High Rise company ops

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the spanners found in the pump operator's FDC bag?

To operate high-rise nozzles

To measure water pressure

To remove caps and tighten hoseline couplings (correct)

To connect hoses to the fire hydrants

Which of the following is NOT included in the minimum complement of equipment in the pump operator's FDC bag?

Double male/female adapters

Spanners

High-rise hose pack

Fire extinguishers (correct)

What should all connections made to both the FDC and the engine ensure?

They are made with maximum power

They are assembled on the ground

They are able to rotate freely

They are spanner tight (correct)

Which component is referred to when discussing specifications and pressure ratings in high-rise operations?

High-rise nozzles Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the control firefighter in high-rise operations?

To make connections to the standpipe Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'spanner tight' connections?

Connections that are secure and professional-grade Signup and view all the answers

What type of hose is associated with high-pressure applications in a high-rise environment?

2 ½-inch high-pressure FDC hose Signup and view all the answers

For which scenario would the double male/female adapters in the FDC bag be necessary?

If the female FDC connection will not spin freely Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the double male adapter when used with the FDC?

To create a properly operating female swivel Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is specifically designed to remove stubborn Knox FDC locking caps?

Knox key wrench Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended practice regarding the capping of the FDC?

Attach supply lines to both sides from the start Signup and view all the answers

What is the bursting pressure of the high-pressure FDC hose?

1800 PSI Signup and view all the answers

How does using webbing with hose lines benefit firefighting operations?

It alleviates excessive vibrations from high pump pressures Signup and view all the answers

What weight does the Elkhart Brass 2 ½” gate valve model X86A have?

5.5 lbs Signup and view all the answers

What does the inline pressure gauge model 228A allow for in operation?

Reading pressure after the elbow in the hose line Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of bleeding water from the drain valve in the stairwell?

It limits water damage Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does the 18” pipe wrench utilize when opening a difficult standpipe valve?

Torque Signup and view all the answers

When should the Elkhart Brass 2 ½” high-rise drain elbow be installed?

Before the inline pressure gauge Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct final configuration of the pack when assembling it?

The pack should be 56” long with the female coupling at one end. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of keeping the coupling away from the center of the pack?

To facilitate easy bending over the firefighter's shoulder. Signup and view all the answers

Which equipment is required to assemble the Twin Donut roll?

A 50’ section of 2 ½” hose and one Velcro strap. Signup and view all the answers

In the Single Stack assembly, how should the first fold be made?

At one of the 56” markers while keeping the hose doubled. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended operation limit for the pressure and flow of the RAM XD?

Must not exceed 500 GPM and/or 150 psi. Signup and view all the answers

Why should all straps be oriented in the same direction when securing the pack?

To facilitate easier removal of the straps. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with the Velcro strap when completing the Twin Donut roll?

The Velcro strap should secure the rolls near the couplings. Signup and view all the answers

What should the final product of the Single Stack assembly allow for?

Being compact enough for smaller compartments of older engines. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the upper and lower pivot points in the RAM XD's active safety system?

To prevent accidental opening and stabilize the device. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the 1-3/8” deluge tip?

It flows 505 GPM at 80 psi NP. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of placing the inline pressure gauge after the elbow?

To reduce turbulence before reaching the gauge Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if the standpipe valve is completely open but the gauge shows inadequate pressure?

Remove or adjust the PRD/PRV Signup and view all the answers

When using assorted fittings, which fitting is used if only a 1.5” standpipe connection is available?

1.5” to 2.5” increaser Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of door chocks/wedges in high-rise firefighting operations?

To hold doors open while maximizing airflow Signup and view all the answers

What tool is used to remove the caps if Knox caps are utilized on the standpipe connection?

Knox key wrench Signup and view all the answers

What is the weight of the total high-rise hose pack described?

55.5 lbs Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to increase the standpipe outlet pressure when using a Zurn PRV?

Tighten the field adjustment nut Signup and view all the answers

Which nozzle is recommended for high-rise applications?

2 ½” Elkhart DB-375-GAT with a 1 1/16” tip Signup and view all the answers

What is the service pressure for the 2” Mercedes textiles—Krakenexo hose?

400 lbs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of reducing to a smaller handline after fire extinguishment?

Increases mobility while reducing water damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of gaskets during high-rise firefighting operations?

To ensure a watertight seal and prevent leaks Signup and view all the answers

What pressure can the 2 ½” Mercedes textiles—Krakenexo hose withstand before bursting?

1,500 lbs Signup and view all the answers

What tool should be used to pry off orifice plates in high-rise systems?

Straight screwdriver Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the bundled tubular construction method used in high-rises like the Willis Tower?

The exterior framing provides strength against lateral loads. Signup and view all the answers

Which material is notably used in the center core of fourth generation high-rises like the Freedom Tower?

Reinforced concrete Signup and view all the answers

What type of response is classified as Fire Alarm 'High-Rise' (FAH)?

Responses to buildings greater than six stories. Signup and view all the answers

Which construction style is primarily associated with high-rise buildings built post-9/11?

Fourth generation high-rise construction Signup and view all the answers

Which group would typically be the first to organize upon arrival at a high-rise incident?

Incident Command staff Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'stayed mast' refer to in modern high-rise construction?

A structural system that provides additional stability. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Fire Attack Group need to understand upon arrival at a high-rise incident?

Equipment requirements pertinent to high-rise operations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the goal of fortifying stairway and elevator enclosures in fourth generation high-rises?

To create more effective refuge areas for occupants. Signup and view all the answers

How did the high-rise committee aim to address staffing needs for high-rise operations during their 2016 SOP update?

By beefing up the initial and working fire response assignments. Signup and view all the answers

In high-rise fire scenarios, the Lobby Control/Systems Group is responsible for which of the following?

Coordinating resources upon incident arrival. Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum nozzle angle at which the monitor can operate unmanned?

30° Signup and view all the answers

What factor must be considered when using the Mercury Quick Attack Monitor for high-rise operations?

The nozzle must not exceed 55 psi for certain tips. Signup and view all the answers

What does NFPA 14 require for buildings constructed post-1993 regarding standpipe systems?

100 PSI residual pressure at the most remote outlet. Signup and view all the answers

The hydraulic effect of the monitor system activates at approximately how many GPM?

350 GPM Signup and view all the answers

What is the friction loss through the Mercury Quick Attack Monitor at a flow rate of 500 GPM?

6 PSI Signup and view all the answers

Which hoseline can be connected to the end of the 1-1/4” stacked tip after initial knockdown?

1-3/4” hoseline Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with the stream straightener when using the MQA for high-rise operations?

It should be removed to avoid blockages. Signup and view all the answers

How does a pressure reducing valve (PRV) differ from a pressure restricting device (PRD)?

PRDs only reduce pressure when flowing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using the Mercury Quick Attack Monitor in open area floor plans?

Ability to handle advanced fire loads effectively. Signup and view all the answers

According to NFPA 101, what defines a high-rise building?

Buildings greater than 75 feet in height. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV) in a standpipe system?

To regulate outlet pressure under flowing conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of both PRDs and PRVs?

They both manage pressure within systems. Signup and view all the answers

What construction material was predominantly used for first generation high-rises?

Brick or stone Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a pump operator supplies a lower pressure than what the building’s fire pump was discharging?

Insufficient pressure will reach fire attack teams Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for having triple stacked tips on the MQA?

To provide options for different GPM at varying pressures. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with second generation high-rises?

Use of fire resistive assemblies Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is true about Pressure Restricting Devices (PRDs)?

They can be removed or defeated easily Signup and view all the answers

When were third generation high-rises primarily constructed?

1945-1965 Signup and view all the answers

How do Pressure Reducing Valves compensate for changes in inlet pressure?

By balancing water pressure against a spring Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to identify factory preset non-adjustable PRVs early in high-rise operations?

To avoid potential over-pressurization scenarios. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options best describes the operational capability of the nozzle when intersecting with the lower pivot point?

The nozzle can rotate upward and downward. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant design feature of the Monadnock Building?

Six-foot thick base walls Signup and view all the answers

What type of device commonly indicates it is a Pressure Reducing Valve?

A smooth stem inside the valve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structural innovation introduced in third generation high-rises?

Core type construction with lighter materials Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main components that makes up the internal structure of a mechanical pressure restricting device?

Overlapping holes that restrict water flow Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following identifies the use case for removable clip designs in standpipe valves?

To limit valve opening and reduce pressure in flowing conditions Signup and view all the answers

What type of building was 65 South Front Street originally known as?

Thomas J. Moyer Ohio Judicial Center Signup and view all the answers

What construction method characterized the second generation of high-rises?

Masonry enclosures for structural members Signup and view all the answers

In standpipes with internal pressures exceeding 175 psi, which device is typically used?

Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV) Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of third generation high-rise ventilation systems?

Difficulty in achieving effective airflow Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a mechanical pressure restricting device needs to be removed?

Unscrew it from the standpipe outlet threads Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of a factory pre-set non-adjustable pressure reducing valve?

Its pressure characteristics are pre-set at the factory. Signup and view all the answers

What type of PRD design allows easy removal and can be broken without causing damage?

Removable Clip Design Signup and view all the answers

Which high-rise structure completed in 1927 was known for being one of the tallest at its time?

LeVeque Tower Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do PRVs typically use to adjust outlet pressure?

A factory preset setting Signup and view all the answers

Which building type primarily employed horizontal and vertical circulation strategies in their design?

Second generation high-rises Signup and view all the answers

What can potentially happen if a factory pre-set valve is installed on the wrong floor?

Inadequate pressure output will result. Signup and view all the answers

Which identifying feature indicates that a valve is a pressure-reducing valve?

A smooth stem inside the valve. Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that a valve is not a Pressure Reducing Valve?

It has a threaded stem Signup and view all the answers

Why might the orifice plate cause damage during operation?

It does not compensate for pressure changes Signup and view all the answers

How are firefighters able to increase the outlet pressure of a Giacomini pressure reducing valve?

By inserting a 3/8” adjustment rod and rotating clockwise. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended tip size for high-rise applications?

1 1/16” tip Signup and view all the answers

What tool is needed to remove the set screw on the Urfa pressure reducing valve for adjustment?

A hex security wrench. Signup and view all the answers

What action is not recommended when dealing with a mechanical pressure restricting device?

Attempting to adjust the device manually Signup and view all the answers

What is the nozzle reaction for a 1 1/16” tip with a standpipe discharge pressure of 50 PSI and hose length of 150’?

87 lbs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Zurn pressure reducing valve?

A threaded stem for adjustments. Signup and view all the answers

When using the 15/16” tip instead of the 1 1/16” tip, what trade-off occurs?

Loss of GPM Signup and view all the answers

What is required to adjust the output pressure of the Zurn pressure reducing valve?

A ratchet and a 1 1/16 inch deep well socket. Signup and view all the answers

What is the required standpipe pressure for a 200’ hose stretch when one 50’ section of 2” is added?

105 PSI Signup and view all the answers

What physical characteristic differentiates the Giacomini valve from other types of valves?

A large valve with an exposed adjustment barrel. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an issue that fire attack crews may face with a standpipe system?

Improperly set pressure reducing valve Signup and view all the answers

What diameter sections of hose are typically used for a 2” pack assembly?

Two 50’ sections Signup and view all the answers

For which purpose is the field adjustment feature of pressure reducing valves primarily designed?

To overcome installation or maintenance issues affecting pressure. Signup and view all the answers

How is the Urfa valve's adjustment barrel controlled for changing the outlet pressure?

Using a pin and hex wrench to change set screws. Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters do if they experience low discharge pressures from the standpipe?

Use the standpipe outlet on the next floor down Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the pressure characteristics of factory pre-set pressure reducing valves?

They can be adjusted during operation. Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of the 1 1/16” nozzle allows it to be effectively used in high-rise fire applications?

Lightweight aluminum construction Signup and view all the answers

What type of identification indicates that a valve is equipped for field adjustment?

Adjustment instructions printed on the valve body. Signup and view all the answers

What length should the high-rise pack be made to fit in the designated engine compartment?

56 inches Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential tool required for adjusting the outlet pressure of the Zurn pressure reducing valve?

Pipe wrench. Signup and view all the answers

What is the friction loss for a 150’ run at 50 PSI using a 1 1/16” tip?

37 PSI Signup and view all the answers

How should the couplings be positioned when building the hose pack?

Female coupling near the end of the stack Signup and view all the answers

When utilizing a choker tip, which consideration has to be factored for effectiveness?

Sufficient GPM for the fire conditions Signup and view all the answers

What can result from nozzle pressures lower than 50 PSI during firefighting?

Ineffective fire stream Signup and view all the answers

What is the flow rate in GPM for a 1 1/16” tip at a standpipe discharge pressure of 30 PSI with a hose length of 150’?

180 GPM Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial group responsible for firefighting in a high-rise incident?

Fire Attack Group Signup and view all the answers

Which group is primarily responsible for search and rescue operations in a high-rise fire?

USE Group Signup and view all the answers

What equipment is NOT part of the Engine Companies' complement?

Pike poles Signup and view all the answers

What should the Lobby Control Group establish upon arrival?

Accountability for all personnel Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the first priority for the USE Group's search order?

Attack Stairwell Signup and view all the answers

How many firefighters are designated to the Fire Attack Group during daylight hours?

Seven Signup and view all the answers

What role is designated to the engine officer in the Fire Attack Group?

In-charge of operations Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the Ladder Companies' equipment complement?

Forcible entry tools Signup and view all the answers

What must the second engine provide for forward accountability?

Small status board Signup and view all the answers

What is a responsibility of the Ladder recons in the Fire Attack Group?

Designate stairwells for attack and evacuation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tools should be included in the UP Group's equipment?

Gas monitors Signup and view all the answers

What is the first task of the Lobby Control Group upon arrival?

Place their small status board in the lobby Signup and view all the answers

Which group does NOT perform ventilation as part of their responsibilities?

Lobby Control Group Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym TIC stand for in the context of firefighting equipment?

Thermal Imaging Camera Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the medical group at a high-rise incident?

Providing victim care Signup and view all the answers

Where should the Casualty Collection Point (CCP) be established?

At least two floors below the fire floor Signup and view all the answers

What equipment is NOT part of the RIT group complement?

Full PPE and SCBA Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Incident Commander?

To assign talk groups and lay out the incident action plan Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential for the RIT group to function effectively during an incident?

Multiple radios for communication Signup and view all the answers

What equipment does the medical group need to have on hand?

All EMS equipment, including cots and monitors Signup and view all the answers

Which individual has the overall command of the scene during a high-rise incident?

Incident Commander Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the passports for each group during a high-rise incident?

To ensure accountability of personnel Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal when operating with a 2" hose during an advance?

To keep the nozzle fully open and flowing Signup and view all the answers

How should team members communicate during the advancement phase?

Using distances to relay how far to move forward Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters do if they become fatigued during the hose advance?

Gate the bale down halfway to reduce nozzle reaction Signup and view all the answers

What must the backup firefighter do when the nozzle is fully opened at the next position?

Transition from a moving position to a bracing position Signup and view all the answers

During what phase of operation should team members pre-load hose?

While the nozzle is moving forward Signup and view all the answers

What are some scenarios where the hybrid hose package may not suffice?

Fully involved commercial high-rises with open floor plans Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical action to take when moving upward through an attack stairwell?

Clear the stairwell of civilians and chock the door open Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters do at every position after advancing the hose?

Ensure the back-up knows they will fully open the nozzle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the third engine in the Lobby Control Group?

Establish lobby accountability Signup and view all the answers

What action should firefighters take when loading into the elevator?

Back into the elevator cars Signup and view all the answers

Which elevator choice is recommended during a fire situation?

One that does not service the fire floor Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for transporting crews in high-rise fires?

Assigning a firefighter to operate the elevator Signup and view all the answers

When inspecting the Fire Department Connection (FDC), what should the driver do first?

Inspect the FDC plugs and swivel Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if debris is found inside the FDC during inspection?

Remove it using McGill forceps or needle nose pliers Signup and view all the answers

In the event of low-pressure situations, which firefighter's findings are critical?

The firefighter checking the fire pump's discharge pressure Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to remove all FDC plugs before pumping water?

To prevent pressure buildup on the remaining plugs Signup and view all the answers

What equipment should be maintained contact with for technical expertise during the fire operation?

The building engineer Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the spanner used in high-rise fire operations?

To tighten connections securely Signup and view all the answers

What does the engine driver need to connect to the FDC after locating it?

A high-pressure hose and a short section of 5” hose Signup and view all the answers

How should the firefighter assigned to operate the elevator be equipped?

In full PPE and SCBA Signup and view all the answers

What controls can the building engineer assist with during fire operations?

Vent, electrical, and gas systems Signup and view all the answers

What happens when firefighters open the FDC’s internal clappers during an operation?

It prevents the building’s water supply from contaminating the domestic water system. Signup and view all the answers

Which method can be used if the FDC is damaged or inaccessible?

Performing a well stretch. Signup and view all the answers

What might prevent the use of a first-floor standpipe outlet as an inlet?

If it has a Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV). Signup and view all the answers

When supplying water through a test head discharge, what allows water to flow properly?

The OS&Y valve on the discharge side of the fire pump must be opened. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when using an elevated waterway?

The aerial ladder must be within reach of the fire. Signup and view all the answers

In what situation would the first arriving medic crew be used to assist the Lobby Control Group?

If no victims are present or expected. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the first EMS supervisor to arrive at an incident?

To establish the Medical Group/Branch for EMS management. Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of establishing a lobby command post at a high-rise incident?

It provides access to the building's inside communications equipment. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Digital Vehicular Repeater System (DVRS) assist with during high-rise operations?

Overcoming communication difficulties within high-rise incidents. Signup and view all the answers

What is the drawback of using a lobby command post?

It limits visibility of the exterior operations. Signup and view all the answers

What type of fittings are needed when connecting a high pressure FDC hose to test head discharges?

Double female adapters. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key component of establishing an effective Medical Group during a high-rise incident?

Fire hoses. Signup and view all the answers

What should a firefighter ensure before performing a well stretch?

The supply line is tied off to prevent falling. Signup and view all the answers

What does the command post location depend on during high-rise operations?

The Incident Commander’s discretion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first action the Fire Attack Group should take upon arrival at a high-rise incident?

Locate the Fire Control Room Signup and view all the answers

Under which circumstance should crews opt to use stairs instead of elevators?

The fire floor is more than five floors above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Phase II elevator operations?

Manually control the elevator car by firefighters Signup and view all the answers

What is one key check that should be performed during elevator operations to ensure safety?

Stop every five floors to check door functions Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters do with the elevator keys after exiting the car?

Leave them in the car's key slot Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key requirement for using elevators during a high-rise incident?

Elevators must have firefighter recall function Signup and view all the answers

What is a safety consideration during elevator operations in a high-rise rescue?

Limit the number of firefighters in one car to eight Signup and view all the answers

How should parking for responding units be coordinated during a high-rise incident?

In designated staging areas per SOP Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if the Phase II firefighter helmet light is flashing during elevator operation?

Move to the staircase instead Signup and view all the answers

What should the FDC engine do if the building’s fire system is inadequate during operations?

Increase pump pressure to overtake the building’s system pressure Signup and view all the answers

Upon determining the fire floor, which step should be taken next?

Check if the fire floor is accessible Signup and view all the answers

What is the required residual pressure at the most remote outlet from pre-1993 buildings while flowing 500 GPM?

65 PSI Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to visualize the shaftway during elevator operations?

To check for smoke or water in the shaft Signup and view all the answers

During a high-rise operation, what should be performed before the final elevator stop?

Locate the stairs and prepare to walk up Signup and view all the answers

When should the FDC engine start pumping into a dry system?

Immediately Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that the pump operator has started moving water into the building from the FDC?

Flowmeter begins reading flow Signup and view all the answers

What should be the focus when utilizing an elevator for fire attack in a high-rise?

Ensuring proper elevator discipline during operations Signup and view all the answers

What pressure should the FDC engine supply to the building if the fire pump is not running?

Pressure required at the top floor Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes a consequence of supplying a lower pressure than the building’s fire pump?

Inadequate pressure needed by the fire attack teams Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to determine the building's fire pump pressure under non-emergency conditions?

Inspect the pump room Signup and view all the answers

What is the generic pump discharge pressure required for a dry system?

High-rise hose pack operating pressure plus elevation and appliances Signup and view all the answers

What does the FDC engine do when the building's fire pump is functioning properly?

Standby at idle while recirculating water Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for pump operators to understand when operating with fire pumps with PRVs?

They must know the required top floor pressure Signup and view all the answers

How can the pump operator confirm flow when the flowmeter is malfunctioning?

By observing pressure drops on the master intake gauge Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if it's unclear what pressure the building’s fire pump is providing?

Determine what pressure is needed at the highest point Signup and view all the answers

What equipment should be used to check if the building's fire pump is running during operations?

A member from the Lobby Control Group Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the DVRS in a firefighting operation?

To boost and relay signals to the nearest radio tower Signup and view all the answers

In which mode does the DVRS function as a line-of-sight function?

Local Mode Signup and view all the answers

What channel should be set on the DVRS for a second vehicle during large incidents?

B5 7TAC51 DVRS Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with the directional magnetic antenna when using the DVRS?

Place it on top of the car facing toward the incident. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the resource floor in high-rise operations?

To stage firefighting equipment and crews Signup and view all the answers

How far below the fire floor is the resource floor located?

Two floors below Signup and view all the answers

What does the Casualty Collection Point (CCP) do during high-rise firefighting operations?

Is where victims are triaged and treated Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters discuss with their Battalion Chiefs regarding Mayday situations on a DVRS channel?

The 'Stay' and 'Change' talkgroups Signup and view all the answers

When should the ladder company clear the stairwell during operations?

After civilians are removed Signup and view all the answers

What is an important initial action for the Fire Attack Group upon arriving at the floor below the fire?

Conduct forward accountability Signup and view all the answers

What equipment is typically stored on the resource floor for firefighting operations?

SCBA bottles and hose packs Signup and view all the answers

What communication method is used for the Fire Attack Group to announce the attack stairwell and evacuation stairwell?

Radio messages Signup and view all the answers

What resource is assigned to monitor the rehab area during firefighting operations?

The EMS Supervisor Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended practice if two DVRS units operate on the same frequency within two miles of each other?

One will go inactive Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of conducting a recon on the floor below the fire?

To find alternate stairwells if needed Signup and view all the answers

How are residential high-rise floor layouts typically structured compared to commercial high-rises?

They utilize common building utilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Nozzle Firefighter in the Fire Attack Group?

To unpack and prepare the hose for the stretch Signup and view all the answers

What potential problem arises from using a factory pre-set non-adjustable Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV)?

Pressure levels cannot be increased Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to confirm the type of Pressure Reducing Device (PRD) present during a standpipe hookup?

To ensure firefighter safety Signup and view all the answers

Which team position is responsible for opening and chocking the door during the fire attack process?

Door Firefighter 2 Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics of commercial high-rise layouts typically lead to challenges in fire progression?

Open space designs with cubicles Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a pressure reducing valve is set too low?

There might not be enough pressure for effective fire streams Signup and view all the answers

Which description best fits the Field Adjustable Valve during fire operations?

Can be adjusted anytime without consequences after hook up Signup and view all the answers

What is a key structural difference between residential and commercial high-rises?

Residential high-rises utilize common utilities Signup and view all the answers

In planning a fire attack in a residential high-rise, which understanding aids firefighters in estimating distances?

Knowledge of room number sequences Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of the layout in residential high-rise buildings?

Compartmentalization with a center hallway Signup and view all the answers

What critical action should be taken if a valve on the floor below the fire is inadequate?

Trying another valve two floors below Signup and view all the answers

Who typically participates in the Fire Attack Group during high-rise operations?

A mix of firefighters based on operational needs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for placing a 2.5” gate valve on the standpipe outlet before flushing the system?

To allow easier operation without using the hand wheel Signup and view all the answers

How long should the flushing process typically last for a 12th floor standpipe?

30 seconds to 1 minute Signup and view all the answers

What condition is specifically mentioned as problematic in dry pipe systems?

Accumulation of non-water debris Signup and view all the answers

Why is it recommended to place the inline pressure gauge after the elbow?

To allow for a more accurate reading by reducing turbulence Signup and view all the answers

What pressure is recommended when flowing water through 200 feet of hose with a 1 1/16” SB nozzle?

105 PSI Signup and view all the answers

What should a firefighter do if there is inadequate pressure at the gauge despite the standpipe valve being fully open?

Increase the pressure at the FDC Signup and view all the answers

When flushing a standpipe system, what primary type of debris should be present in the water?

Scale or rust Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of adding an extra 50’ section of 2” hose in terms of required pressure?

It requires an additional 15 PSI for friction loss Signup and view all the answers

What type of valve is primarily used to control the operation when flushing a standpipe?

Gate valve Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if the water is still flowing after the proper connections and flushing?

Close the gate valve slightly to adjust pressure Signup and view all the answers

What procedure should be followed to prevent breaking the hand wheel on a standpipe valve during operation?

Use the gate valve for adjustments Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason for flushing a standpipe before any connection is made?

To clear any potential debris Signup and view all the answers

How should the hose team prepare before charging the line with water?

Lay out the hose appropriately Signup and view all the answers

What should the firefighter do if unable to achieve desired pressure after communicating with the Fire Attack Group Supervisor?

Shift to a different operational tactic Signup and view all the answers

What advantage does reducing the nozzle tip size provide during firefighting operations?

Improves reach and back pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum GPM that can be delivered by the 1 ¼” Indy Stack tip at a nozzle pressure of 50 PSI?

328 GPM Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using a larger hose diameter in firefighting operations?

Reduces friction loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended cap removal approach during high-rise operations?

Remove stream straighteners from MQA or RAM Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes an appropriate use of the MQA or RAM in firefighting?

Used for commercial fires with open floor plans Signup and view all the answers

What hose length is associated with a nozzle reaction of 121 LBS at a nozzle pressure of 50 PSI using the 1 ¼” tip?

150’ Signup and view all the answers

What must be done to achieve over 240 GPM in high-rise firefighting situations?

Join multiple sections of 2 ½” hose Signup and view all the answers

How can firefighters decrease the friction loss during high-rise operations?

By using larger diameter hoses Signup and view all the answers

At what standpipe discharge pressure should firefighters expect to achieve 328 GPM with a 1 ¼” tip at a hose length of 200’?

95 PSI Signup and view all the answers

What condition worsens in the attack stair as heavy black smoke enters from the fire floor?

Conditions become untenable Signup and view all the answers

What challenge did the crews face when trying to access the elevator banks?

Elevator doors would not close completely Signup and view all the answers

Why did the battalion chief decide to vent the stairwell?

To prevent further smoke accumulation Signup and view all the answers

How did the crews feel upon their arrival at the scene?

Stressed and overwhelmed by the situation Signup and view all the answers

What natural phenomenon was potentially affecting fire operations in the building?

Stack effect of smoke and heat Signup and view all the answers

What was the report regarding tenants in the building during the incident?

Several tenants were missing and presumed trapped Signup and view all the answers

What impact did opening the stairwell door have during the fire response?

It intensified the airflow into the stairs Signup and view all the answers

What was a major factor affecting the crew's ability to fight the fire effectively?

Heavy smoke entering the attack stair Signup and view all the answers

What was the recommended initial action taken by the rescue crew upon reaching the fire floor?

Stretch the first attack line from the standpipe Signup and view all the answers

What was the building's pre-fire plan regarding the north stair?

It mandated that the stair terminates at roof level Signup and view all the answers

Which obstacle did firefighters face in terms of elevator access?

The freight elevator was out of service Signup and view all the answers

What is the described state of the stairway as firefighters continue their ascent?

Smoke and heat levels begin to escalate Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the crews' initial attack when the helicopter arrived?

They maintained their assault on the fire Signup and view all the answers

How did the crews communicate their findings during the emergency?

Through radios to the command chief in the lobby Signup and view all the answers

What role do soffit vents play in the ventilation process of a building?

They pull air into the attic for ventilation. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to warm air in a high-rise building when the interior is heated?

It rises, creating a natural draft. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand the 'reverse stack effect' during fires in high-rises?

It influences smoke movement and firefighter access. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with lobby doors during summer fire operations to mitigate risks?

They should remain closed as much as possible. Signup and view all the answers

What main effect does the temperature/pressure differential have in a high-rise building?

It causes air to flow in and out of available openings. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 'flues' in a high-rise building analogy?

Stairways and elevator shafts. Signup and view all the answers

What can result from elevator banks that are not well sealed?

Enhanced air movement within the building. Signup and view all the answers

Why are revolving doors significant in managing air flow in high-rise buildings?

They conserve cold and warm air during seasons. Signup and view all the answers

What issue can arise if swing doors are locked in a high-rise building?

Compromised safety during evacuations. Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered when the lobby doors of a high-rise building are opened during a fire?

The neutral pressure plane's location and smoke movement. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the 'neutral pressure plane' typically have in fire scenarios?

It represents a balance point for pressure differentials. Signup and view all the answers

When cold air rushes into a building during winter, what happens to the warm air inside?

It rises quickly through the building’s shafts. Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue can arise due to the airflow dynamics in high-rise buildings during firefighting efforts?

Increased difficulty in maintaining firefighter position. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main dangers associated with the downward airflow effect on fire operations?

It draws smoke down below the fire origin. Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential consideration for firefighters when operating a standpipe with inadequate pressure?

Utilize available equipment to create a usable stream Signup and view all the answers

What does the USE Group primarily focus on during a high-rise operation?

Searching for victims in the fire area Signup and view all the answers

Which diameter nozzle provides the highest discharge pressure in the listed nozzle sizes?

1-3/8-inch Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the evacuation stairwell used by the USE Group during operations?

It is used for accessing and uncontested movement to the top floors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for increased air movement in buildings during a temperature differential?

Height of the building and pressure differences Signup and view all the answers

What happens when lobby doors and stair doors are opened in a building during a fire?

Air rushes in and smoke can enter the stairwells Signup and view all the answers

Which factor should firefighters consider when planning to add a second hose line off the same standpipe?

The potential friction loss created by multiple connections Signup and view all the answers

What can happen to evacuees in the stairwell during a fire if the strategy of venting stairs is employed?

They may become trapped in the stairwell Signup and view all the answers

In the initial high-rise fire scenario described, what weather condition impacted the crews' ability to enter the building?

Strong winds pushing against the doors Signup and view all the answers

Which group is primarily responsible for informing the Incident Commander about conditions encountered during high-rise operations?

USE Group Supervisor Signup and view all the answers

Why is it considered poor strategy to use a smoke/fire tower for firefighting attacks?

It causes rapid smoke and fire movement towards the attack stair Signup and view all the answers

What should firefighters do if they find victims while advancing a hose line?

Remove the victims to a designated area below the fire Signup and view all the answers

What effect does carbon monoxide (CO) have in buildings during a fire?

It can spread to upper floors and create toxic environments Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon can occur in tall buildings regarding smoke during a fire?

Smoke rises until it cools and levels off at certain floors Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of high-rise firefighting operations may be influenced by the Stack Effect?

Movement of smoke and heat within the building Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered when using the different sizes of nozzles in high-rise operations?

The available water supply pressure and flow rate Signup and view all the answers

What caused the rapid ascent of smoke to high floors during the 1993 World Trade Center bombing?

The chimney effect due to the bomb's aftermath Signup and view all the answers

How can the stack effect be controlled in a high-rise building during a fire?

By managing the opening and closing of lobby and stairwell doors Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial reason for having extra tips in the standpipe kit during firefighting operations?

To offer variety in stream patterns for tactical advantage Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk related to smoke traveling through elevator shafts?

It can endanger occupants on higher floors Signup and view all the answers

Which group is responsible for providing rehabilitation services to firefighters during high-rise operations?

Rehab Group Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal temperature differential that can lead to significant stack effect in a building?

Over 40 degrees Signup and view all the answers

What is the suggested method for the USE Group when performing searches above the fire floor?

Check the evacuation stairwell following the fire attack group Signup and view all the answers

When scaling a high-rise building, what might firefighters need to consider regarding stairwell design?

Width and accessibility of the stairwells for maneuverability Signup and view all the answers

What unusual circumstance can lead to a 'winter stack effect' in summer?

A sudden drop in outside temperature Signup and view all the answers

Why might fire personnel encounter increased smoke exposure when using standard stair shafts?

The design creates flue-like effects drawing smoke upwards Signup and view all the answers

What can happen to occupants located above the fire floor during a dangerous scenario?

They may be subject to lethal carbon monoxide exposure Signup and view all the answers

What tragic event occurred due to a small open window in a stairwell during a fire in Paris?

It turned the stairwell into a wind tunnel, leading to loss of life Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of a wall-mounted fire department connection (FDC)?

To supply water to the sprinkler system Signup and view all the answers

Which type of FDC allows for greater water volume delivery?

5-inch inlet FDC Signup and view all the answers

In which location might you typically find a hydraulic elevator control room?

In the basement near the elevator entrance Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration for firefighters when interacting with backup generators?

They must know which systems the generators power Signup and view all the answers

What type of building structure is referred to when discussing low-rise buildings in the context of FDCs?

Structures with wide-rise capability Signup and view all the answers

Elevator cars can cause smoke to spread in which manner during an incident?

They can push smoke up and down the shaft Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an automatic transfer switch in backup generator systems?

To start the generator when municipal power fails Signup and view all the answers

What type of FDC is typically used when wall mounting is not feasible?

Post Mount FDC Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of pressurizing stairwells during high-rise fires?

It helps to control air movement and keep smoke out. Signup and view all the answers

Which stair type is the most commonly found in high-rise buildings?

Return Stairs Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue can arise from over-pressurizing stairwells using fire department fans?

It might inhibit people from opening exit stair doors. Signup and view all the answers

What describes the Scissor Stairs in high-rise buildings?

They are installed in pairs divided by a fire rated wall. Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to know whether a building's stairwells terminate at roof level?

It influences the strategy for smoke evacuation. Signup and view all the answers

How do Access Stairs differ from enclosed fire-rated stairs?

They do not require enclosure or fire rating. Signup and view all the answers

What element is crucial for controlling air movement in high-rise fire operations?

Smoke control systems Signup and view all the answers

What does the Full Control Annunciator Panel typically allow firefighters to do?

Make public address announcements. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stairwells is primarily intended for tenant access within a high-rise building?

Access or Convenience Stairs Signup and view all the answers

How does the architectural design of some high-rise buildings affect fire operations?

Some buildings lack accessible roofs. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical consideration regarding the control of elevators during a high-rise fire?

Elevator status needs constant monitoring. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is emphasized for officer training in high-rise fire operations?

Understanding stack effect on airflow Signup and view all the answers

In high-rise firefighting operations, what is an important aspect to note about the building's pre-fire plan?

It should highlight roof accessibility and stairwell terminations. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the draft have on a self-closing door in high-rise buildings during winter?

The draft can prevent the door from closing properly. Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if stairwell doors are left open during a fire evacuation in cold weather?

They can enhance the stack effect, worsening smoke movement. Signup and view all the answers

How does the reverse stack effect in tall buildings impact occupants trying to escape?

It creates negative pressure that hinders door movement. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of maintaining lobby doors open during a fire response?

It may prevent elevator doors from closing due to strong drafts. Signup and view all the answers

During a fire, what reaction can firefighters expect from elevator doors in modern high-rise buildings equipped with pressurization systems?

They will close effortlessly under pressure. Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario can venting stair shafts be counterproductive during a fire?

When it leads to increased smoke conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly influences the rapid upward movement of smoke during cold-weather fires?

The temperature difference between the inside and outside air. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key concerns when propping open stairwell doors during a fire?

It may turn the stairwell into a flue effect for smoke. Signup and view all the answers

What could be a result of broken windows during a fire on the windward side of a building?

They could provide fresh air to feed the fire. Signup and view all the answers

Why is maintaining the integrity of the lobby important during a high-rise fire?

It enhances the risk of smoke filling the ground floors. Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge firefighters may face if lobby stairwell doors are propped open?

It turns the stairwells into pathways for smoke. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the phenomenon occurring in the upper portions of tall buildings play during a fire?

It compresses air and enhances back-pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What must be done to elevator entrance doors during strong drafts in a fire situation?

Secure them temporarily to ensure proper function. Signup and view all the answers

What information can the system provide to firefighters regarding the elevators?

If the elevator is in service or out of service Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of jockey pumps in a fire pump system?

To maintain pressure within the standpipe system Signup and view all the answers

In what situation would a manual dry standpipe system be used?

In cold climates where freezing is a concern Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of automatic wet standpipe systems?

They have water in the riser and piping at all times. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fire department handsets (stairwell phones)?

To provide a backup communication method when radio communication fails Signup and view all the answers

Which class of standpipe system is for fire department use only?

Class 1 Signup and view all the answers

What does the fire pump room house?

Fire pumps and pump controls Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of the smoke control panel?

To monitor the entire fire protection system Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Class 2 standpipe systems from Class 1 systems?

The inclusion of hose connected to an outlet Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the fire pump to activate in the pump control system?

A significant pressure drop Signup and view all the answers

What type of system utilizes both a standpipe system and sprinkler system?

Combination Standpipe and Sprinkler System Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to control fire service recall with elevator systems during an emergency?

To prevent elevators from being used by civilians Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when the elevator bank is 'out of service'?

Elevators are not operational for emergency needs Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pump Operator's FDC Bag

Contains tools for connecting to the FDC, including spanners, adapters, screwdrivers, forceps, caps, a Knox key wrench, a pick tool, gaskets, and webbing.
The bag contents can vary slightly depending on the fire engine.

2 ½” High Pressure FDC Hose

CFD engines carry 200' of 2 ½" high-pressure Mercedes AquaFlow HP hose.
The blue-green hose is rated up to 400 PSI service pressure, 800 PSI proof pressure, and 1800 PSI burst pressure.

High-Rise Standpipe Bag

Contains equipment for connecting to a standpipe, including a gate valve, drain elbow, inline pressure gauge, spanners, PRV adjustment rod, a socket set, a wrench, door chocks, and various fittings and gaskets.
The bag contents can vary slightly depending on the fire engine's first due district.

Elkhart Brass 2 ½" Gate Valve Model X86A

Lightweight aluminum gate valve weighing 5.5 lbs.
Non-rising stem, metal to metal seat, rated up to 175 PSI.
Used to control water flow to the hoseline after the standpipe valve is fully opened.

Elkhart Brass 2 ½" High-Rise Drain Elbow Model 105A

45° drain elbow made of aluminum weighing 2 lbs.
Allows for relief of pressure from the hoseline in case of obstruction, and helps bleed water after operations.

Elkhart Brass 2 ½" Inline Pressure Gauge Model 228A

0-200 PSI phosphorescent air-filled gauge with protective cover.
Used to ensure the proper pressure is set at the standpipe and troubleshoot standpipe issues.

High-Rise Hose Pack

150' long hose pack, consisting of one 50' section of 2 ½" hose and two 50' sections of 2" hose.
Total dry weight of the pack is 55.5 lbs.
The 2 ½" section is orange, the 2" sections are red.

High-Rise Nozzle Tips

Elkhart Brass XD Shutoff with Pistol Grip: Dual drive shutoff with full round metal ball.
Elkhart DB-375-GAT Shutoff: Has a 1 ¼" discharge but should be used with a 1 1/16" tip for high-rise operations.
Elkhart 188 XD Smooth Bore 1 1/16" Tip: Recommended tip for high-rise applications.
Choker Tips: Can be used to gain stream reach and velocity in low-pressure situations, but reduces GPM.

High-Rise Pack Building Procedures

2" Pack: Build a stacked pack with two 50' sections of 2" hose and three straps.
2 ½" Pack: Build a twin donut pack with one 50' section of 2 ½" hose and one strap, or build a single stack pack with one section and three straps.

High Rise Hose Loading

Pack the hose with the male coupling on top
The female coupling should be laid over the male coupling for protection
The pack should be 56” long
Store the pack in the middle compartment of the engine
If packed correctly, the pack can fit into smaller compartments on older engines next to the 2” pack

RAM ELKHART BRASS R.A.M.XD SPECIFICATIONS

Hydraulic stability system harnesses the reaction force to stabilize the RAM
Four fold-out aluminum forged legs with carbide tipped ground spikes
Locking pin holds valve in a closed position to prevent accidental opening
Attached safety strap comes with a storage pouch
2-1/2” inlet and outlet
20 of travel left and right from center
Can be set from 51 to 35 while unmanned
Can be lowered from 35 down to 14 when manned

PRESSURE AND FLOW

Operation is not to exceed 500 GPM and/or 150 psi
Comes with 1-3/8” deluge tip
1-3/8” deluge tip = 505 GPM at 80 psi NP (55 lbs of FL per 100’)
To achieve optimal flow, ensure there is 20 feet of hose in a straight line behind the RAM
9.5 lbs of friction loss within the RAM when flowed at 500 GPM

ACTIVE SAFETY SYSTEM

Upper and lower pivot points create a condition where the reaction force of the water acting upon the upper pivot point (if sufficient enough) will cause the nozzle to rotate upward about the lower pivot point
This produces a self-correcting increase in nozzle angle to protect against possibly dangerous unmanned use of the monitor at nozzle angles less than 35 above horizontal
The hydraulic effect of the system is active at approximately 350 GPM

CONSIDERATIONS FOR HIGH-RISE USE

Advanced fire/heavy fire load
Good for open area floor plans
Unmanned operations
2 ½” or 1 ¾” hoseline can be extended from the RAM after initial knockdown for clean-up and hot spots
Remove stream straightener when using RAM for high rise operations

MERCURY QUICK ATTACK MONITOR/MQA SPECIFICATIONS AND PERFORMANCE

Rated for flows up to 500 GPM
Only 6 PSI friction loss through the unit at 500 GPM
Tip can rotate 20 left or right from center
Can be operated from 60 to 30 when unmanned
Top handle contains a spring loaded mechanism that allows the user to travel down to 20 (will self-adjust back to 30)

PRESSURE AND FLOW

Generally comes with triple stacked tips
1” = 266 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure (15 lbs of FL per 100’)
1-1/8” = 336 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure (25 lbs of FL per 100’)
1-1/4" = 415 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure (38 lbs of FL per 100’)
1-3/8” = 502 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure (55 lbs of FL per 100’)
Some models may have 1-1/2” deluge tip on them
1-1/2” = 496 GPM at 55 psi nozzle pressure (55 lbs of FL per 100’)*
Higher pressures would exceed the GPM rating of the MQA and 2-1/2” hose

TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The MQA has a 2-1/2” inlet and outlet
Most companies will forgo running the 1” tip on the end of the MQA
The 1” tip provides no GPM advantage over an 1-1/8” tip at 50 psi on a handline

CONSIDERATIONS FOR HIGH-RISE USE

Advanced fire/heavy fire load where unmanned operations may be needed
Good for open area floor plans
Excellent option for commercial high-rise fires, but has limited use in residential high-rises
If the MQA is equipped with a stream straightener, remove it for high-rise operations
Hoselines can be extended from the MQA after initial knockdown for clean-up and hot spots
A 1-3/4” hoseline can be connected to the end of the 1-1/4” stacked tip
MQA 2-1/2” outlet allows for a 2-1/2” attack line to be extended off the outlet base of the unit

PRDS VS. PRVS OVERVIEW

PRDs are used in standpipes with internal pressures from 100-175 psi
PRVs are used in standpipes with internal pressures greater than 175 psi
PRDs can be removed, they are usually external components
PRVs have an internal mechanism built into the valve body
PRDs reduce pressure in flowing conditions only
PRVs reduce pressure in static and flowing conditions
PRDs are easily removed or defeated
PRVs are either factory preset non-adjustable valves, or are field adjustable
PRDs do not serve as a one-way check valve
Most PRVs act as a one-way check valve
A threaded stem inside the valve indicates the valve is not a pressure reducing valve
A smooth stem inside the valve indicates the valve is a pressure reducing valve

NFPA STANDARDS OVERVIEW

NFPA 101 defines a high-rise as a building greater than 75 feet in height
NFPA 14 requires that standpipe systems provide 65 PSI of residual pressure at the most remote outlet from the fire pump, while flowing 500 GPM (buildings constructed pre-1993)
NFPA 14 requires that standpipe systems provide 100 PSI of residual pressure at the most remote outlet from the fire pump, while flowing 500 GPM (buildings constructed post-1993)
NFPA 14 requires that excessive pressures in a standpipe system are to be reduced at the outlet to a manageable level
Pressures between 100 PSI and 175 PSI require pressure restricting devices
Pressures over 175 PSI require pressure reducing valves

CFD HIGH RISE DEFINITION

Any building that is 75 feet or greater in height or is out of reach of a CFD aerial or platform is considered a high-rise building

PRESSURE RESTRICTING DEVICES OVERVIEW

Simple external device placed on or into a standpipe outlet valve
Many different designs including orifice plates, mechanical, or limiting devices
Reduce pressures in flowing conditions only
Used in standpipes with internal pressures from 100 – 175 psi
Typically, they are not field adjustable, but can usually be easily broken off or removed

ADJUSTABLE PIN DESIGN

Simple external device that is easily removed or broken
Limits the valve from being opened completely
Only reduces pressure during flowing conditions
Remove using an Allen wrench or break the flange using a Halligan

REMOVABLE CLIP DESIGN

Simple external device
Easily removed
Limits the valve from being opened completely
Reduces pressure during flowing conditions

ORIFICE PLATE

Metal disk with a restricted opening, similar to a large metal washer
Located inside the threaded male outlet of the standpipe valve
Can cause damage to the inner lining of hoses

MECHANICAL PRESSURE RESTRICTING DEVICE

One-piece mechanical device designed to reduce outlet pressure
Similar in size to a double female adapter
Mostly found in older buildings
Has hose threads on both ends
Device threads onto the male outlet of the standpipe valve
Only reduces pressure during flowing conditions
Do not attempt to adjust the device. Simply remove it by unscrewing it from the standpipe outlet threads

FACTORY PRE-SET NON-ADJUSTABLE PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE IDENTIFICATION AND FEATURES

Pressure-reducing valve that has its pressure reducing characteristics pre-set at the factory during the manufacturing process
NON-ADJUSTABLE VALVE, the pressure cannot be changed on the fireground
Specifically designed to be installed on a certain floor of the building
If valve is installed on the wrong floor, it will result in inadequate pressure output
Early identification of these valves is vital to allow firefighters time to consider other water supply options if there is inadequate pressure at the valve
Valve is identified by a large ring at the top of the valve body; may have a label on the valve indicating it is a pressure-reducing valve
A smooth stem typically indicates a pressure-reducing valve; a threaded stem typically indicates a standard hose valve

GIACOMINI PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE IDENTIFICATION AND FEATURES

Large valve with exposed adjustment barrel
Valve body made of casted bronze
Field adjustable
Adjustment instructions printed on valve body
4 holes in adjustment barrel for adjustment rod usage
2 ½ inch male outlet connection

FIELD ADJUSTMENT

Allows firefighters to overcome valve installation or maintenance problems that cause inadequate pressure at the valve outlet
Requires a 3/8” metal adjustment rod
Rotate adjustment rod clockwise to increase standpipe outlet pressure, or counterclockwise to decrease outlet pressure
Rotation of adjustment barrel requires 75 pounds of force
Numbers etched into the adjustment barrel refer to approximate PSI at zero flow.

URFA PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE IDENTIFICATION AND FEATURES

Similar in appearance to Giacomini valve
Large field adjustable valve with adjustment barrel covered by Lexan anti-tamper shield
Adjustment instructions printed on anti-tamper shield
Holes in adjustment barrel for adjustment rod use
2 ½ inch male outlet connection

FIELD ADJUSTMENT

Allows firefighters to overcome valve installation or maintenance problems that cause inadequate pressure at the valve outlet
Requires a T-handle 5/32” pin and hex security wrench, a 3/8” adjustment rod, and a straight screwdriver
Uncover the adjustment holes by either sliding the Lexan shield up out of the way, or rotating the shield until the adjustment hole is accessible through the shield’s slot
Insert 3/8” adjustment rod into exposed hole in adjustment barrel
There are arrows on the Lexan shield showing which direction to turn to increase or decrease pressure
Rotation of adjustment barrel requires approximately 15 pounds of force

ZURN PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE IDENTIFICATION AND FEATURES

Large valve with a long stem
Hand wheel for opening and closing valve
Removable bonnet
2 ½ inch outlet connection
Field adjustable

FIELD ADJUSTMENT

Allows firefighters to overcome valve installation or maintenance problems that cause inadequate pressure at the valve outlet
Requires an 18” pipe wrench and a ratchet with 1 1/16” deep well socket
Open valve by turning hand wheel counter-clockwise
Loosen the upper coupling nut with the 18” pipe wrench
Remove the hand wheel assembly (bonnet)
Insert the 1 1/16” deep well socket onto the adjustment nut
Tighten the adjustment nut to increase the outlet pressure of the valve, or loosen the adjustment nut to decrease the outlet pressure of the valve

High-Rise Building Construction

First generation high-rises were constructed from 1860 to 1920, using heavy load bearing exterior walls of brick or stone.
Second generation high-rises (1930-1940s) introduced protected steel frame construction with fire resistive assemblies and compartmentalization using masonry enclosures.
Third generation high-rises (1945-1965) featured lighter weight construction with fire resistive coatings, steel frame with center core, and exterior curtain walls of glass or stone.
Third generation high-rises, also known as "tubular", emerged from the 1960s onwards, focusing on "super tall buildings" with exterior framing strong enough to resist lateral loading.
Fourth generation high-rises (post 2001) prioritize more robust construction, heavily fortified stairways and elevator enclosures for increased occupant safety.

High-Rise Fire Operations

Fire alarm classifications include "A" for single-family residences, "B" for high life hazard occupancies, and "High-Rise" for structures exceeding six stories.
High-rise fire response involves specific groups: Fire Attack, Lobby Control/Systems, USE (Upper Search/Evacuation), RIT, Medical, and Incident Command.
Fire Attack Group focuses on fire suppression, recon, and forcible entry utilizing specific equipment:
- High rise hose pack with 2 1/2" and 2" lines
- 2 1/2" smoothbore nozzle
- Forcible entry tools
- TIC
- Small status boards
- Passports
- Standpipe kit
Lobby Control/Systems Group establishes accountability, locates building systems, and coordinates crew movements with specific equipment:
- Small status board
- ICS 214 forms
- High rise hose pack
- Forcible entry tools
- TIC
- Multi-gas monitor
- Passports
- Standpipe kit
USE Group prioritizes search and rescue based on a specific order defined by SOP 02-03-04.04:
Attack stairwell
Evacuation stairwell
Floor above the fire
Top floor
Elevators
Other Areas
Forcible entry tools
200' search rope
TIC
Gas monitors
Passports
The RIT Group provides backup and support for the Fire Attack Group.

High-Rise Fire Alarm Response

A report of a fire in a high-rise structure typically calls for:
- 4 Engines
- 2 Ladders
- 1 Rescue (and RS-10)
- 2 Battalion Chiefs
- 1 Medic
- 1 EMSO
A working fire assignment adds:
- 2 Engines (ES-2)
- 2 Ladders (ISU-19)
- 1 Medic (SO-2)
- 1 EMSO
- Command-1

High-Rise Incident Command

Incident Command structure includes designated positions for group leaders and Incident Commander.
The Lobby Control/Systems Group supervisor ensures proper accountability, equipment distribution, and control of building systems.
The Incident Commander and Fire Attack Group are responsible for coordinating suppression efforts and rescue operations.
The USE Group reports conditions and assists in victim removal.

RIT Group Responsibilities

RIT Group will expand as the incident expands
RIT Group may be used as a replacement fire attack crew
The RIT Group will perform all RIT functions until assigned differently

Equipment Complement for RIT Engine

High Rise Hose Pack: 50’ of 2 1/2” and 100’ of 2”
2 1/2” smoothbore nozzle with 1 1/16” tip (No stream straighteners)
Forcible entry tools, rope, TIC, radios for all firefighters
Two passports—one for the lobby, one for the forward accountability point
Standpipe kit
Pak Tracker
RIT pack and any special equipment needed for the incident

Medical Group Responsibilities

EMS supervisor is in charge of the medical group
Victim care is the primary function for this group
Set up CCP (Casualty Collection Point) at least two floors below the fire floor
Medic can operate in the lobby or the CCP, two floors below the fire
When operating above the lobby, full PPE is required

Equipment Complement for Medical Group

Full PPE and SCBA
All EMS equipment including the cot and monitor
EMS supervisor’s triage tags and victim accountability equipment
Two passports—one for the lobby, one for the forward accountability point

Incident Command

Fixed command on the exterior of the building (more desirable) or in the lobby
Overall Commander of the scene
Lays out the incident action plan
Assigns talk groups as the incident expands

Second Chief (Forward Area)

Full PPE and SCBA
Large status board
Reports to command post ready to go operate in a forward command area located on the floor below the fire
Supervises the fire and rescue operations in person, and serves as the eyes and ears of the IC

Working Fire Assignment

Working fire crews can be used to backfill the original assignment
Crews can be used to form new groups
Crews can be used to add more staffing to the original groups or divisions

Multiple Alarm Companies

Assignments given by the Incident Commander
Stage in designated area
Passports for when operating in a hazard zone

Fire Attack Group Formation

First two engines and first ladder
Carry all necessary equipment inside
Gather crews near the elevators to be used
Locate the Fire Control Room
Determine the exact location and floor of the fire or alarm
Retrieve keys and swipe cards for all areas
Fire department handsets may be available for use
If the fire floor is five floors or less, crews should use the stairs
If elevators do not have firefighter recall service, crews will use the stairs

Elevator Discipline

Phase I recalls all the cars to the lobby area or the floor of egress
Phase I is activated in the elevator lobby area or in the Fire Control Room
Phase II allows firefighters to completely control the elevator car
During Phase II operation the doors do not automatically open or close
Safety stops need to be used
The first stop is the second floor

Elevator Guidelines

Do not overload the cars
Do not use an elevator if there is no firefighter service or recall function
Do not use freight elevators unless they have firefighter service and you are familiar with the building’s trash collection and removal policy
Do not strand the elevator keys in the car
Stop the elevator at least two floors below the fire or floor of alarm
Firefighters should back into the elevator cars when loading
Choose an elevator that does not service the fire floor if possible

Lobby Control/Systems Operations

The third engine is responsible for Lobby Control
Establish lobby accountability and collect one passport from each crew entering the building
Send a firefighter to the pump room to check if the fire pump is running and determine what the discharge pressure is.
Locate the stairwell access and direct crews when needed
Locate the building engineer and maintain contact for technical expertise
Locate and distribute in house communications equipment
Locate and distribute any master keys.
Maintain and control all building systems when required

Driver Duties/FDC Procedures

The ladder driver will be guided by the scene size-up
Engine drivers will be responsible for locating the FDC and the nearest hydrant
One engine will connect to the hydrant
One engine will make a physical hookup to the FDC

Connecting to the FDC

The engine driver on the FDC has to inspect the FDC prior to hook up and use
Make all hose connections spanner tight.
Once everything is connected and tight, fill the FDC lines with water and remain at idle pressure
Inform the I/C that lines are charged and hydrant supply is established

Pumping the FDC

The building’s system is designed to handle the fire protection workload
Do not pump into the FDC unless the building’s system is inadequate
If it is a dry system (parking garage), start pumping right away
Once Fire Attack Group crews reach the floor below the fire, make the hose connection, and flow their hose line, they will know if the building’s system is adequate for fire attack
If the system is functioning as designed, the FDC engine should standby at idle while recirculating water to dissipate heat in the pump
To take over the pumping duties from the building’s fire pump, the FDC engine will have to pump higher than the building’s system pressure
To know what the building’s system pressure is, some detective work must be done
During high rise fire operations, send a member from the Lobby Control Group to the pump room to check if the building’s fire pump is running and determine what the discharge pressure is
In buildings that have PRVs on the standpipes, it is especially important for the pump operator of the FDC engine to know what pressure the building’s fire pump is providing to the building.

Determining Fire Pump Pressure Using Engine’s Pump Panel

Using the right rear discharge, the pump operator can slowly increase pressure until they see flow in the red numbers on the outlet gauge
Assuming the flowmeter is working and calibrated properly, the meter will begin reading flow once the engine’s pump discharge pressure begins overcoming the building’s fire pump pressure
If the flow meter portion of the gauge does not work, the pump operator can slowly increase pressure until they see a residual pressure drop on their master intake gauge

FDC

Opening the Fire Department Connection (FDC) internal clappers closes a clapper near the fire pump preventing building water supply from contaminating the domestic water system.
Firefighters can take control of the building’s fire system via the check valves/clappers in the FDC
If the FDC is damaged, missing, or fails during use, use the following alternate methods of delivering water to the building:
- Using a first-floor standpipe outlet as an inlet
- Supplying through a test head discharge
- Using an elevated waterway
- Performing a well stretch

First Floor Standpipe Outlet

Attach a large gated wye to the standpipe outlet and connect the high pressure FDC hose to the wye.
This option will not work if the standpipe outlet has a Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV).

Supplying Through a Test Head Discharge

This option is to suppy water through the connection used to test the building's fire pump annually.
Firefighters can differentiate a test head discharge from an FDC by viewing the threads.
A test head discharge has exposed male threads, while an FDC is female.
The Pump operator will connect their high pressure FDC hoses to the pump test head outlets.
Double female adapters are needed to connect the male end of the high pressure hose to the male test head discharges.
A firefighter must open a closed OS&Y valve on the discharge side of the fire pump that lead to the test head discharges to allow water to supply the system through the test head discharges.

Elevated Waterway

An aerial ladder or platform can be used as an elevated waterway.
The fire must be within reach of the aerial device,
This option is only used if no victim rescue is required from the exterior.

Well Stretch

Stretch a supply line up an internal stairwell.
Tie off the line to keep it from falling to the bottom of the stairwell when charged.
Attach an appliance to the supply line.
Stretch the high-rise hose pack from the appliance.

Medical Group Operations

First medic crew to arrive may be utilized to assist the Lobby Control Group.
First medic crew should bring all EMS equipment to the lobby area.
First medic crew should wear full PPE and SCBA.
First EMS Supervisor to arrive should report tot the Incident Commander and establish the Medical Group/Branch.
The EMS Supervisor should manage all aspects of EMS/victim care for the Incident Commander.
The EMS Supervisor should bring all appropriate EMS equipment into the lobby area:
- Triage tags
- EMS Supervisor drug bag
- Lucas device
A separate triage and treatment area should be set up at ground level.

Command Location

The first arriving Battalion Chief takes fixed Command of the incident.
Command post location is flexible.
- An exterior command is desirable, but it is the Incident Commander’s choice.

Lobby Command

Lobby Command allows the Incident Commander to have face-to-face communication with crews as they enter.
Provides direct access to building engineers if available.
Allows access to the building’s in-house communication equipment if needed due to portable radio problems.
A drawback of the lobby command post is the Incident Commander cannot see the exterior of the building to size up progress

Exterior Command

Allows the Incident Commander to visualize the exterior.
Keeps the Incident Commander remote from the lobby chaos and noise.
Gives the Incident Commander access to the command board and multiple base radios for communication.

Digital Vehicular Repeater System (DVRS)

The DVRS is a repeater system carried on SO-2 and BC vehicles.
DVRS can help firefighters overcome some of the communication difficulties presented during high-rise operations.
Acts as a portable radio tower.
The portable radio signal only needs to reach the DVRS in the BC car, rather than the nearest radio tower.
DVRS boosts the signal and relays it to the nearest radio tower.
DVRS has 3 modes: Off, Local Mode, and System Mode.
Local Mode is a line-of-sight function like car-to-car (Direct C).
System Mode is what will be utilized to boost the radio signals.
4 available DVRS channels:
- CFD DVRS.
- 7TAC51 DVRS.
- 7MED65.
- 7MED66.
CFD DVRS and 7TAC51 DVRS are available within zones 1-8 (B1 CFD DVRS, B1 7TAC51 DVRS, B2 CFD DVRS, B2 7TAC51 DVRS, etc.)
If two DVRS units are operating on the same frequency within approximately two miles of each other, one will go inactive.
For large incidentset the second DVRS to 7TAC51.
DVRS is a great option for high-rise buildings where radio signals have trouble getting out.

BC AND SO-2 DVRS Setup

The Battalion Chief must notify all fireground companies they will be switching to DVRS and specify which DVRS channel will be used.
The Battalion Chief places the directional magnetic antenna on top of the car facing toward the incident and turns on the DVRS.

Portable Radios

Rotate the selector knob until the assigned FG DVRS channel is selected.
For example, if assigned fireground channel is B5 FG, select B5 CFD DVRS on the radio.
Once a second vehicle with a DVRS arrives, their DVRS unit can be used to operate a separate DVRS channel if needed (such as B5 7TAC51 DVRS).

Mayday While DVRS is in use

There are no current SOPs dictating how a Mayday will be handled if a DVRS channel is in use.
Firefighters should discuss with their Battalion Chiefs what the “Stay” and “Change” talkgroups will be if a Mayday occurs while companies are operating on a DVRS channel.

Above the Ground Floor

The resource floor is two floors below the fire floor

Arriving at the Resource Floor

All crews riding elevators will exit two floors below the fire floor, onto the resource floor.
The Resource Group will operate on the resource floor.
Extra equipment will be stored on the resource floor:
- SCBA bottles.
- Hose packs and standpipe kits.
- Hand tools.
- Lights, electric cords, and electric fans.
- Search ropes and RIT packs.
The Resource Group Supervisor shall keep a unit activity log (ICS 214).

Staging

Interior crews will stage on the resource floor.
Operations Chief could be located here.
Operations Chief will move between the resource floor and the fire floor

Rehab

Rehab of firefighting crews will happen on the resource floor.
The EMS Supervisor is in-charge of rehab and the Casualty Collection Point (CCP).
One Medic crew will be assigned to rehab

Casualty Collection Point (CCP)

The CCP will be set up on the resource floor.
One Medic crew will be assigned to the CCP.
The USE Group will bring any victims to the CCP.
EMS triage of victims will start at the CCP

The Floor Below the Fire

The Fire Attack Group begins their operation on the floor below the fire.
Forward accountability is also located here.
This is where the second accountability board and second passport are used.

Fire Attack Group

The Fire Attack Group consists of the first two engines and the first ladder.
Engine companies stand-by on the floor below while the ladder recons the fire area.
Ladder company searches for the fire and determines which stairwell is best for fire attack.
- Rope and TICs should be used during the search.
- If victims are found, remove them to the CCP.
- Once the fire is found, tell the engine companies the best location to stretch from.
  - The shortest hose stretch is the best stretch.
  - Engine companies can relocate to another stairwell if it provides better access to the fire location.
Ladder company designates the Attack stairwell and the Evacuation stairwell.
- All companies need to hear this radio message, including the I/C.
Ladder company clears the stairwell above the attack entry point.
Civilians need to be removed from the attack stairwell because the attack stairwell will become a vent point when firefighters advance onto the fire floor.
The USE Group will move victims down the evacuation stairwell.
The USE Group will use the evacuation stairwell as the main avenue of travel for both search and victim removal.
During the ladder company’s recon efforts, a member of one of the engine companies should recon the floor below the fire.
That member should be looking for additional stairwells in case the engine companies need to relocate to a different stairwell

Residential High-rises

In residential high-rises, the floor layout on other floors will be the same as the fire floor.
Residential high-rise buildings are built to utilize common building utilities.
Room numbers and unit features are similar from floor to floor.
Apartment #705 will be directly below apartment #805.
Counting the doors to apartment #705 will give firefighters an idea how far the stretch will be to apartment #805

Commercial High-rises

If the high-rise building is commercial, the floor layout will most likely be different from one floor to the next.
Elevators, stairwells, and utility chases will be the same.
Tenants can outfit their floor however they choose, which creates a different layout from floor to floor.

The Hose Stretch

Once the fire has been located and the Attack stairwell has been designated, it is time for the Fire Attack Group crews to stretch the line and go to work.
The Fire Attack Group should consist of seven to nine firefighters based on the time of day.
- Prior to 2000, seven firefighters.
- After 2000, nine firefighters.

Fire Attack Group Team Positions

Fire Attack Group Supervisor- The IC will designate one of the engine officers to be the supervisor.
- Assigns hose team positions.
- Communicates for the group to the I/C.
- Monitors the conditions and the crew during the fire attack
Nozzle Firefighter- Usually is the firefighter that carried the hose pack up.
- Unpacks the hose and prepares the two halves for the stretch.
- Stretches the nozzle half of the pack.
- Operates the nozzle on the fire floor
Back-up Firefighter- Follows the hose line up, removing kinks and pushing hose to the outside.
- Moves hose from the fire floor stairwell into the fire area.
- Primary job is to absorb the nozzle reaction for the nozzle firefighter
Door Firefighter 1- Assists members with removing kinks and pushing hose to the outside.
- Positions on the landing between floors and moves hose up the stairs onto the fire floor.
- Travels between the floor below and the fire floor moving hose.
Door Firefighter 2- Assists members with removing kinks and pushing hose to the outside.
- Positions on the fire floor landing.
- Usually is a ladder company firefighter.
- Opens and chocks the door for the hose advance.
- Moves hose from the fire floor stairwell into the fire area.
Control Firefighter- Positions at the standpipe outlet.
- Acts as the remote pump operator.
- Operates the hose outlet.
- Flakes out remaining hose on the floor below.

Identify The Standpipe Connection

Identify whether a PRD or PRV is present.
Pressure Reducing Device (PRD)- Firefighters shall remove it if found.
Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV)- The Fire Attack Group Supervisor should be notified.

Factory Pre-Set Non-Adjustable PRV

Firefighters won't know if the valve is set correctly until they complete the entire hookup and water is flowing.
If the valve is improperly set, firefighters may find that there is not enough pressure to achieve an effective fire stream.
At this point, firefighters should try a different valve. If the valve on the floor below the fire is found to be inadequate, firefighters must go two floors below the fire floor and try that valve.
Try a valve in a different stairwell, but using an alternate stairwell for attack would need to be coordinated with Incident Command.
There is no way to increase pressure in a factory pre-set non-adjustable valve.
Whatever pressure is obtained when the valve is fully open is the maximum pressure the valve will be able to supply.
Trying to increase the pressure by having the FDC engine take over for the fire pump and supply more pressure to the standpipe will not work.
The valve will continue to reduce the pressure to the pre-set pressure.

Field Adjustable Valve

If a field adjustable valve is identified, it is easier for firefighters to adjust as needed.
No need to adjust until the hookup is complete and water is flowing.
If there is inadequate flow when setting the pressure, firefighters can then adjust the valve as needed.

Standpipe Appliances

2.5” gate valve should be placed directly on the standpipe outlet prior to flushing the system.
The purpose of the gate valve make the operation easier and take the hand wheel out of play during the operation.
Open the hand wheel on the standpipe fully.
From this point on, all adjustments will be made from the gate valve.
Flush the standpipe and dial in the flow pressure will be accomplished much more efficiently with the gate valve than with the standpipe valve’s hand wheel.
The less the hand wheel is used the better, this means less chance of breaking the hand wheel off and having to open the standpipe with a pipe wrench.

Standpipe Flush

A proper flush of the system must be performed prior to any hookup.
Open the standpipe valve enough to remove any debris from the system.
The water in the system will be nasty!
A 3-5 second flush per floor above the lobby should be performed. For example, the 12th floor would get approximately a 30 second—1 minute flush
The water will clear up some, but the main purpose of the flush is to remove any scale in the system (small pieces of rust inside the pipe).
In a wet system, the only debris that should be present is scale.
Other debris such as bags, gloves, cans, etc. should not be found as there is no place to introduce them into the system.
Firefighters will find such debris in dry pipe systems such as a parking garage.
Dry pipe systems can be a nightmare because of this debris; special caution should be taken.
Flush the dry pipe system longer if needed.

45 ° Elbow with Bleeder Valve

The elbow should be placed on the gate valve.
The elbow is designed to make a gradual turn toward the direction in which the hose line will be placed.
It may be necessary to place the elbow directly on the standpipe in a hose cabinet to provide the clearance needed to hook up the gate valve.

In-Line Pressure Gauge

The in-line pressure gauge should be placed AFTER the elbow whenever possible.
Partially opening the gate valve creates turbulence in the water just after the gate valve.
Placing the inline pressure gauge after the elbow allows the turbulence to be reduced before it reaches the gauge.
This provides a more accurate gauge reading when setting the flow pressure.

Connecting the Hose

Once the standpipe is flushed and appliances are connected, attach the hoseline to the in-line gauge.
Charge the line only after the hose team is ready.
Open the gate valve slowly to fill the hose with water.
Once the hose is full, open the valve completely and prepare to set the pressure.

Setting the Pressure

After the nozzle team opens the line, the control firefighter adjusts the pressure by slowly closing the gate valve.
A 150' hose (50' of 2 1/2” and 100' of 2”) with a 1 1/16” nozzle needs 90 PSI.
Adding an extra 50' of 2 1/2” hose requires 5 PSI more, limiting mobility.
Adding an extra 50' of 2” hose requires 15 PSI more, but offers more mobility.

Troubleshooting Low Pressure

Inform the Fire Attack Group Supervisor if target pressure cannot be achieved.
The supervisor will contact the Incident Commander (I/C) and engines to increase pumping pressure.
If pressure remains low, consider advancing the line as is or using additional lines from another stairwell.
A 2" line, even under-pumped, is still powerful.
Placing a choker tip on the nozzle (1" or 15/16" instead of 1 1/16") reduces flow but improves reach and back pressure.

The Hose Advance

Clear the attack stairwell.
Fully open the nozzle to maximize reach and flow.
Use the stream's power to remove ceiling tiles and sweep away debris.
Communicate distances for hose movement (e.g., 5 or 10 feet) with the team.
Maintain balance and control during movement.
Keep the nozzle open during the advance unless conditions necessitate gating the bale down halfway.
Inform the backup firefighter before fully opening the nozzle at each new position.
The hose team pre-loads hose for the next move during static periods.
Every member advances hose during movement or pre-loads during static periods.
Continue moving and pre-loading until the fire is extinguished, the hose supply is exhausted, or relief crews arrive.

2 1/2” Hose Line Options

A standard hose package may not be sufficient for certain fires (e.g., large commercial fires, wind-driven fires).
Consider using longer stretches of 2 1/2" hose for greater knockdown power.

Stack Effect

Stack effect describes the natural movement of air within a building driven by temperature differentials between the inside and outside air.
Buildings function like chimneys, where hot air rises and cold air descends, creating a natural draft.
Vertical shafts like stairwells, elevator banks, and other shafts act as "flues" within the building's "chimney".
Temperature differences between inside and outside influence the direction and intensity of air movement within the building.

Summer Stack Effect

In warm weather, cool air from the HVAC system moves outward from the building, resulting in a downward draft.
The lobby entrances act as "dampers" for the "chimney", allowing air to move in and out.
When lobby doors are opened, smoke from a fire below the "neutral pressure plane" (typically midway to two-thirds of the building height) can be drawn down from the fire floor through vertical shafts, potentially affecting lower floors.

Winter Stack Effect

In cold weather, cold air enters the building at the base, while warm air inside rises through vertical shafts.
This upward draft is intensified by the larger temperature difference between the internal and external environments, and the building's height and overall pressure fluctuations.
This effect can cause a significant wind-tunnel effect, pulling air and smoke upwards through the building's structure.

Stack Effect

Opening lobby and stairwell doors in a high-rise fire can create a "stack effect," where air rushes into the building and travels upwards through stairwells.
This can turn stairwells into "smoke towers," drawing smoke and fire towards the core area, endangering occupants.
The stack effect is most pronounced in cold weather due to the temperature differential between inside and outside.
Opening doors on the fire floor can create a "venturi effect," turning the stairwell into a wind tunnel, making it difficult to escape.
The stack effect can also prevent elevator doors from closing, impeding firefighter access to upper floors.
The stack effect is crucial to understand in high-rise fire suppression, as it can significantly impact smoke movement and firefighter safety.

Stairwell Types

There are three common stairwell types in high-rise buildings: return stairs, scissor stairs, and access stairs
Return Stairs: The most common type, entering and exiting on the same side of the core.
Scissor Stairs: Installed in pairs, divided by a fire-rated wall, typically a straight run with no mid-landing.
Access Stairs: Designed for multi-floor access by the same tenant, not fire-rated.

Fire Control Room

The Fire Control Room manages the building’s fire protection systems, including alarms, elevators, smoke control, and communication.
Full Control Annunciator Panel: Provides access to the entire building fire protection system.
Remote Fire Panel: Provides information about alarm status.
Elevator Control Panel: Gives information on elevator status and allows firefighters to control fire service recall.
Smoke Control Panel: Controls fire dampers and positive pressure fans in stairwells.
Building Communication Systems: Allow firefighters to give evacuation or shelter-in-place orders to occupants.

Fire Phone Systems

Fire department handsets, or stairwell phones, can be used when radio communication fails.
Handsets can be hardwired or portable.
Fire phone boxes or phone jacks are often located near stairwells.
Fire phone systems are similar to party lines used in the 1940s-1950s.
Portable handsets should be distributed to group supervisors.
One member must be present in the fire control room to activate the system.
Lifting the handset in the control room connects the system.
All members on the line will hear each other.
The location of the call will light up on the system's panel.

Fire Pump Room

The fire pump room is often referred to as the “heart” of the fire protection system.
The fire pump room is often located in the basement, near the fire department connection (FDC), or in a designated pump room.
The fire pump room is connected to the building's domestic water supply system.
Fire pumps deliver water under pressure to the fire protection system.
Fire pumps are powered by electric or diesel motors.
The fire pump room houses:
- Fire pumps (multi-zone systems if required)
- Jockey pumps
- Pump controls

Jockey Pumps

Jockey pumps are designed to maintain pressure within the standpipe system.
The pressure is calculated based on the building's age and height.
Small pressure drops trigger the jockey pump to run.
Large pressure drops trigger the fire pump to run.
Jockey pumps are not designed to move water, they are just designed to handle pressure drops in the system.

Pump Controls

Pump controls monitor the system pressure at all times.
An automatic transfer switch activates the fire pump.
When a significant pressure drop occurs, the automatic controller activates the fire pump.
The controller provides instructions on how to start the fire pump.
The controller has start, stop, and emergency run controls.
The controller also has emergency power disconnects for turning off the pump.

Standpipe Systems

Standpipe systems are classified into three classes:
- Class 1: Fire Department Use Only
  - Uses 2 ½” outlets, located in the stairwell.
- Class 2: Civilian or Occupant Use
  - Uses 1 ½” outlets with 100’ of house hose attached.
  - Located in hallway cabinets.
  - Limited to 100 GPM flow.
  - Hose is often being removed due to poor maintenance.
- Class 3: Combination of Civilian and Fire Department Use
  - Has both 2 ½” and 1 ½” outlets.
  - Located in cabinets in the hallways.
  - May have hose in the cabinet, if it has not already been removed.

Types of Standpipe Systems

Automatic Wet Standpipe System
- Water is present in the riser and piping at all times.
- Ambient temperature must be above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Connected to the building’s fire pump.
Automatic Dry Standpipe System
- Contains pressurized air in the piping.
- Ambient temperature above 40 degrees Fahrenheit in the water room.
- Piping and outlets can be in lower temperatures.
- Connected to the building’s fire pump.
Manual Wet Standpipe System
- Water is present in the riser and piping at all times.
- Ambient temperature must be above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Connected to the domestic water supply (city water pressure).
- No fire pump in the system.
- Requires the fire department to pump the FDC for added pressure.
Manual Dry Standpipe System
- No water in the risers or piping.
- No water supply from the building.
- Requires the fire department to establish a water supply and pump the FDC.
- Found in parking garages and other free standing remote buildings.
Combination Standpipe and Sprinkler System
- Found on automatic wet systems.
- Water for sprinkler piping is taken from the standpipe riser.
- One FDC connection will supply both systems.
- Sprinkler isolation valves are on the riser and are easily found.

Types of Fire Department Connections (FDCs)

Wall Mounted FDC
- Dual inlet or multiple inlet.
- Can be standpipe only, sprinkler only, or combination (standpipe and sprinkler).
- 2 ½” or 5” inlets.
- 2 ½” inlets allow for greater pump pressures.
- 5” inlets allow for greater volume delivery.
Post Mount FDC
- Used when wall mounting is not feasible.
- Can be 2 ½” or 5” inlets.

Elevator Control Room

Elevator control rooms house all the elevator controls.
Firefighters must be familiar with the location and operation of elevator controls.
More detailed information on elevator controls/elevator rescues can be found in the Truck Company Operations Manual.
Location:
- Usually accessed for power shut-off during occupant removal.
- Traction Elevator Control Room:
  - Can be above the hoistways or on the ground floor or basement.
  - Sometimes in a separate penthouse on the roof.
- Hydraulic Elevator Control Room:
  - Can be located in the basement.
  - Also found directly behind the elevator entrance on the lowest floor.
- MRLs (Machine room-less)/Direct Drive:
  - Have all the drive gears built in the hoistway.
  - Newer installs do not have control rooms at all.

Elevator Car Fire Considerations

Elevator shaft smoke detector activation may indicate an elevator motor fire, especially if there is smoke on several floors but no fire.
Elevator cars can push smoke up and down the elevator shaft.

Backup Generators

Backup generators power:
- Emergency lighting
- Fire pumps
- Elevators
- Fire control room
Backup generators are usually diesel powered with a fixed supply of fuel on site.
Backup generators can be found in basements or power supply rooms.
An automatic transfer switch starts the generator when municipal power fails.

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Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

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Test your knowledge on firefighting equipment and tools. This quiz covers various components used by pump operators, including FDC tools and high-pressure hoses. Understand the specifications and uses of the gear involved in firefighting operations.

High Rise company ops

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the spanners found in the pump operator's FDC bag?

Which of the following is NOT included in the minimum complement of equipment in the pump operator's FDC bag?

What should all connections made to both the FDC and the engine ensure?

Which component is referred to when discussing specifications and pressure ratings in high-rise operations?

What is the role of the control firefighter in high-rise operations?

What is meant by 'spanner tight' connections?

What type of hose is associated with high-pressure applications in a high-rise environment?

For which scenario would the double male/female adapters in the FDC bag be necessary?

What is the purpose of the double male adapter when used with the FDC?

Which tool is specifically designed to remove stubborn Knox FDC locking caps?

What is the recommended practice regarding the capping of the FDC?

What is the bursting pressure of the high-pressure FDC hose?

How does using webbing with hose lines benefit firefighting operations?

What weight does the Elkhart Brass 2 ½” gate valve model X86A have?

What does the inline pressure gauge model 228A allow for in operation?

What is the effect of bleeding water from the drain valve in the stairwell?

What mechanism does the 18” pipe wrench utilize when opening a difficult standpipe valve?

When should the Elkhart Brass 2 ½” high-rise drain elbow be installed?

What is the correct final configuration of the pack when assembling it?

What is the purpose of keeping the coupling away from the center of the pack?

Which equipment is required to assemble the Twin Donut roll?

In the Single Stack assembly, how should the first fold be made?

What is the recommended operation limit for the pressure and flow of the RAM XD?

Why should all straps be oriented in the same direction when securing the pack?

What should be done with the Velcro strap when completing the Twin Donut roll?

What should the final product of the Single Stack assembly allow for?

What is the function of the upper and lower pivot points in the RAM XD's active safety system?

Which of the following is true about the 1-3/8” deluge tip?

What is the purpose of placing the inline pressure gauge after the elbow?

What should be done if the standpipe valve is completely open but the gauge shows inadequate pressure?

When using assorted fittings, which fitting is used if only a 1.5” standpipe connection is available?

What is the function of door chocks/wedges in high-rise firefighting operations?

What tool is used to remove the caps if Knox caps are utilized on the standpipe connection?

What is the weight of the total high-rise hose pack described?

What should be done to increase the standpipe outlet pressure when using a Zurn PRV?

Which nozzle is recommended for high-rise applications?

What is the service pressure for the 2” Mercedes textiles—Krakenexo hose?

What is the primary benefit of reducing to a smaller handline after fire extinguishment?

What is the purpose of gaskets during high-rise firefighting operations?

What pressure can the 2 ½” Mercedes textiles—Krakenexo hose withstand before bursting?

What tool should be used to pry off orifice plates in high-rise systems?

What is a characteristic feature of the bundled tubular construction method used in high-rises like the Willis Tower?

Which material is notably used in the center core of fourth generation high-rises like the Freedom Tower?

What type of response is classified as Fire Alarm 'High-Rise' (FAH)?

Which construction style is primarily associated with high-rise buildings built post-9/11?

Which group would typically be the first to organize upon arrival at a high-rise incident?

What does the term 'stayed mast' refer to in modern high-rise construction?

What does the Fire Attack Group need to understand upon arrival at a high-rise incident?

Which of the following describes the goal of fortifying stairway and elevator enclosures in fourth generation high-rises?

How did the high-rise committee aim to address staffing needs for high-rise operations during their 2016 SOP update?

In high-rise fire scenarios, the Lobby Control/Systems Group is responsible for which of the following?

What is the minimum nozzle angle at which the monitor can operate unmanned?

What factor must be considered when using the Mercury Quick Attack Monitor for high-rise operations?

What does NFPA 14 require for buildings constructed post-1993 regarding standpipe systems?

The hydraulic effect of the monitor system activates at approximately how many GPM?

What is the friction loss through the Mercury Quick Attack Monitor at a flow rate of 500 GPM?

Which hoseline can be connected to the end of the 1-1/4” stacked tip after initial knockdown?

What should be done with the stream straightener when using the MQA for high-rise operations?

How does a pressure reducing valve (PRV) differ from a pressure restricting device (PRD)?

What is the primary advantage of using the Mercury Quick Attack Monitor in open area floor plans?

According to NFPA 101, what defines a high-rise building?

What is the primary function of the Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV) in a standpipe system?

What is a common characteristic of both PRDs and PRVs?

What construction material was predominantly used for first generation high-rises?

What happens if a pump operator supplies a lower pressure than what the building’s fire pump was discharging?

What is the reason for having triple stacked tips on the MQA?

Which characteristic is associated with second generation high-rises?

Which of these statements is true about Pressure Restricting Devices (PRDs)?

When were third generation high-rises primarily constructed?

How do Pressure Reducing Valves compensate for changes in inlet pressure?

Why is it important to identify factory preset non-adjustable PRVs early in high-rise operations?

Which of the following options best describes the operational capability of the nozzle when intersecting with the lower pivot point?

What was a significant design feature of the Monadnock Building?

What type of device commonly indicates it is a Pressure Reducing Valve?

Which of the following best describes the structural innovation introduced in third generation high-rises?

What is one of the main components that makes up the internal structure of a mechanical pressure restricting device?