. To improve fruit set, the orchard manager decides to implement ringing. When should this be done?
A commercial orchard is experiencing issues with inadequate fruit set in their apple trees. To improve fruit set, the orchard manager decides to implement ringing. When should this be done?
An orchard manager wants to promote flower bud formation and improve fruit set in their apple trees. They opt to use branch bending as the strategy. At which of the following times should bending be done?
An orchard manager wants to promote flower bud formation and improve fruit set in their apple trees. They opt to use branch bending as the strategy. At which of the following times should bending be done?
In a monoecious plant species, pollen dehiscence (release) and stigma receptivity (ability to receive pollen) are not synchronized within an individual flower, preventing self-pollination. This phenomenon is known as:
In a monoecious plant species, pollen dehiscence (release) and stigma receptivity (ability to receive pollen) are not synchronized within an individual flower, preventing self-pollination. This phenomenon is known as:
Chestnut trees exhibit a flowering pattern where two batches of male flowers are temporarily separated by a batch of female flowers. What is this specific type of dichogamy called?
Chestnut trees exhibit a flowering pattern where two batches of male flowers are temporarily separated by a batch of female flowers. What is this specific type of dichogamy called?
Avocado trees exhibit a unique flowering behavior where individual flowers function as female during one part of the day and as male during another part. This is an example of which type of flowering.
Avocado trees exhibit a unique flowering behavior where individual flowers function as female during one part of the day and as male during another part. This is an example of which type of flowering.
Which of the following is a direct commercial advantage of parthenocarpy in fruit crops?
Which of the following is a direct commercial advantage of parthenocarpy in fruit crops?
In dioecious species like persimmon, how does parthenocarpy contribute to increased fruit production?
In dioecious species like persimmon, how does parthenocarpy contribute to increased fruit production?
Which of the following biotechnological approaches can induce parthenocarpy in fruit crops?
Which of the following biotechnological approaches can induce parthenocarpy in fruit crops?
In citrus fruits, which of the following factors can lead to parthenocarpy?
In citrus fruits, which of the following factors can lead to parthenocarpy?
How do auxins contribute to parthenocarpy in horticultural plants?
How do auxins contribute to parthenocarpy in horticultural plants?
What role do gibberellins (GAs) play in inducing parthenocarpy in horticultural species?
What role do gibberellins (GAs) play in inducing parthenocarpy in horticultural species?
In a parthenocarpic fruit variety, such as some types of guava, what is the most likely cause of the lack of seed development?
In a parthenocarpic fruit variety, such as some types of guava, what is the most likely cause of the lack of seed development?
If a fruit crop exhibits parthenocarpy due to stenospermocarpy, which process is directly responsible for the seedlessness?
If a fruit crop exhibits parthenocarpy due to stenospermocarpy, which process is directly responsible for the seedlessness?
In kiwifruit, how does the timing of pollination relative to anthesis affect fruit set, and what does this indicate about stigmatic receptivity?
In kiwifruit, how does the timing of pollination relative to anthesis affect fruit set, and what does this indicate about stigmatic receptivity?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of 'effective pollination period' (EPP)?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of 'effective pollination period' (EPP)?
How do mineral nutrients like boron and zinc directly influence fruit set in plants?
How do mineral nutrients like boron and zinc directly influence fruit set in plants?
What distinguishes morphological sterility from pollen sterility in plants?
What distinguishes morphological sterility from pollen sterility in plants?
If a peach cultivar exhibits pollen sterility, what is the MOST likely consequence for fruit production in that cultivar?
If a peach cultivar exhibits pollen sterility, what is the MOST likely consequence for fruit production in that cultivar?
The 'Blackman' peach-plum hybrid is described as having completely sterile barren flowers. What does this imply about its reproductive capability?
The 'Blackman' peach-plum hybrid is described as having completely sterile barren flowers. What does this imply about its reproductive capability?
In the context of fruit crops, what is the MOST significant difference between self-incompatibility and cross-incompatibility?
In the context of fruit crops, what is the MOST significant difference between self-incompatibility and cross-incompatibility?
A fruit grower notices consistently poor fruit set in their apple orchard, even though the trees flower profusely. Considering the information provided, what is the MOST likely cause if the trees are a self-incompatible variety?
A fruit grower notices consistently poor fruit set in their apple orchard, even though the trees flower profusely. Considering the information provided, what is the MOST likely cause if the trees are a self-incompatible variety?
In early fruit cultivars where shoot growth occurs post-harvest, at which stage would drought conditions least affect fruit growth?
In early fruit cultivars where shoot growth occurs post-harvest, at which stage would drought conditions least affect fruit growth?
For subtropical peach cultivars like 'Florda Prince', what irrigation strategy will most likely result in higher fruit weight and quality?
For subtropical peach cultivars like 'Florda Prince', what irrigation strategy will most likely result in higher fruit weight and quality?
How does the application of Gibberellic Acid (GA) at 40 ppm influence grape berry size when applied as a cluster dip?
How does the application of Gibberellic Acid (GA) at 40 ppm influence grape berry size when applied as a cluster dip?
During mango fruit development, how does the relationship between fruit volume and weight change approximately 70 days after fruit-set?
During mango fruit development, how does the relationship between fruit volume and weight change approximately 70 days after fruit-set?
In apple fruit development, what is the primary process driving fruit growth after cell division ceases 30-40 days after full bloom?
In apple fruit development, what is the primary process driving fruit growth after cell division ceases 30-40 days after full bloom?
How does fruit firmness change in pears and stone fruits during the final 50 days leading up to harvest?
How does fruit firmness change in pears and stone fruits during the final 50 days leading up to harvest?
What characterizes obligatory parthenocarpy in plants?
What characterizes obligatory parthenocarpy in plants?
How does Total Soluble Solids (TSS) content typically change during pear and stone fruit development?
How does Total Soluble Solids (TSS) content typically change during pear and stone fruit development?
Flashcards
Fruit Set
Fruit Set
Transition of ovary to a growing young fruit post-pollination.
Pollination Process
Pollination Process
Pollen travels from male anthers to female stigmas and fertilizes ovules.
Auxins
Auxins
Hormones that stimulate flower and pollen tube growth.
Boron Deficiency
Boron Deficiency
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Growth Substances
Growth Substances
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Post-Blossom Thinning
Post-Blossom Thinning
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GA3 and Auxin Mixture
GA3 and Auxin Mixture
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Soil Moisture Management
Soil Moisture Management
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Fruit Drop
Fruit Drop
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Cultural Factors
Cultural Factors
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Shading Effects
Shading Effects
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Nutritional Deficiency
Nutritional Deficiency
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Ringing Technique
Ringing Technique
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Branch Bending
Branch Bending
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Dichogamy
Dichogamy
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Protogynous Dichogamy
Protogynous Dichogamy
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Stage II Fruit Growth
Stage II Fruit Growth
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Critical Irrigation Period
Critical Irrigation Period
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Nutrient Sprays in Grapes
Nutrient Sprays in Grapes
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Mango Flowering Period
Mango Flowering Period
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Mango Seed Growth Pattern
Mango Seed Growth Pattern
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Apple Fruit Development
Apple Fruit Development
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Parthenocarpy
Parthenocarpy
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Obligatory Parthenocarpy
Obligatory Parthenocarpy
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Stigmatic receptivity
Stigmatic receptivity
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Effective pollination period (EPP)
Effective pollination period (EPP)
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Nutrition for fruit set
Nutrition for fruit set
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Sterility in plants
Sterility in plants
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Morphological sterility
Morphological sterility
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Self-incompatibility
Self-incompatibility
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Cross-incompatibility
Cross-incompatibility
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Impact of boron on fruit set
Impact of boron on fruit set
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Incompatibility
Incompatibility
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Positional Competition
Positional Competition
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Premature Pollination
Premature Pollination
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Delayed Pollination
Delayed Pollination
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Fruit Development Phases
Fruit Development Phases
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Phase-I of Fruit Development
Phase-I of Fruit Development
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Phase-III of Fruit Development
Phase-III of Fruit Development
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Climatic Factors
Climatic Factors
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Dioecious Species
Dioecious Species
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Triploidy
Triploidy
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Gibberellins
Gibberellins
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Cytokinins
Cytokinins
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Embryo Abortion
Embryo Abortion
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Male Sterility
Male Sterility
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Study Notes
Fruit Set
- Fruit set is the transition of a quiescent ovary into a rapidly growing young fruit.
- It occurs after pollination and double fertilization.
- Growth hormones (GAs, cytokinins, auxins) are involved in fruit and seed development.
- Low auxin levels lead to poor pollen tube growth, fertilization, and fruit set.
- Boron deficiency stimulates IAA oxidase, breaking down auxins, leading to lower auxin levels in floral parts.
- Correcting boron deficiency prevents auxin breakdown, maintaining auxin levels required for proper fruit and seed development.
Regulation and Manipulation of Flowering and Fruit Setting
- Post-blossom thinning reduces the number of developing fruit.
- GA3 mixed with auxin improves fruit set in cherries.
- Pruning techniques selectively remove thin shoots with weak fruit buds.
- Pollinator varieties and bees ensure effective pollination.
- Maintaining proper soil moisture is vital for reducing flower and fruit drop.
- Heavy irrigation during flowering can cause flower dropping in certain fruit types (e.g., guava, anola).
Factors Affecting Fruit Set
- Light: Insufficient light reduces carbohydrates in trees, leading to fruit abscission and poor fruit set.
- Temperature: High temperatures (above 32°C) can negatively affect pollen germination and fruit set.
- Low Temperature: Frost damage, temperatures below 15°C or 22°C and cloudy weather can affect bees and inhibit pollination leading to poor fruit set.
- Humidity: Damp conditions can affect pollen germination in almonds.
- Rain: Heavy rain during bloom negatively affects pollination and causes the spread of diseases.
- Wind: Strong winds can hinder pollination and decrease fruit set.
- Chemicals and Pesticides: Pesticides can kill bees and negatively affect flower growth and pollination.
Cultural Factors Affecting Fruit Set
- Shading: Excessive shading reduces cell division in fruit, resulting in less fruit set.
- Nutrition: Deficiencies in nitrogen, boron, zinc, and manganese decrease fruit set.
- Ringing: Removing a section of bark or scoring around the trunk improves fruit set.
- Branch Bending: Bending branches in spring or August can increase flower bud formation and fruit set.
Fruit Development Stages
- Fruit growth involves several phases: ovary development, cell division, cell expansion and ripening.
- Fruit development is influenced by various factors including cell divisions, growth rates, and accumulation of reserves.
Fruit Setting of Flowers in Different Positions
- Fruit borne on terminal growth has difficulty reaching optimal size and quality due to competition.
- Premature or delayed pollination can negatively affect fruit set. Fruit set is sensitive to timing of pollination.
Incompatibility
- Self-incompatibility prevents fertilization of flowers by their own pollen.
- Incompatibility is a genetically controlled trait affected by multiple genes.
Role of Growth Regulators in Parthenocarpy
- Growth hormones (auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins) induce fruit development in the absence of fertilization.
- Higher auxin concentrations in parthenocarpic ovaries may be responsible for their development into fruits.
- Applying gibberellins can induce fruit set in certain species.
- Ethylene plays a role in coordinating ovary growth and flower senescence, possibly influencing fruit set.
- Brassinosteroids (BRs) can also promote parthenocarpic fruit growth.
Parthenocarpy
- Parthenocarpy is the development of fruits without fertilization.
- Obligatory parthenocarpy occurs in the absence of pollination.
- Facultative parthenocarpy results from unfavorable pollination conditions.
- Parthenocarpy in fruit crops is influenced by several factors, including environmental conditions and growth regulators.
Commercial Importance of Parthenocarpy
- Parthenocarpy is desirable in fruit crops with hard seeds because it increases production without the need for a pollen parent.
- Parthenocarpic fruits tend to have better shelf life due to reduced ethylene production.
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Description
Explore key factors influencing fruit set in flowering plants, including pollination, seed development, and hormone effects. Understand how environmental conditions and agricultural practices impact fruit production and quality. Learn about the roles of auxin, boron, and soil moisture in fruit development.
