First Medical Aid
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of first aid, as defined in the provided material?

  • To diagnose the underlying medical condition of the victim.
  • To stabilize and save a person in a sudden health crisis. (correct)
  • To provide definitive medical treatment to individuals.
  • To replace professional medical services at all times.

    • What is the correct sequence of actions after confirming a person is unresponsive?

  • Call 112, check response, open airway, check breathing.
  • Check breathing, call for help, open airway, begin chest compressions.
  • Shout for help, check response, open airway, call 112.
  • Open airway, check breathing, call 112, begin chest compressions. (correct)

    • What is the correct ratio of chest compressions to rescue breaths in CPR, as mentioned?

  • 30 chest compressions to 2 rescue breaths. (correct)
  • 20 chest compressions to 1 rescue breath.
  • 5 chest compressions to 1 rescue breath.
  • 15 chest compressions to 2 rescue breaths.

    • In the context of the 'chain of survival', what is the significance of bystander CPR?

    <p>It is a crucial intervention before the arrival of emergency services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided information, what is the potential survival rate if early resuscitation and defibrillation are provided promptly?

    <p>Greater than 60% survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended rate for chest compressions during CPR?

    <p>100-120 per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct depth of chest compressions for an adult during CPR?

    <p>5-6 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing rescue breaths, how long should each breath last?

    <p>1 second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action to take immediately after checking that the scene is safe?

    <p>Check response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if you observe abnormal breathing shortly after the heart stops?

    <p>Recognize it as a sign of cardiac arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should you consider changing the CPR operator?

    <p>Every 2 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using an AED, what should you do while the device is analyzing rhythm?

    <p>Stand clear and do not touch the victim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended compression depth for children during CPR?

    <p>At least 1/3 of the depth of the chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct first step when using an AED?

    <p>Switch on the AED</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if a victim starts to breathe normally after CPR?

    <p>Place them in the recovery position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended ventilation rate for an adult using a BVM?

    <p>10-12 breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation should active oxygen therapy with a self-inflating bag be used?

    <p>When the patient is not breathing, or when their breathing rate is below 10 or above 30 breaths per minute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended oxygen flow rate when providing oxygen therapy?

    <p>12-15 liters per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An oxygen cylinder contains 150 atm of pressure and has a capacity of 3 liters. If the oxygen is being administered at a rate of 10 liters per minute, how long will the oxygen last?

    <p>45 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of oxygen administration involves the patient breathing independently through a mask with a reservoir?

    <p>Passive oxygen therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Following examination of the neck, what specific action should be taken?

    <p>Immobilize the cervical spine with a collar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a rapid trauma assessment of a patient's chest, which finding would be MOST concerning?

    <p>Paradoxical chest movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When assessing the belly in a rapid trauma assessment, what are key things to evaluate?

    <p>Whether the belly is soft or hard, any visible wounds, and any pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the 'Load and Go' transport decision?

    <p>The patient requires immediate transport to the hospital due to serious injuries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During examination of a patient's extremities, what finding would indicate a potential injury requiring specific attention?

    <p>Pathological mobility, pain, or crackling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing a modified jaw thrust, the rescuer should use which maneuver?

    <p>Esmarch maneuver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What breathing rate in an adult would be classified as bradypnea?

    <p>Less than 10 breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is breathing at 8 breaths per minute. What immediate action should the rescuer take?

    <p>Provide respiratory support with BVM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When checking for a pulse, what additional assessments should be made?

    <p>Assess skin color, temperature and capillary refill</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pulse rate in an adult is considered to be tachycardia?

    <p>120 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario should a rapid trauma assessment be performed?

    <p>In the event of a fall from a height or when the victim is unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a rapid trauma assessment, what should be assessed specifically in the head and neck area?

    <p>Check for visible wounds, jugular vein filling, trachea position, and neck tenderness/distortion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an adult is breathing at 35 breaths per minute, what specific intervention is suggested?

    <p>Administration of high-flow oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'S' in the SAMPLE scheme refer to during a patient interview?

    <p>Symptoms the patient is experiencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the purpose of the 'AVPU' scale?

    <p>To assess the patient's level of consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is it appropriate to use the head tilt and chin thrust method to open an airway?

    <p>When the patient is unconscious and a cervical spine injury is <em>not</em> suspected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first action to take when assessing the airway of an unconscious, non-speaking patient?

    <p>Open the airway by suctioning any contents from the mouth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should the head tilt and chin thrust method be avoided when a cervical spine injury is suspected?

    <p>It can further damage the cervical spine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'A' of the ABC scheme stand for during the assessment of vital signs?

    <p>Airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the patient's examination, which of the following constitutes the correct sequence?

    <p>Patient interview followed by physical examination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a patient does not respond to voice commands, but responds to pain, how is their consciousness state classified using the AVPU scale?

    <p>Pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reversible cause of cardiac arrest, according to the text?

    <p>Anaphylactic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with Septic shock?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by a loss of contractile muscle tissue in the heart?

    <p>Infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of neurogenic shock?

    <p>Damage to the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom associated with both anaphylactic shock and neurogenic shock?

    <p>Hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of cardiac tamponade?

    <p>Filled jugular veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of septic shock?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions are characterized by breathing difficulties?

    <p>Anaphylactic shock and Septic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of shock at the cellular level?

    <p>Metabolic poisoning due to oxygen deficit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of shock is primarily associated with a significant decrease in vascular resistance?

    <p>Septic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of shock does the body's compensatory mechanisms remain effective?

    <p>Early shock (compensated)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant symptom of metabolic acidosis caused by shock?

    <p>Cardiopulmonary collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metabolic process is primarily shifted to during shock due to oxygen deficit?

    <p>Anaerobic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT a non-specific symptom of shock?

    <p>Increased heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes hypovolemic shock?

    <p>Fluid loss through the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to a decrease in blood pressure during shock?

    <p>Decreased circulatory blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark feature of cardiogenic shock?

    <p>Inadequate pumping efficiency of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is likely to result from decreased blood flow through cerebral vessels?

    <p>Consciousness disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is typically associated with septic shock?

    <p>Increased body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body respond to perceived low oxygen concentration during shock?

    <p>Shallow and fast breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During shock, what is the physiological effect of sweating?

    <p>Reduced skin blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical brain injury associated with head trauma?

    <p>Spinal cord compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with a basilar skull fracture?

    <p>Bruising behind the ears and around the eyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of diffuse axonal damage?

    <p>Extensive brain damage leading to cerebral edema and subarachnoid hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of a brain contusion, which of the following is a characteristic symptom?

    <p>Prolonged loss of consciousness and possible stroke symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement BEST describes the relationship between head trauma and cervical spine injury?

    <p>All patients with head and facial trauma should be considered to have a cervical spine injury until proven otherwise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism that leads to a collapsed lung in open pneumothorax?

    <p>Air entering the pleural cavity and increasing the intrapleural pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct dressing for an open chest wound, according to the text?

    <p>A sterile piece of foil glued on three sides, a ventilated dressing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In tension pneumothorax, what is the primary reason for the impairment of the healthy lung?

    <p>Increased pressure in the pleural cavity from trapped air, which compresses the healthy lung.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic sign of a developing tension pneumothorax, but NOT massive hemothorax?

    <p>Tracheal displacement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In massive hemothorax, what causes the pleural cavity to fill with blood?

    <p>Damage to the intercostal vessels and lung tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a common symptom of a head injury?

    <p>Warm, pink skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference in the presentation of jugular veins between massive hemothorax and cardiac tamponade?

    <p>Jugular veins are collapsed in massive hemothorax and distended in cardiac tamponade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bleeding is characterized by bleeding between the skull and the outer layer of the dura mater?

    <p>Epidural bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological process is most directly impaired by cardiac tamponade?

    <p>The filling of heart chambers during diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient presents with symptoms including a midline trachea, filled jugular veins, and a pulse rate that diminishes during inhalation. These symptoms are most likely associated with which condition?

    <p>Cardiac tamponade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A spinal cord injury that develops due to hypoxia or edema after the initial trauma is best described as:

    <p>Secondary spinal cord injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive deflection, bending, compression, rotation, and stretching are all mechanisms of?

    <p>Blunt spinal injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a typical symptom that would indicate a possible spinal injury?

    <p>Radial pulse weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the best description of an open pneumothorax?

    <p>A chest wound that allows air to enter the pleural space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient coughing up blood, having cyanosis, and tracheal displacement would most likely be suffering from which of the following?

    <p>Chest injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs are located within the upper abdominal cavity?

    <p>Liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, and duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of a chest injury?

    <p>Agitation and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is characteristic of a blunt abdominal injury?

    <p>Caused by crushing, leading to potential rupture of parenchymal or cavernous organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for managing eviscerated organs in a gastroschisis injury?

    <p>Cover the organs with a moist, sterile, and impermeable dressing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs are situated in the retroperitoneal space?

    <p>Kidneys, ureters, pancreas, abdominal aorta, and inferior vena cava.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical body position recommended for a patient with abdominal injuries?

    <p>Lying position, with legs bent at the hip and knee joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate range associated with blunt abdominal injuries?

    <p>10-30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of abdominal injury is most likely to result in extensive damage to internal organs?

    <p>Gunshot wounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the lower abdominal cavity located?

    <p>Below the rib arches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial action to take if a patient experiencing a stroke stops breathing?

    <p>Initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom specifically associated with hyperglycemia, but not hypoglycemia?

    <p>Increased urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a seizure, what is the most appropriate immediate action to ensure the patient's safety?

    <p>Place something soft under the patient's head.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is specifically indicative of hypoglycemia?

    <p>Strong feeling of hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the immediate priority when observing a patient with dyspnea?

    <p>Monitor vital signs until help arrives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When assisting an adult who is choking but still able to cough, what is the most appropriate action to take?

    <p>Encourage them to continue coughing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a choking infant becomes limp and unconscious, what modification to the standard choking procedure should be made?

    <p>Immediately begin resuscitation with modified chest compression steps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination of symptoms is MOST indicative of a fainting episode?

    <p>Pale, cold skin, rapid breathing, and short-term loss of consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MOST immediate action to take when encountering a person who has fainted?

    <p>Place them safely on the ground and lift their legs up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient is experiencing severe, radiating chest pain, shortness of breath, and a fear of death. What condition should be the primary concern?

    <p>Myocardial Infarction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key step in providing immediate care for a person suffering from a suspected myocardial infarction, aside from monitoring vital signs?

    <p>Immobilize in a sitting position and provide fresh air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a cause for chest pain, but is NOT an immediate life threatening emergency?

    <p>Muscle pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with a known heart condition has chest pain, shortness of breath and other symptoms indicative of a heart attack. Besides basic first aid, what immediate additional actions can be taken if specific items are available?

    <p>Assist the patient in taking nitroglycerin and giving aspirin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    First Medical Aid with Nursing Elements

    • This presentation covers first aid and basic life support (BLS) with automated external defibrillation (AED).
    • First aid is a set of actions taken to help someone in sudden health crisis, performed by bystanders, including using public medical supplies and drugs.

    Objectives

    • Participants should demonstrate how to assess a collapsed victim post-cardiac arrest.
    • Participants should demonstrate how to perform chest compressions and rescue breathing (CPR).
    • Participants should be able to properly use an AED.
    • Participants must know how to position an unconscious breathing victim in the recovery position.

    Background

    • In Europe, a cardiac arrest happens approximately every 45 seconds.
    • Bystander CPR is essential before emergency services arrive.
    • Early resuscitation and defibrillation within 1 to 2 minutes can lead to a >60% survival rate.

    Chain of Survival

    • Early recognition and calling for help is crucial to prevent cardiac arrest.
    • Early CPR buys time before emergency services arrive.
    • Early defibrillation is essential to restart the heart.
    • Post-resuscitation care aims to restore the quality of life.

    Approach Safely

    • Check for response by shaking shoulders and asking, "Are you okay?".
    • Shout for help.
    • Open the airway: Tilt the head backward.
    • Check for breathing (look, listen, and feel); note that abnormal breathing is a sign of possible cardiac arrest.
    • Call 112 or emergency services.
    • Perform 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths.

    CPR in Children

    • Adult CPR techniques can be applied to children.
    • Chest compressions should be at least one-third of the chest depth.

    AED in Children

    • AEDs are appropriate for use in children over 8 years old.
    • For children between 1 and 8 years old, use pediatric pads and settings; otherwise, use adult mode.
    • Use an AED in children under 1 year only if manufacturer instructions indicate suitability.

    Defibrillation

    • Turn on AED when opening the lid. Some AEDs automatically switch on.
    • Apply pads to the victim's bare chest.
    • Analyze the heart rhythm.
    • If indicated, deliver the shock.
    • Follow all AED prompts and instructions.
    • If the AED advises no shock needed, follow the device's guidance.

    Handling Various Heart Rhythms

    • Assess heart rhythm using AED.

    • Follow directives from the device.

    • For no shock advised, follow the device's guidance.

    • If the victim starts breathing normally, place in the recovery position.

    • Common heart rhythms include Ventricular fibrillation, Ventricular tachycardia, Asystole, and Pulseless Electrical Activity (PEA). These rhythms are illustrated in the provided notes.

    • Note: Accurate and thorough illustrations for all steps are critical.

    • Illustrations and procedures are included in the provided pages. Importantly, there is a suggested procedure for a 'load and go' approach vs. a 'stay and play' strategy when deciding on immediate transport versus continued assessment and treatment on-site. A summary of these approaches follows:

    • Load and go: Immediate transport is prioritized in cases of severe injury.

    • Stay and play: A patient that can benefit from continued monitoring and treatment prior to transport.

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    Related Documents

    CPR With AED Slides PDF
    3. Ventilation and Oxygenation PDF
    First Medical Aid Assessment of Vital Functions PDF
    Shock as a State of Sudden Health Threat PDF
    Head and Other Injuries PDF
    Health And Life Threatening Conditions PDF

    Description

    This quiz focuses on essential first aid techniques and basic life support (BLS) procedures, including the use of an automated external defibrillator (AED). Participants will learn how to assess a victim, perform CPR, and position an unconscious breathing victim. Understanding these skills is critical for timely intervention in emergencies.

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