Questions and Answers
Who introduced the five kingdom classification system?
Robert Whittaker (1960s)
What are the five kingdoms?
Prokaryotae, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What are general features of Prokaryotae?
Unicellular, no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles, no visible feeding mechanism.
What are general features of Protoctista?
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What are general features of Fungi?
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What are general features of Plantae?
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What are general features of Animalia?
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What is the current classification system?
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What does Woese's system use?
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What are the three domains?
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What are features of Eukarya?
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What are features of Archaea?
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What are features of Bacteria?
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What kingdoms come from the Bacteria domain?
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What kingdoms come from the Archaea domain?
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What kingdoms come from the Eukarya domain?
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What has changed between the Linnaean system and Woese's system?
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What are the six kingdoms?
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Why were prokaryotes split into two?
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What are the features of Archaebacteria?
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What are the features of Eubacteria?
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Study Notes
Five Kingdom Classification System
- Introduced by Robert Whittaker in the 1960s.
The Five Kingdoms
- Prokaryotae
- Protoctista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
General Features of Prokaryotae
- Unicellular organisms without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
- Lack visible feeding mechanisms.
General Features of Protoctista
- Primarily unicellular, possessing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Some members contain chloroplasts; nutritional modes include photosynthesis (autotrophic) and ingestion (heterotrophic).
- Exhibit both motile and sessile forms.
General Features of Fungi
- Can be unicellular or multicellular, characterized by a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Cell walls made of chitin; lack chloroplasts and locomotion mechanisms.
- Most possess a mycelium body structure and obtain nutrients through absorption of decaying material (saprophytic), storing food as glycogen.
General Features of Plantae
- Multicellular organisms with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Cell walls composed of cellulose and contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis (autotrophic).
- Typically non-motile, storing food in the form of starch.
General Features of Animalia
- Multicellular with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Absence of chloroplasts and capable of movement via cilia, flagella, or contractile proteins.
- Nutritional mode through ingestion (heterotrophic), with food stored as glycogen.
Current Classification System
- The three-domain, six-kingdom system proposed by Carl Woese in 1977.
Woese's System Criteria
- Based on nucleotide sequence differences in ribosomal RNA.
- Involves membrane lipid structure and sensitivity to antibiotics.
The Three Domains
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Eukarya
Features of Eukarya
- Contain 80s ribosomes and RNA polymerase with 12 proteins.
Features of Archaea
- Possess 70s ribosomes and RNA polymerase consisting of 8-10 proteins.
Features of Bacteria
- Characterized by 70s ribosomes and RNA polymerase with 5 proteins.
Organization of Domains and Kingdoms
- Details on the hierarchy and relationships among the domains and their respective kingdoms are not specified.
Kingdoms from the Bacteria Domain
- Eubacteria
Kingdoms from the Archaea Domain
- Archaebacteria
Kingdoms from the Eukarya Domain
- Protoctista
- Plantae
- Fungi
- Animalia
Changes from Linnaean System to Woese's System
- The prokaryotic kingdom has been split into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
The Six Kingdoms
- Archaebacteria
- Eubacteria
- Protoctista
- Plantae
- Fungi
- Animalia
Reason for Splitting Prokaryotes
- Differing chemical compositions justify the division into two distinct kingdoms.
Features of Archaebacteria
- Single-celled prokaryotes recognized as ancient bacteria capable of surviving in extreme environments, such as methanogens in anaerobic settings.
Features of Eubacteria
- Single-celled prokaryotes known as true bacteria, prevalent in diverse environments, comprising the most familiar type of bacteria.
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Description
Explore the Five Kingdom Classification System created by Robert Whittaker. This quiz covers the essential characteristics of each kingdom, including Prokaryotae, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Test your understanding of the distinguishing features and nutritional modes of these biological classifications.
