First Transition Series Elements

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Questions and Answers

How does scandium contribute to the manufacture of MiG fighter jets?

  • Scandium is a key component in the jet's engine, providing high heat resistance.
  • Scandium increases the jet's fuel efficiency by converting heat energy into kinetic energy.
  • Scandium's high reactivity allows it to bind to the jet's surface, improving its aerodynamic properties.
  • Scandium alloys with aluminum, creating a strong but lightweight material. (correct)

What property of titanium makes it suitable for use in dental implants?

  • Titanium's low density makes it lightweight and comfortable for patients.
  • Titanium's ability to absorb UV rays makes it safe for use in the mouth.
  • Titanium's strong, rigid structure makes it durable and resistant to wear. (correct)
  • Titanium's high reactivity allows it to bond directly to bone tissue.

What property of titanium makes it particularly useful in applications like aircraft and space shuttles?

  • Titanium's high melting point allows it to withstand extreme temperatures. (correct)
  • Titanium's inert nature prevents corrosion in extreme environments.
  • Titanium's low density allows it to be used in lightweight construction.
  • Titanium's ability to absorb UV rays protects astronauts from radiation.

Which of these statements accurately describes the use of titanium dioxide ($TiO_2$)?

<p>It's incorporated into sun protection cosmetics due to its ability to block UV rays. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements correctly reflects the reactivity of scandium within the first transition series?

<p>Scandium is the most reactive element in the first transition series, showing high affinity for water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transition metals represent more than 7% of the weight of the Earth's crust.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is Scandium found?

<p>Scandium is found in a very small amount spreading on a large area in the earth's crust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Scandium used for?

<p>Scandium (Sc) is added to mercury vapour lamps used in TV photography at night, to produce light with high quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Titanium is similar in density to steel.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Titanium dioxide used for?

<p>Titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) which is used in sun protection cosmetics, because its minute nanoparticles prevent the effect of ultraviolet (UV) on the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scandium properties

Scandium is very reactive and found in small amounts in the Earth's crust.

Scandium uses

Scandium is used in mercury vapor lamps and enhancing aluminum alloys for jets.

Titanium properties

Titanium is less dense than steel, strong, and resistant to high temperatures.

Titanium uses

Used in aircraft, space shuttles, and sun protection cosmetics.

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Titanium dioxide

Titanium dioxide is used in cosmetics to block UV rays.

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Location of Transition Metals

Transition metals are found between the s-block and p-block in the periodic table.

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Number of Transition Metals

More than 60 transition elements exist, over half of all known elements.

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d-Block Groups

The d-block contains 10 vertical groups, filling the d sublevel with electrons.

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Electrons in d Sublevel

The d sublevel has five orbitals, each holding 2 electrons, totaling 10 electrons.

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Group VIII Exception

Group VIII consists of three columns, showing horizontal property similarities.

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First Transition Series

Fills the 3d sublevel from scandium to zinc in the 4th period.

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Second Transition Series

Fills the 4d sublevel from yttrium to cadmium in the 5th period.

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Third Transition Series

Fills the 5d sublevel from lanthanum to mercury in the 6th period.

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Fourth Transition Series

Fills the 6d sublevel in the 7th period.

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Importance of d Sublevels

Transition metals are classified by which d sublevel is filled.

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Similar Properties in Group VIII

Elements in group VIII share similar properties more horizontally.

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d Sublevel Electrons

Each d orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.

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Groups in d-block

Total number of groups in the d-block is 10, represented by letters.

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Scandium to Zinc

The first transition series spans from Scandium (Sc) to Zinc (Zn).

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Yttrium to Cadmium

The second transition series extends from Yttrium (Y) to Cadmium (Cd).

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Lanthanum to Mercury

The third transition series goes from Lanthanum (La) to Mercury (Hg).

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6d Series

The fourth transition series completes the filling of the 6d sublevel.

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Periodic Table of Elements

The periodic table organizes elements by atomic number, symbol, and properties.

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Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals exhibit various chemical and physical properties due to their electron configuration.

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Gradual Filling

Transition metals are defined by the gradual filling of the d sublevel with electrons.

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Study Notes

First Transition Series Elements

  • First transition series elements have economic importance despite comprising less than 7% of the Earth's crust.

  • Scandium (Sc):

    • Found in small amounts, spread throughout the Earth's crust.
    • Very reactive with water, among the most reactive in its series.
    • Added to mercury vapor lamps to improve light quality in TV photography.
    • Used in the manufacturing of fighter jets' alloy components, enhancing lightness and hardness. This alloy contains scandium and aluminum.

  • Titanium (Ti):

    • Strong and rigid, but less dense than steel.
    • Maintains durability at high temperatures.
    • Used in dental implants and artificial joints, due to its inert nature and lack of rejection by the body.
    • Used in aircraft and space shuttle manufacturing due to its high-temperature durability and the fact it maintains its strength when in use.
    • Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used in sunscreens to prevent UV damage to the skin because of its nano-sized particles.
    • Weight percent in Earth's crust: 0.6%

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