Questions and Answers
What is a fruit?
A fruit is a mature ovary.
Fruits are characteristic of which type of plants?
What is traditional fruit classification based upon?
Texture of the fruit wall and the origin of the tissues that form the fruit.
What is a simple fruit?
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What is an aggregate fruit?
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What is a multiple fruit?
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What is an accessory fruit?
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What is a capsule?
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What is an achene?
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What is a nut?
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What is a berry?
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What is a drupe?
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What is a caryopsis?
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What is a legume?
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What is a pepo?
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What is a hesperidium?
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What is a pome?
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What is a pistil?
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What is the ovary in a flower?
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What is a carpel?
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What is a simple pistil?
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What is an apocarpous flower?
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What is a compound pistil?
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What is a syncarpous flower?
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What is a superior ovary?
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What is ovary placentation?
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What is axile placentation?
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What is parietal placentation?
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What is a hypanthium?
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Study Notes
Classification and Origin of Fruits
- A fruit originates from a mature ovary, containing seeds from a pistil.
- Fruits are exclusive to flowering plants (angiosperms), absent in gymnosperms.
- Traditional fruit classification considers the fruit wall's texture and the origin of the tissues forming the fruit.
General Categories of Fruits
- Simple fruits develop from a single ovary (e.g., grape).
- Aggregate fruits form from multiple ovaries within a single flower (e.g., raspberry).
- Multiple fruits arise from coalescing ovaries of several flowers (e.g., pineapple).
- Accessory fruits include non-ovarian tissues in their structure (e.g., strawberry).
Types of Simple Fruits
- Capsules are dry fruits that release seeds by opening (dehiscing), such as the Brazil nut.
- Achenes are dry, one-seeded fruits that do not open (indehiscent), like cannabis.
- Nuts are similar to achenes but feature a thick, hard fruit wall (e.g., walnut).
- Berries are fleshy fruits with a uniformly textured wall beneath a thin skin (e.g., blueberry).
- Drupes are fleshy, one-seeded fruits with a stony inner wall.
Specialized Fruits
- Caryopsis resembles an achene but has a fused seed-coat with the fruit wall; exclusive to the Poaceae family.
- Legumes are capsules that dehisce along two sides; specific to the Fabaceae family.
- Pepos are berry-like with a leathery rind; characteristic of the Cucurbitaceae family.
- Hesperidia, also berry-like, have seeds among juicy sac; found in Citrus (Rutaceae) and relatives.
- Pomes are accessory fruits with fleshy tissue from a floral cup making most of the fruit wall; seen in some Rosaceae.
- Syconia are accessory fruits of fleshy stem tissue surrounding achenes from multiple flowers; associated with Ficus (Moraceae).
Additional Terminology Related to Fruits
- A pistil is the female part of a flower, consisting of an ovary, style, and stigma.
- The ovary is the basal, often swollen part of a flower housing the ovules.
- A carpel is a single unit of an ovary, potentially comprising multiple carpels.
Pistil Structures
- A simple pistil contains only one carpel.
- An apocarpous flower features separate carpels in a single flower.
- A compound pistil consists of fused carpels.
- A syncarpous flower has united carpels in a single pistil.
Ovary Structure and Placement
- A superior ovary is located above the attachment point of sepals and petals, typical of a hypogenous flower.
- Placentation refers to the attachment sites of ovules in the ovary.
- Axile placentation features radial spokes within the ovary, sectioning it into locules.
- Parietal placentation has placentas along the ovary wall without sectioning.
Hypanthium Structure
- The hypanthium, or floral cup, is formed by the basal portions of the calyx, corolla, and stamens, creating a tube-like structure.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the classification and origin of fruits. This quiz covers various categories of fruits, including simple, aggregate, and multiple fruits, as well as detailed types of simple fruits. Explore the fascinating world of angiosperms and their fruit structures!