Final A+P Multiple Choice

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Questions and Answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP?

Lysosome

Mitochondria (correct)

Golgi apparatus

Nucleus

What function is primarily associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Protein synthesis

ATP production

Lipid synthesis and detoxification (correct)

Digestion of macromolecules

Which statement correctly describes negative feedback?

It moves a variable away from its set point.

It helps maintain stability in the internal environment. (correct)

It amplifies changes in the body.

It leads to a complete cessation of physiological activity.

Which type of atom has a positive charge?

Proton Signup and view all the answers

What process is associated with positive feedback?

Blood clotting during wound healing Signup and view all the answers

What do cations result from in the context of atomic structure?

Loss of electrons Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is considered organic?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of lysosomes in a cell?

Digestion of macromolecules and microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a function of the urinary system?

It filters blood and removes waste products. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes polar molecules?

They possess an uneven distribution of charge. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

It is strictly rigid and inflexible. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond involves the transfer of electrons?

Ionic bonds Signup and view all the answers

In the context of membrane transport, what distinguishes active transport from passive transport?

It requires energy to move substances against the gradient. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following macromolecules is NOT categorized as a major macromolecule?

Membranes Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym LEO in LEO the lion goes GER refer to in redox reactions?

Loss of electron oxidation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes an amphipathic molecule?

Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of K+ channels during hyperpolarization?

To allow potassium ions to flow out of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components are NOT part of the structure of a nucleotide?

Amino acid side chain Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of transcription involves RNA polymerase linking ribonucleotides together?

Elongation Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs to pre-mRNA before it can be translated into protein?

It undergoes splicing and addition of a poly A tail. Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the process of translation during protein synthesis?

The small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about chromosomes is correct?

Chromosomes consist of chromatin organized around histones. Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome when a ribosome reaches a stop codon during translation?

The newly synthesized protein is released. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

It synthesizes RNA from a DNA template. Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain primarily processes sensory information such as touch and pain?

Parietal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata?

Breathing and heart rate regulation Signup and view all the answers

Which structure connects the two cerebral hemispheres and facilitates communication?

Corpus callosum Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs like the stomach and intestines?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the release of calcium ions during muscle contraction?

Excitation-contraction coupling Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the prefrontal cortex in the brain?

Attention regulation and memory processing Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is responsible for the building of bone?

Osteoblast Signup and view all the answers

Which gland regulates the sleep/wake cycle by secreting melatonin?

Pineal gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of melanocytes in the skin?

Synthesize melanin for coloration Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sweat gland is most commonly found on the skin surface?

Eccrine glands Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function and characteristics of the arrector pili muscle?

Thick smooth muscle causing goosebumps Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the sensory neurons in the nervous system?

Convey sensory input from receptors to CNS Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue layer surrounds individual axons within a nerve?

Endoneurium Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor type is primarily responsible for detecting pain stimuli?

Nociceptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of neurons called when they are clustered together?

Ganglia Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the autonomic motor neurons from somatic motor neurons?

Autonomic neurons innervate smooth and cardiac muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily happens during prophase of mitosis?

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane breaks. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of interphase involves the replication of centrioles?

G1 phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hypodermis in the integumentary system?

Thermal insulation and energy storage. Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for the formation of new keratinocytes?

Stratum basale Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue primarily composes the reticular layer of the dermis?

Dense irregular connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?

Energy production Signup and view all the answers

In which phase of the cell cycle do cells lose their ability to divide?

Cell aging Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with the stratum granulosum?

Keratinocytes begin to die and accumulate keratin. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Organelles

Nucleus: Controls cell activities, regulates gene expression, synthesizes ribosomes.
rER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum): Synthesizes proteins.
SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum): Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies toxins, stores calcium ions.
Mitochondria: Produces ATP, the cell's energy currency.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion.
Lysosomes: Digest macromolecules and microorganisms.
Centrosomes: Organize microtubules, facilitating cell division.
Proteosomes: Degrade unneeded or damaged proteins.
Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support, facilitates movement.

Ribosomes (Free) and Vesicles

Ribosomes (free): Synthesize proteins used within the cytosol.
Vesicles: Transport and secrete substances, digest materials.

Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

Homeostasis: Maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Positive Feedback: Amplifies a change, moving it further away from the set point (e.g., blood clotting, childbirth).
Negative Feedback: Counteracts a change, moving the variable back towards the set point (e.g., body temperature regulation).

Atoms and Elements

Atom: Smallest particle of a substance, cannot be broken down chemically. An atom consists of a nucleus (containing protons and neutrons) and orbital electrons.
Element: Simple substance made of only one type of atom.

Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Organic Compounds: Contain carbon; essential components of living organisms (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).
Inorganic Compounds: Do not contain carbon; common in non-living matter (e.g., water, salts, acids, bases).

Metabolism and Cellular Respiration

Metabolism: All chemical reactions within a living organism; involves cellular respiration.
Cellular Respiration: Metabolic pathway where cells break down glucose to produce ATP. This process occurs in four stages: glycolysis, intermediate stage, citric acid cycle (CAC), electron transport chain (ETC).

Enzymes

Enzymes: Catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions; their activity is regulated by various molecules (activators and inhibitors).

Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions

Exergonic Reactions: Release energy (e.g., cellular respiration).
Endergonic Reactions: Absorb energy (e.g., photosynthesis).

Anabolism and Catabolism

Anabolism: Builds larger molecules from smaller ones.
Catabolism: Breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones.

Levels of Organization of Life

Chemical Level: Atoms + Molecules.
Cellular Level: Cells.
Tissue Level: Tissues.
Organ Level: Organs.
Organ System Level: Multiple organs working together.
Organismal Level: All body systems functioning independently.

Body Systems

Integumentary System: Protection, sensation, temperature regulation.
Skeletal System: Support, movement, protection, and mineral storage.
Muscular System: Produces body movements.
Nervous System: Controls muscles and glands; processes information via the CNS and the PNS.
Endocrine System: Secretes hormones, regulates various processes.
Cardiovascular System: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones.
Lymphatic System: Transports and filters lymph.
Respiratory System: Exchanges gases between blood and air.
Urinary System: Removes waste products.
Digestive System: Digests, absorbs, and expels products.
Male Reproductive: Produces sex cells and hormones.
Female Reproductive: Produces sex cells and hormones.

Plasma Membrane

Structure: Phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
Functions: Regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Composition: Lipids (phospholipids, cholesterol), proteins (transport, recognition), carbohydrates.
Fluidity: Affected by temperature and cholesterol content.
Polar vs Nonpolar Molecules: Uneven/even distribution of charge.
Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic: "Water-fearing"/ "water-loving".
Amphipathic: Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

Macromolecules

Major Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.
Monomers: Small molecules that bond together to form polymers.
Polymers: Large molecules composed of monomers, linked by chemical bonds.

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP and NADH.
Intermediate Stage: Converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, producing NADH.
Citric Acid Cycle (CAC): Oxidizes acetyl-CoA, producing ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Uses NADH and FADH2 to generate a large amount of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

Membrane Transport

Passive Transport: Movement of molecules across a membrane without energy input (e.g., diffusion, osmosis).
Active Transport: Movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (e.g., pumps).

Osmosis

Isotonic Solution: Same concentration of solutes as the cytosol.
Hypotonic Solution: Lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol.
Hypertonic Solution: Higher concentration of solutes than the cytosol.

Redox Reactions

Oxidation: Loss of electrons.
Reduction: Gain of electrons.

Endomembrane System

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Manufacturing and modification of proteins and lipids.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use.
Vesicles: Transport materials within and between the organelles.
Lysosomes: Digest materials within the cell.

DNA Structure

Structure: Double helix composed of nucleotides.
Components: Base pairs (Adenine-Thymine, Guanine-Cytosine), deoxyribose sugar, phosphate groups.
Chromatin: DNA complexed with proteins (histones).
Chromosome: Condensed structure of chromatin.

Transcription and Translation

Transcription: Synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template.
Translation: Synthesis of a polypeptide (protein) from an mRNA template.
Enzymes involved: RNA polymerase.
Modifications of mRNA: Capping, splicing, adding a poly(A) tail.

Cell Division (Mitosis)

Phases: Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
Purpose: Cell replication in somatic cells.

Cell Cycle

Interphase: Cell growth and preparation for division (G1, S, G2 phases).
Mitosis: Nuclear division (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).
Cytokinesis: Cytoplasmic division.

Integumentary System (skin)

Regions: Epidermis (outer layer), dermis (inner layer), hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).

Nervous System

CNS (Central Nervous System): Brain and spinal cord, process info.
PNS (Peripheral Nervous System): Nerves that transmit info. to and from the CNS.
Structure: Nerves, ganglia, nerve fibers, neuron.
Sensory neurons: Transmits Sensory input to the CNS.
Motor neurons: Transmits signals away from the CNS to the effector.
Types of effectors: Muscle cells (skeletal, smooth, cardiac) and glands.

Structure of Neurons

Dendrites: Receive signals.
Axon: Conducts signals away from the cell body.
Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers.
Synapses: Junctions between neurons.

Process of Muscle Contraction

Nerve impulse: Motor neuron stimulation.
Excitation-Contraction Coupling: Release of calcium ions.
Power stroke: Myosin heads bind to actin.
Relaxation: ATP binds to myosin to detach from actin, pumps calcium back into SR.

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