Final A+P Multiple Choice Pt.2

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

Regulates gene expression

Synthesize proteins

Digests macromolecules

Produces ATP (correct)

Which organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids?

Lysosome

Golgi apparatus (correct)

Centrosome

Ribosome

How do positive feedback mechanisms differ from negative feedback mechanisms?

Negative feedback produces a cascade of responses until a set point is attained.

Positive feedback moves a variable back to its set point.

Negative feedback amplifies changes to move away from the set point.

Positive feedback amplifies changes to move toward a goal. (correct)

Which of the following statements is true about cations and anions?

Anions are produced by a gain of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of vesicles in a cell?

Transport and secrete substances Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond is formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?

Covalent bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between atoms, elements, and compounds?

Atoms combine to form elements, which can combine to form compounds. Signup and view all the answers

Which macromolecule is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?

Nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chemoresceptors?

To sense changes in chemical concentrations. Signup and view all the answers

What role do synaptic vesicles play in neuron function?

They store and release neurotransmitters at the synapse. Signup and view all the answers

Which ion's concentration is higher outside the neuron at rest, favoring its entry during an action potential?

Na+ Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of voltage-gated ion channels in neurons?

To allow ions to move based on changes in membrane voltage. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

Cardiac muscle in the heart. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the stratum corneum in the epidermis?

Protection against abrasion and infection Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

S phase Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the dermis from the epidermis?

Presence of nerves and blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the characteristics of the hypodermis?

Acts as a cushioning layer of fat and connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the cell equator?

Metaphase Signup and view all the answers

What happens to chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis?

Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the integumentary system contains dermal papillae?

Papillary layer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the skin?

Secretion of hormones Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary output of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Krebs Cycle take place in a cell?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction absorbs energy and is considered non-spontaneous?

Endergonic Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of competitive inhibitors in enzymatic reactions?

They bind to the active site of an enzyme. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT produced during the Electron Transport Chain?

Pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of K+ efflux during repolarization?

Hyperpolarization Signup and view all the answers

Which body system is primarily responsible for producing body movements?

Muscular System Signup and view all the answers

What is formed from the bond between deoxyribonucleotides in DNA structure?

Phosphodiester bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cellular respiration involves the conversion of pyruvate into AcetylcoA?

Intermediate Stage Signup and view all the answers

Which step follows the 'initiation' phase in the transcription of RNA?

Elongation Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during mRNA splicing?

Removing unnecessary parts Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

Delivers oxygen and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tRNA in translation?

Aligns amino acids with codons Signup and view all the answers

What is the start codon that signifies the beginning of protein synthesis?

AUG Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of cell division does DNA replication occur?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

What is added to the end of the mRNA during the polyadenylation process?

Poly-A tail Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for coordinating movement and balance?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?

Connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is striated and involuntary, found in the walls of the heart?

Cardiac muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the medulla oblongata in the body?

Controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the long bone is responsible for housing bone marrow?

Medullary cavity Signup and view all the answers

During muscle contraction, what initiates the release of Ca++ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Nerve impulse Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily involved in processing sensory information such as touch and temperature?

Parietal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pituitary gland?

Producing and releasing hormones Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Organelles

Nucleus: Controls cell activities, regulates gene expression, synthesizes RNA.
rER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum): Site of protein synthesis.
SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum): Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies toxins, stores calcium ions.
Mitochondria: Produces ATP, the cell's energy currency.
Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins & lipids.
Lysosome: Digests macromolecules and microorganisms, removes damaged proteins.
Centrosomes: Organizes microtubules, facilitates cell division.
Proteosomes: Degrades unneeded or damaged proteins.
Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support, facilitates movement.

Ribosomes

Synthesize proteins that are used within the cytosol.
Ribosomes (free) transport materials or secrete substances, digest materials.

Homeostasis

Maintains a stable internal environment, even when external conditions change.
Regulates body temperature, blood glucose levels, etc.
Positive feedback amplifies changes, moving them further from the initial state; examples include blood clotting, childbirth.
Negative feedback returns a variable to its set point, counteracts a change, examples include regulating body temperature.

Atoms and Elements

Atoms are the smallest particle of a substance and cannot be broken chemically.
Atoms contain protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Elements are simple substances made of one type of atom that cannot be broken down into smaller pieces.
All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons.

Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Organic compounds contain carbon and are part of living organisms; examples include sugars, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids.
Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon and are often found in non-living matter; examples include water, salts, acids, and bases.

Metabolism and Cellular Respiration

Metabolism is all chemical reactions inside a living organism.
Cellular respiration is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to produce ATP.
Cellular respiration has 4 stages: glycolysis, intermediate stage, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Anabolism and Catabolism

Anabolism involves building larger molecules from smaller molecules.
Catabolism involves breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules.

Organization of Living Things

Levels from smallest to largest: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal.

Body Systems

Integumentary: protection, sensation, temperature regulation.
Skeletal: support, movement, and protection.
Muscular: produces body movements.
Nervous: controls muscles and some glands.
Endocrine: secretes hormones to control digestive processes, reproductive function, and homeostasis.
Cardiovascular: delivers oxygen, nutrients, and hormones, transports and filters lymph.
Respiratory: exchanges gases between blood and air.
Urinary: filters blood and removes waste products.
Digestive: digests, absorbs, and expels products.
Male Reproductive: produces sex cells and hormones.
Female Reproductive: produces sex cells and hormones.

Common Elements in the Body

Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)

Plasma Membrane

Structure: phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
Function: regulates what enters and exits the cell.

Macromolecule and Polymer

Macromolecule: large complex molecules made of smaller molecules.
Monomer: small units that make up larger molecules.
Polymers: chains of monomers linked together.
Bonds: hold monomers together, examples include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and covalent bonds.

REDOX Reactions

Redox Reactions: involve the transfer of electrons from one chemical structure to another.

Membrane Transport

Passive Transport: movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy; examples include diffusion and osmosis.
Active Transport: movement of molecules across the cell membrane using energy; examples include pumps.

Osmosis

Osmosis: the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane to equalize the concentration of solutes.

Diffusion

Simple diffusion - the movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Facilitated diffusion - the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration facilitated by proteins that assist the passage of these ions or molecules.

Symport vs. Antiport

Symport: transports two substances in the same direction.
Antiport: transports two substances in opposite directions.

Vesicular Transport

Exocytosis: releases substances from inside the cell by fusing vesicles with the cell membrane.
Endocytosis: takes in substances from outside the cell by engulfing them with cell membrane.

Receptor-Mediated Transport

Receptor-mediated transport is a type of endocytosis that is highly specific for the substance being taken into the cell.

Membrane Potential

Difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane.

AP Sequence of Events

Resting potential (-70mV)
Depolarization (voltage across the membrane becomes positive)
Repolarization (voltage across the membrane returns to its negative resting value)
Hyperpolarization (voltage across the membrane temporarily becomes more negative than the resting value)

Nucleus

DNA is located in the nucleus, in the form of chromatin or chromosomes.

DNA Structure

Monomer: nucleotide
Polymer: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Bonds: phosphodiester bonds

Transcription of RNA

Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to a promoter region on a DNA strand.
Elongation: RNA polymerase reads the DNA template and creates a RNA molecule.
Termination: RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and stops creating the RNA molecule.

Translation

Translation: mRNA codons are translated into amino acids by tRNA.
tRNA aligns amino acids with their corresponding codons in mRNA.

Cell Division - Mitosis

Interphase: DNA replication.
Prophase: chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles.
Metaphase: chromosomes align along the center of the cell, spindle fibers attach to centromeres.
Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite poles.
Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes, chromosomes decondense, two separate nuclei form.
Cytokinesis: cell cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells.

Cell Cycle

Interphase: G1, S, & G2. Preparation for and replication prior to cell division.
Mitosis: cell division of somatic cells.

Integument (skin)

Epidermis (top layer): protects against water loss and substances/organisms; stratified squamous epithelium, provides a barrier.
Dermis (deeper layer): contains blood, lymph vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands; dense irregular connective tissue.
Hypodermis (subcutaneous): fat and connective tissue, not part of the integument or skin.

Composition of Dermis

Connective tissue—collagen, elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves.
Sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nail roots, and arrector pili.

Hair Follicle & Hair

Keratinized cells growing from hair follicles.
Structure and general functions.

Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

General Organization of Nervous System

Sensory neurons (afferent): transmit signals from receptors to the CNS.
Motor neurons (efferent): transmit signals from the CNS to effectors.

Neuron Structures

Dendrites: receive signals from other neurons.
Axons: transmit signals to other neurons.

Synaptic Transmission

Neurotransmitters: chemical messengers.
Synaptic vesicles: store neurotransmitters.

General Functions of Cerebrum

Conscious thought and intellectual function.

Hypothalamus

Regulates body temperature, controls autonomic functions (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, respiration) and the endocrine system.

Osteoblast

Builds bone.

Osteoclast

Breaks down bone.

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Stem cells for bone formation.

Muscle Tissue

Skeletal: striated, voluntary.
Smooth: involuntary, lines the walls of hollow organs.
Cardiac: striated, involuntary, found in the heart.

Process of Muscle Contraction

Nerve impulse (AP) begins.
AP travels along muscle fiber membrane (sarcolemma)
Excitation-contraction coupling. Ca2+ is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Cross bridge formation. Myosin heads attach to actin fibers.
Powerstroke. Myosin heads pivot, pulling actin fibers.
Detachment. ATP binds to myosin heads which detaches from actin.
Relaxation. Nerve signal stops, Ca2+ levels decrease, tropomyosin returns to original position.

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Test your knowledge on the various functions and components of cells in this quiz. Questions cover topics such as mitochondria, feedback mechanisms, and cellular organelles. Perfect for students studying biology.