ENGINE OPS STUDY GUIDE
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ENGINE OPS STUDY GUIDE

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Questions and Answers

What is the basic operating pressure of the 904K Piercing Nozzle?

  • 100 psi
  • 150 psi
  • 50 psi (correct)
  • 200 psi

    • Which of the following is NOT a tactical consideration when using the Mercury Quick Attack (MQA)?

  • Water source proximity
  • Deployment speed
  • Weight of the equipment
  • Temperature of the environment (correct)

    • What is the main function of the Bresnan Distributor Fire Extinguishers?

  • To disperse water in multiple directions (correct)
  • To create a fine mist for cooling
  • To secure a tight space for fire suppression
  • To apply foam to large areas

    • Which of the following is not a part of the Elkhart Brass R.A.M.XD Recharging Water Can's features?

    <p>Automatic fill indicator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the UL classification/rating for each extinguisher is incorrect?

    <p>All extinguishers must have the same UL rating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum flow rate for the Elkhart Brass R.A.M.XD during operation?

    <p>500 GPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fire can the Badger WP-61 water can be used for?

    <p>Attic fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable disadvantage of using the 904K piercing nozzle?

    <p>May cause smoke explosions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the mercury quick attack monitor is pumped to 115 psi nozzle pressure?

    <p>It is an option with the 1-1/4” tip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum rated flow for a 1-3/8” tip at 80 psi nozzle pressure?

    <p>502 GPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effective range of the Badger B10V-1 CO2 extinguisher?

    <p>3-8 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Indirect Attack' refer to in fire fighting?

    <p>Converting water to steam to cool the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done prior to filling an Amerex 240 H water can?

    <p>Rinse the unit with clean water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the flow characteristics of the 1-1/8” and 1” tips?

    <p>The 1-1/8” tip offers no GPM advantage over the 1” tip at 50 psi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should the CO2 extinguisher be inspected?

    <p>Yearly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended application rate for Class B Foam when dealing with hydrocarbons such as gasoline or diesel?

    <p>3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors could lead to excessive back pressure in a foam system, causing eductor failure?

    <p>Low pressure at the eductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the assembly of the PRO/PAK, which step must be taken first to ensure proper setup?

    <p>Attach the fire hose to the inlet side of the PRO/PAK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the recommended application rates for polar solvents using Class B Foam?

    <p>6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum pressure required at the PRO/PAK for effective operation?

    <p>40 PSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue with placing stationary vehicles in a median during slick conditions?

    <p>There is limited space with distracted drivers present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice is suggested for enhancing safety while firefighters are on freeway runs?

    <p>Positioning engines behind accidents to create a blocking barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the increased stopping distances for vehicles in slick conditions?

    <p>Lower traction caused by rain, snow, or ice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do State Farm Blockers play at accident scenes on freeways?

    <p>They work with cameras to monitor traffic and create barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of placing the engine behind the medic unit during ALS runs?

    <p>It offers greater protection against passing traffic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which consideration is important during the size-up phase of an accident response?

    <p>Evaluating known hazards and staging of apparatus for crew protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using ladder trucks in freeway responses?

    <p>They provide a substantial barrier for crew protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct nozzle pressure at which smooth bore hand line nozzles are designed to be flowed?

    <p>50 PSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the Elkhart Chief XD nozzle design?

    <p>Integrated smooth bore tips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the minimum flow rate targeted for initial interior residential attack lines?

    <p>150 GPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal orifice size of a nozzle in relation to the diameter of the hose according to the Freeman Principle?

    <p>Less than half the diameter of the hose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of overpumping a hand line?

    <p>Compromised water flow and increased nozzle reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of shutoff is preferred for smooth bore nozzles and produces a tighter stream?

    <p>Full Round Ball</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what nozzle pressure would a 1 1/8" smooth bore nozzle deliver a flow of 266 GPM?

    <p>50 PSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to nozzle reaction as the pressure is increased for automatic nozzles?

    <p>It increases exponentially with flow and pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done to the nozzle after cleaning to ensure proper maintenance?

    <p>Apply a silicone-based lubricant per manufacturer guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During hose advancement, the command 'Fire Room' serves what purpose?

    <p>To indicate that water will soon be applied to the fire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for inspecting the nozzle's bumper and teeth during maintenance?

    <p>To check for any damage and ensure functionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a non-standard maintenance issue for nozzles?

    <p>Gunked-up bearings causing stiff swivels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes the desired approach to hose advancement?

    <p>Patience and controlled movement are important for easier stretching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum rated flow for a 1-1/2” tip at 55 psi nozzle pressure?

    <p>496 GPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which additive can be added to the Amerex 240 H water can to enhance its effectiveness?

    <p>Dish Soap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action if the Amerex 240 H water can is discharged?

    <p>Inspect the pressure gauge daily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the Badger B10V-1 CO2 extinguisher?

    <p>It has a max effective range of 3-8 feet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the discharge time of the Ansul Sentry 10 dry chemical extinguisher characterized?

    <p>21 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common tactical scenario where the Bresnan Distributor could be effectively utilized?

    <p>Managing large vegetation fires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be understood about the active safety system in the R.A.M during operation?

    <p>It prevents backflow during water discharge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical consideration when using the Mercury Quick Attack (MQA)?

    <p>The effectiveness may be compromised in high wind conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of fire extinguishers, what is true about the UL classification?

    <p>It designates the type of fire the extinguisher is suitable for.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the specifications for filling a water can?

    <p>Air should be left in the can to allow for expansion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major disadvantage of using the Elkhart Brass R.A.M.XD during firefighting?

    <p>It may conduct electricity, posing a Class C hazard.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with the operation of the Mercury Quick Attack Monitor (MQA)?

    <p>It utilizes triple stacked tips to enhance flow versatility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of situations would you typically use the 904K piercing nozzle?

    <p>For attic and basement fires requiring structural penetration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary step before placing the Bresnan Distributor in service?

    <p>Ensure the distributor has been fully assembled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum flow rate applicable for the 1-1/4” tip of the Mercury Quick Attack Monitor at 80 psi?

    <p>415 GPM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum length of 1 ¾” hose that can be used between the 125 GPM eductor and the nozzle?

    <p>200 feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which percentage knob setting should be used for Class A operations involving mop-up and overhaul?

    <p>0.1% – 1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for excessive back pressure in foam operations leading to eductor failure?

    <p>Kinks in the hose line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the PRO/PAK assembly, which component is responsible for flow control?

    <p>Twist grip flow control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which recommended application rate is correct for polar solvents when using Class B foam?

    <p>6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for placing an engine company behind an accident on a freeway?

    <p>To create a physical barrier for protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT considered during the size-up phase of an accident response?

    <p>Potential sources of ignition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During slick conditions, which aspect contributes the most to increased stopping distances for vehicles?

    <p>Road surface conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern when pulling a pre-connect off the rear of an engine during freeway responses?

    <p>Exposing crews to oncoming traffic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What essential function do State Farm Blockers serve at freeway accident scenes?

    <p>To monitor traffic and create lane barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of positioning the engine behind the medic unit during ALS runs?

    <p>It minimizes the exposure of the medic unit to passing traffic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is recommended for minimizing traffic risks when responding to a Wires Down run?

    <p>Blocking the roadway from the proper distance away and calling for additional apparatus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the designed flow rate for smooth bore hand line nozzles?

    <p>$50 PSI$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial consideration when sizing up a scene on smaller roads?

    <p>Traffic may move at different speeds and directions, increasing complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nozzle pressure would a 1 1/4” smooth bore nozzle deliver a flow of 328 GPM?

    <p>50 PSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between water flow and nozzle reaction during firefighting?

    <p>Increased water flow directly increases nozzle reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of overpumping a hand line?

    <p>Increased workload on operating crews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nozzle type creates turbulence within smooth bore nozzles and reduces attack stream quality?

    <p>Double Cut Ball</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Freeman Principle, what should NOT be done when selecting a nozzle?

    <p>Make the nozzle orifice greater than the hose diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the Elkhart Brass DB-375-GAT shutoff nozzle?

    <p>Pistol grip design with full round metal ball</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done to the nozzle before entry during hose advancement?

    <p>Check the nozzle and attack package for reach, pressure, and penetration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action required to maintain nozzle function when its swivel becomes stiff?

    <p>Consult with a senior engineer for guidance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During nozzle maintenance, which action is NOT recommended for cleaning the nozzle?

    <p>Use a high-pressure water spray to dislodge dirt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase during hose advancement indicates that the nozzle firefighter has reached the fire room?

    <p>Fire Room</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lubricant is recommended for use on nozzles after cleaning?

    <p>Silicone-based lubricant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    904K Piercing Nozzle

    • Can cover up to 25 feet in all directions.
    • Has a replaceable hardened steel tip.
    • Can be driven in 3.75 inches for full penetration.
    • Flows 175 GPM at 100 PSI.
    • Designed for attic fires, basement fires, confined space fires, and vehicle fires.
    • Can safely extinguish fires in closed spaces and limit structural damage.
    • Advantages: safely extinguishes confined space fires, allows steam expansion to suppress fires, limits structural damage.
    • Disadvantages: may need multiple firefighters to operate, could hit hidden electrical or gas services when driven into buildings, possible smoke explosions when introducing fresh air into confined spaces, limited reach.

    Bresnan Distributor

    • Covers a 36' diameter area when flowing.
    • Has nine outlets ranging in size from .5" to .625".
    • Flows 340 GPM at 50 PSI and 495 GPM at 100 PSI.
    • Primarily used for basement fires, attic fires, and limited access fires.
    • Operation includes inspecting for cleanliness and damage, attaching a hose with a shut-off device, and cutting a hole above the fire.
    • Indirect attack: extinguishing fire using heat absorption to cool the environment. Direct attack: directly applying water to the fire.
    • Advantages: makes job easier for entry team, coarse water droplets absorb more heat.
    • Disadvantages: may conduct electricity, limited stream reach.

    Elkhart Brass R.A.M.XD

    • Has a hydraulic stability system.
    • Has four fold-out aluminum legs with carbide-tipped ground spikes.
    • Locking pin prevents accidental opening.
    • Has 2 ½” inlet and outlet.
    • Can be set from 51 to 35 while unmanned and lowered from 35 to 14 when manned.
    • Pressure and flow: operation not to exceed 500 GPM and/or 150 psi.
    • Active safety system: built-in system with upper and lower pivot points; self-correcting mechanism to protect against dangerous unmanned use.

    Mercury Quick Attack Monitor/MQA

    • Rated for flows up to 500 GPM.
    • Tip can rotate 20 from center.
    • Can be operated from 60 to 30 unmanned and down to 20 when manned.
    • General tip options: 1″ = 266 GPM at 80 PSI, 1-1/8″ = 336 GPM at 80 PSI, 1-1/4″ = 415 GPM at 80 PSI, 1-3/8″ = 502 GPM at 80 PSI, 1-1/2” = 496 GPM at 55 PSI.
    • Tactical considerations: 1” tip offers no GPM advantage over a 1-1/8” tip at 50 PSI on a handline, can be extended from the MQA after initial knockdown for clean-up and hot spots.

    Fire Extinguishers

    • Water Can:
      • UL Classification/Rating: 2A (equivalent to 2.5 gallons of water).
      • Intended for Class A fires.
      • 6 year warranty.
      • 2.5 gallon capacity.
      • Max effective range of 44-55 feet.
    • Dry Chemical Extinguisher:
      • Class A:B:C capabilities. Use caution with electrical equipment and in confined spaces.
      • UL Rating: 10-A:60-B:C (12.5 gallons of water equivalent and coverage of 60 square feet).
      • Contains 10 lbs of extinguishing agent.
      • Max effective range of 19 feet.
    • CO2 Extinguisher:
      • Class B:C capabilities. Ideal for sensitive electrical equipment.
      • UL Rating: 10-B:C (coverage of 10 square feet).
      • No pressure gauge; operating pressure is 850 PSI.
      • Max effective range of 3-8 feet.

    Recharging Water Cans

    • Amerex 240 H Water Can:
      • Always refill after discharge.
      • Depressurize before removing the valve assembly.
      • Remove the valve assembly and pickup tube by unscrewing the collar nut.
      • Rinse the unit with clean water to remove residue.
      • Fill the extinguisher with water until it overflows from the plastic fill tube.
      • Add foam concentrate or dish soap once full.
      • Replace the fill tube and valve assembly; hand-tighten.
      • Pressurize using the Schrader valve to 100 PSI.
    • Badger WP-61:
      • Only filled through the nozzle.
      • Firefighter must hold the fill line on the nozzle to keep it from detaching.
      • Discharge handle must be opened for air to enter.
      • Remember to release the discharge handle before detaching the air hose.

    Foam Reference

    • Types of Foam: Class A Foam and Class B Foam.
    • CFD foam has a nearly unlimited shelf life when stored in sealed containers.
    • Example of Class A Use: ordinary materials, overhaul operations (recommended application rate: .1 - 1%).
    • Example of Class B Use: Fuel spills and vehicle fires (hydrocarbons: 3% application rate; polar solvents: 6% application rate).

    Trouble Shooting Foam Operations

    • Excessive back pressure is the most common cause of eductor failure.
    • Potential causes include a kink in the hose line, nozzle elevated too high, excessive hose length, clogged nozzle or pickup tube, nozzle GPM not matching eductor GPM, inadequate pressure at the eductor, or poor maintenance.

    Task Force Tip PRO/Pak

    • Components: control unit, percentage knob, pull pins, twist grip flow control, tank, outlet hose, straight stream nozzle, low expansion nozzle, medium expansion nozzle, tank fill, cap, and selector wheel.
    • Pressure and flow: Minimum pressure – 40 PSI (7 GPM); maximum pressure – 500 PSI (27 GPM); recommended pressure – 100 PSI (12 GPM).
    • Class A Use: ordinary combustible materials, mop-up and overhaul (recommended percentage knob setting: 0.1% - 1%).
    • Class B Use: fuel spills and vehicle fires (hydrocarbons: 3% knob setting; polar solvents: 6% knob setting).
    • Cleaning after use: Reduce pressure to 100 PSI, remove nozzle and hose, remove pull pins, remove control unit from tank, install cap, flush the unit, reinstall control unit, remove cap.

    Elkhart Brass Inline Eductor

    • Components: Pick Up Tube and Metering Device.
    • Pressure and flow: 200 PSI required at the eductor.
      • 95 GPM eductor used with a SM20-FLP nozzle; max hose length of 400’.
      • 125 GPM eductor used with a SM20-FLP nozzle; max hose length of 200’.
    • Class A Use: ordinary combustible materials, mop-up and overhaul (recommended percentage knob setting: 0.1% - 1%).
    • Class B Use: fuel spills and vehicle fires (hydrocarbons: 3% knob setting; polar solvents: 6% knob setting).
    • Operation: select foam concentrate, place the foam concentrate by the eductor, open concentrate, check compatibility of eductor and nozzle, adjust metering valve to the desired percentage, attach eductor to hose, attach attack line and nozzle to the discharge side, place pick up tube in foam concentrate, and charge the hose line to 200 PSI.

    Apparatus Positioning on Roadways

    • Potential hazards of apparatus positioning on roadways include: driver distraction by conversations, texting, movies, or warning lights on the apparatus, moving traffic, and extricating a patient with traffic rushing by.
    • Goal is to keep all personnel in a safe area, prevent crews from crossing lanes of traffic on foot, and utilize larger trucks as blocking apparatus.
    • Consider location, conditions, caller information, known hazards, and traffic volume when determining apparatus positioning.
    • Road, weather, and driver conditions present multiple challenges: slick conditions (rain, snow, ice) affecting stopping distances, poor visibility, inaccurate reported locations, and increased risk to crews.
    • Law enforcement goal is to get traffic moving; fire service goal is to secure the scene, assess the situation, extricate patients, and package patients before moving vehicles.
    • Medians are not safe, especially with slick conditions and speeding vehicles.
    • Moving vehicles can pose a safety hazard to firefighters.
    • Size-up considerations: location, conditions, caller info, hazards, and traffic volume.

    Freeway Runs

    • Prioritize safety during freeway runs.
    • Engines can be placed behind accidents to act as blockers.
    • Use 200’ 1 ¾” line for greater space between the vehicle and engine.
    • Consider the pump operator's safety and position them ahead of the scene when possible.
    • Rescues can park beside or ahead of the wreckage for easy access to tools and lighting.
    • Battalion Chiefs and EMS/Rescue Supervisors should park ahead of the wreckage when possible to minimize exposure.
    • Don't park a buggy behind an engine due to increased risk.
    • Once positioned for firefighter protection, the engine should remain in place until the scene is safe.
    • State Farm Blockers can provide safety barriers behind CFD apparatus.
    • They create lane barriers with traffic cones and provide towing capabilities.
    • You can contact their dispatchers for location assistance and request their deployment.
    • Ladder trucks can provide protection as an effective buffer zone.
    • Utilize other vehicles such as semi-trucks or large box trucks as barriers when needed.
    • Smaller roads present hazards due to traffic moving in different directions.
    • Positioning can be done similar to freeway responses, but more specific radio instructions will likely be needed.

    EMS Runs

    • Firefighters can often position the engine to protect the medic crew.
    • Placing the engine behind the medic unit offers greater protection from traffic.

    Wires Down Runs

    • They can easily expose crews to traffic.
    • Block the roadway at a safe distance and call for additional apparatus to block from other directions.
    • Position strategically to minimize risk of being hit while checking hydrants.

    Nozzle Overview

    • CFD carries both Elkhart Chief and Chief XD series nozzles.
    • Most engines from 2019 and newer are equipped with Chief XD nozzles.

    Elkhart Chief Nozzle

    • Standard double cut ball shutoff construction, with full round on newer models.
    • 1 ¾” internal shutoff.
    • Most come with integrated smooth bore tips.

    Elkhart Chief XD Nozzle

    • Standard full round ball shutoff construction.
    • 1 ¾” internal shutoff.
    • Laser etched labeling.
    • Does not have integrated tips.
    • Tapered smooth bore tips.

    Nozzle Terminology

    • Nozzle Pressure: The pressure required at the nozzle to achieve the designed flow.
    • Smooth bore hand line nozzles are designed to be flowed at 50 PSI at the nozzle.
    • Nozzle Reaction: The force exerted back at the firefighter from the discharge of water.
    • Flow: Quantity of water measured in gallons per minute (GPM).

    Attack Handline Considerations

    • Target a flow rate of 150 GPM minimum for initial interior residential attack lines.
    • Understand the direct correlation between water flowed and nozzle reaction.
    • The more water flowed, the more reaction is created.
    • Pump nozzles at the appropriate pressures to maintain reach and penetration of the attack stream.

    Freeman Principle – Smooth Bore

    • The orifice of the nozzle should ideally not be greater than half the diameter of the hose.
    • Maintains the optimal exit velocity ensuring adequate reach and penetration for fire attack.

    Smooth Bore Nozzles

    • Options vary depending on the engine’s year of purchase.
    • Designed to operate at 50 PSI nozzle pressure in most cases.
    • Overpumping or underpumping impacts flow and nozzle reaction.

    2 ½” Smooth Bore Nozzles

    • 2 ½” Elkhart Brass XD Shutoff: Newer style found on most engines after 2019.
    • Dual drive shutoff with full round metal ball.
    • Forged aluminum shutoff body and bale handle.
    • Does not have an integrated tip; it is just a shutoff.
    • Elkhart Brass Tip Sizes:
      • 188XD Smooth Bore 1 1/8” Single Tip: Lightweight aluminum construction with orange urethane molded bumper. 266 GPM at 50 PSI NP (98 lbs nozzle reaction).
      • 188XD Smooth Bore 1 3/16” Single Tip: Lightweight aluminum construction with orange urethane molded bumper. Can be pumped at a range of pressures based on desired GPM and nozzle reaction. 265 GPM at 40 PSI NP (85 lbs nozzle reaction). 296 GPM at 50 PSI NP (109 lbs nozzle reaction). 324 GPM at 60 PSI NP (131 lbs nozzle reaction).
    • 2 ½” Elkhart DB-375-GAT Shutoff: Forged aluminum body with pistol grip. 1 ¼” integrated discharge has 328 GPM at 50 PSI NP (121 lbs nozzle reaction). Older style generally found on engines purchased before 2019.
    • Elkhart ST-185-AIFD “Indy Stack”: Indy Stack- 1 1/8” and 1 ¼” stacked tips. Rubber bumper on 1 ¼” tip to protect threads. 1 1/8” tip = 266 GPM at 50 PSI NP. 1 ¼” tip = 328 GPM at 50 PSI NP. Can change tip size to achieve desired GPM.

    Fixed Gallonage/Automatic Nozzles

    • Options vary depending on the year the engine was purchased.
    • Combination nozzles are designed to be operated at a variety of pressures.
    • Overpumping or underpumping has repercussions for flow and nozzle reaction.
    • SM20-FLP/Select-O-Matic: Ratio between nozzle pressure and flow is not a simple 1:1 ratio. More water flowed means greater compression required on the spring. Creates an exponential growth in nozzle reaction and GPM as pressure increases. Pumping trash lines at higher pressures provides limited benefits and creates extreme workloads on operating crews.
    • 160/50, 175/75, 200/75, and 250/50 Combination Nozzles: Flow and nozzle reaction vary at different pressures.

    Nozzle Construction

    • Types of Shutoffs:
      • Double Cut Ball: Designed to allow water flow to assist in opening/closing the nozzle bale. This creates turbulence and reduces attack stream quality. Less of a factor in combination nozzles.
      • Full Round Ball: Creates a smooth discharge orifice producing a tighter stream with less turbulence. Preferred for smooth bore nozzles.
    • Integrated Tips: Key difference between Elkhart Chief and Chief XD nozzles. Identified by a beveled machined edge on the inner face of the nozzle discharge orifice. They create turbulence in the stream when additional tips are screwed on the end.

    Nozzle Maintenance and Checks

    • Monday Checks: Nozzles exposed to dirt, debris, and grime should be cleaned frequently.

      • Inspect for overall cleanliness and defects.
      • Check the bumper and teeth (combination nozzle).
      • Inspect the swivel for free movement.
      • Soak the nozzle in warm water and mild degreaser.
      • Dry the nozzle and use silicone-based lubricant.

    • Additional Maintenance: Grime can gunk up bearings causing nozzles to not swivel. This is not normal station level maintenance and should be referred to a senior engineer.

    Hose Deployment Overview

    • This section is a brief overview of CFD attack line packages and techniques.
    • Deployment packages, techniques, and communication will differ around the city.
    • Basic understanding of position assignments and fundamentals should be universal.
    • This section is not an all-encompassing manual about hose deployment.

    Hose Loads

    • Firefighters must be familiar with the hose loads on their engines and how to deploy them.

    Reviewing the Basics

    • Hose advancement is about teamwork and communication.
    • “Slow is smooth and smooth is fast.”
    • Three phases of hose advancement inside a structure:
      • Moving Up: Used when moving around a pinch point.
      • Fire Room: Used when the nozzle firefighter has reached the fire room.
      • I Need ___ Feet: Used when more hose is needed.
    • Commands are stated out loud by the nozzle firefighter and relayed back by each person on the line.

    Hose Team Positions

    • A - Attack: Nozzle firefighter responsible for pulling and flaking out the hose line. Brings the first 50’ coupling to the door. Checks the nozzle and attack package for reach, pressure, penetration, and usability.
    • B - Backup: Supports the nozzle firefighter. Forces the front door if needed. Sweeps the door’s egress area and checks for LFL (Life – victims, Floor – sweep it).

    Fireground Roles

    • The Nozzle firefighter is the one at the end of the hose line, controlling the water flow.
    • Backup is the firefighter behind the nozzle, ready to take over the hose or provide support.
    • Control firefighter manages the hose line between the backup and the door.
    • Door firefighter is responsible for the hose line outside the structure, ensuring a clear entryway.

    Hose Line Selection Considerations

    • Select the right hose line based on the fire's size and location.
    • Use a 1 ¾” hose line for fires in a single room or up to three rooms.
    • Use two 1 ¾” hose lines or one 2” hose line for fires in more than three rooms.
    • Use a 2 ½” hose line for fires on one floor or more.
    • Consider a 2” or 2 ½” hose line for commercial structures.
    • Use master streams for defensive operations.

    Exponential Engine Theory (Brian Brush)

    • Ensure enough water is available to handle the fire's heat output.
    • Each hose line on the engine should be suited for a different fire size.
    • Increasing the hose line size approximately doubles the GPM available.

    When to Pull a 2 ½” Handline (Andy Fredericks)

    • Use the ADULTS acronym to determine if 2 ½” line should be pulled:
      • Advanced fire on arrival
      • Defensive operations
      • Unable to determine fire size
      • Large, non-compartmentalized areas
      • Tons of water needed
      • Standpipe system operations

    Problem Occupancies (Large, Uncompartmentalized Spaces)

    • Commercial occupancies present unique challenges:
      • Large, uncompartmentalized spaces
      • High fire loads
    • Multi-story residential buildings also pose challenges.

    2" Handline Target Flow

    • Target flow for a 2” hose line: 200-250 GPM.
    • Potential nozzle configurations:
      • Smooth bore with 1” tip—210 GPM at 50 PSI
      • Smooth bore with 1 1/16” tip—240 GPM at 50 PSI
      • 250/50 combination nozzle—250 GPM at 50 PSI
    • Smaller tip (1”) might not provide enough water.
    • Using a 1” tip on a 2” line doesn’t align with standard flow rate recommendations.
    • Higher flows may lead to uncontrollable nozzle, potentially limiting firefighting effectiveness.

    2 ½” Handline Target Flow

    • Target flow for a 2 ½” hose line: 260-328 GPM.
    • Potential nozzle configurations:
      • Smooth bore with 1 1/8” tip—266 GPM at 50 PSI.
      • Smooth bore with 1 3/16” tip—296 GPM at 50 PSI.
      • Smooth bore with 1 ¼” tip—328 GPM at 50 PSI.
    • Flows over 300 GPM generally not recommended for in-building attacks without a fixed position.
    • Combination nozzles have higher exit velocities but smaller droplets are more easily vaporized in a thermal column.

    Deployment

    • Recon is essential for large, open warehouse fires.
    • Deploying 2” and 2 ½” lines efficiently and effectively:
      • Ensure nozzle and coupling are at the point of service.
      • Use an "Attack over Supply" orientation for a larger portion of 50’ of hose.
      • Deploy inline with the expected direction of advance.

    Function: 2" and 2 ½” Lines

    • larger and heavier lines demand a more methodical approach.
    • Start flowing water earlier to gain control.
    • Attack five feet at a time.
    • Nozzle techniques should be adjusted.
      • Aim for 45° from center with larger lines, as opposed to 90° with 1 ¾” hose line.
      • Utilize a sweeping motion at the ceiling level.
    • The larger droplets of smoothbore nozzles travel farther and resist vaporization, making them more efficient for fire penetration.
    • Larger lines are less forgiving due to their weight and size:
      • Preloading is limited.
      • Advance through the building straight ahead most of the time.

    Advantages of Larger Line Weight

    • The extra weight of a 2 ½” line can be helpful by:
      • Reducing the perceived reaction force for the nozzle firefighter.
      • Making the line less susceptible to movement and oscillations.

    Hose Loads

    • Three Common Hose Loads on CFD Engines: Triple Fold, Modified Minuteman (50' bundle), Modified Minuteman (100' bundle)

    Triple Fold

    • Advantages: Quick deployment, simpler to use, fewer moving parts.
    • Disadvantages: Less versatile around obstacles like cars and fences.
    • No shoulder load option: Cannot be easily carried in tight spaces.

    Modified Minuteman (50' Bundle)

    • Advantages: Easier to manage on the shoulder, can split cars more efficiently.
    • Disadvantages: 50' length may not be enough for larger buildings, does not deploy as quickly as a triple fold, more moving parts.

    Modified Minuteman (100' Bundle)

    • Advantages: More versatile around obstacles, shorter dead stack, provides more usable hose near entry point, easier to split cars because more hose is on the shoulder.
    • Disadvantages: Can be difficult to manage on the shoulder, prone to "spaghetti" if not secured properly, does not deploy as quickly as the triple fold, more moving parts.

    Building a 100' Minuteman Bundle

    • Two Steps: Building the 100' bundle section (live stack) and loading the remaining hose (dead stack).

    • Bundle Building: The bundle is built to the approximate size of the hose bed, with markings to designate the nozzle coupling location. The crew folds the hose back and forth on its side, placing loops at the midpoint of each 50' section to aid in deployment. Ensure the coupling is kept at the front of the bundle for easier access.

    • Finishing the Load: After building the 100' bundle, connect the first 50' section to the pump discharge and load the remaining hose in a single straight stack. Place a loop in the stack for easier clearing. Finally, slide the 100' bundle into the opening next to the dead stack and connect the couplings.

    Deploying a Modified Minuteman Load

    • Deployment Techniques: Back Stretch, Forward Stretch, Split Stretch.
    • Important Considerations: Fully commit to the chosen technique, avoid indecisiveness, ensure first 50' coupling does not get caught on obstacles, split the door before entry.

    Back Stretch

    • Method: Place the bundle down, inline, at the point of entry and pull the midpoints of the hose bundles backward away from the structure.
    • Advantages: Quick and efficient in areas where a forward stretch is difficult.
    • Disadvantages: Requires backtracking, making a forward stretch preferable when possible.

    Forward Stretch

    • Method: Place the bundle down, inline, away from the structure, pick up the nozzle and first 50' coupling, and walk forward to the building.
    • Advantages: Minimizes wasted effort, hose follows the firefighter as they advance.
    • Disadvantages: Requires careful bundle placement to avoid backtracking.

    Split Stretch

    • Method: Pull the bundle sections in different directions to flake out the hose line in a restricted area.
    • Advantages: Useful in tight spaces, allows for hose deployment in narrow hallways.
    • Disadvantages: Requires awareness of nozzle and coupling orientation in relation to the door to maintain a usable hose line.

    Estimating the Stretch

    • Importance: Estimating the hose stretch is crucial for efficient fireground operations.
    • Formula: Consider the structure's size, any elevation changes, and the need for hose to pull past the structure.
    • Practice: Utilize EMS runs as an opportunity to practice stretch estimation with the crew.
    • District Knowledge: Preplanning based on commonly encountered lot layouts can improve stretch efficiency.

    Splitting Cars

    • Goal: Maximize usable hose length on the fire side of parked cars.
    • Method: Pull the section of hose closest to the fire, rotate the shoulder load 180°, and carry it between the cars. Pull the loop tight to stretch the excess line and remove it from the street.
    • Two-Firefighter Deployment: The pump operator pulls the loop section, and the nozzle firefighter pulls the shoulder bundle.
    • Importance: Utilizing a 100' bundle is advantageous in districts with tight car parking.

    Splitting the Door

    • Goals: Establish good angles for hose advancement, reduce staffing at the entry point, avoid burying attack lines, organize the fireground, aid RIT crews.
    • Method: Position the hose line to the side of the door opposite the fire's location. Aim for a 45° angle or less to create a workable hose line.
    • Inside vs Outside of the Door: The inside is the 45° closest to the engine, and the outside is the 45° farthest away from the engine.
    • Importance: Proper splitting of the door ensures efficient hose deployment, reduces pinch points, and improves fireground organization.

    Extending a Hose Line

    • There are two basic techniques for extending a hose line: at the truck and at the nozzle.
    • Extending at the truck: the line is broken at the tailboard and a 50’ donut roll is added.
    • Extending at the nozzle: This technique can be accomplished with a 100’ acme pack or by breaking a minuteman shoulder load.
    • Breaking a hose line should not be done in an IDLH atmosphere.

    Garden Stretches

    • Garden Stretches are used to position handlines quickly and efficiently in areas that are out of reach of pre-connected handlines.
    • A garden stretch can be accomplished with a 2 ½” or 3” hose line and a gated wye or water thief.
    • A Garden stretch is commonly used on apartments and townhomes/condos; the initial attack line should be long enough to cover the fire apartment and one apartment adjacent to the fire apartment.
    • It is preferable for the backup line to be supplied by a secondary 2 ½” or 3” trunk line.

    Vertical Stretches

    • Vertical stretch—dropping the bundle down: The 100’ acme pack is carried to the target landing and the female coupling is passed over the edge to the pump operator below.
    • Vertical stretch—hook stretch: The 200’ pre-connected attack line is disconnected at the leader line and used as the attack line with the 3” garden stretch trunk line. The backup firefighter hooks the bale with a pike pole.

    Pump Operations Overview

    • Pump Principles: The fundamentals of pump operation include: water in, water out, maintain pressure, and secure a supply.
    • Gating Down Interior Handlines: Gating down interior handlines is less desirable than gating down exterior lines because of the greater risk to the interior attack crew in the event of a sudden loss in nozzle pressure.
    • Supply engine position: The supply engine should be as close to the hydrant as possible to minimize friction loss and maximize pressure.
    • Engines in Series: Placing engines in series offers redundancy in case of a mechanical failure.
    • 3” vs. 5” Supply Line: A 3” supply line is sufficient for residential incidents, while a 5” supply line is recommended for larger incidents.
    • Master Streams and Tank Water: Be careful when flowing master streams using tank water as the pump boss can switch into “RPM LIMIT MODE” if there is a sudden demand for water.
    • Residual Supply: Understanding the residual pressure on the intake gauge allows the pump operator to know how much water is remaining from the hydrant.
    • Excess Discharge Pressure: Excessive discharge pressure can be dealt with by throttling down, requesting the supply driver to throttle down, placing the supply engine in neutral, dumping excess pressure, or alternating between using tank water and the supply line.

    Piercing Nozzle

    • The 904K piercing nozzle uses a 1.5” National standard threaded connection and a 1.25” diameter shaft
    • It can provide up to 25’ of coverage in all directions, effectively covering 2,500 square feet
    • The piercing nozzle is designed for limited back pressure due to a check mark piping system
    • It features a replaceable hardened steel tip, comprised of 1020 soft alloy steel (10 is iron, 20 is carbon)
    • The nozzle only needs to be driven in 3.75” to achieve full penetration of the sprayer head
    • It features a removable safety strike handle and a replaceable strike plate
    • 24” extensions are available for increased reach
    • The nozzle delivers 175 GPM at 100 PSI
    • It is used for attic fires, basement fires, box truck or semi-truck fires, dumpster fires, car fires, hidden compartment fires, and confined space fires

    Bresnan Distributor

    • The Bresnan Distributor is available in Elkhart Brass and Akron Brass models.
    • The Elkhart Brass model covers a 36’ diameter area and has a 2 ½” female coupling. It is 6.25” long and weighs 7.5 lbs.
    • The Elkhart Brass model has nine outlets ranging in size from .5” to .625” and delivers 340 GPM at 50 PSI and 495 GPM at 100 PSI.
    • The Akron Brass model covers a 14’ diameter area and has a 2 ½” female coupling. It is 5.125” long and weighs 4.5 lbs.
    • The Akron Brass model has nine variable angle orifices -- three 3/8” and six 13/32” — and delivers 250 GPM at 100 PSI.
    • Both models are used for basement fires, attic fires, and limited access fires such as warehouses with high rack storage.
    • Placing the Bresnan Distributor in service requires inspection for cleanliness and damage, attaching a short section of hose with a 2 ½” shut off device, and selecting a location directly above the fire.
    • A hole approximately 12”x12” is cut, and the nozzle is lowered one to two feet below the opening to clear the joist or rafter.
    • It can be used for indirect attack (extinguishing fire by converting water to steam and using heat absorption) or direct attack (applying water directly to the fire).

    Elkhart Brass R.A.M.XD

    • Features a patent-pending hydraulic stability system that harnesses the reaction force to stabilize the R.A.M.
    • Includes four fold-out aluminum forged legs with carbide-tipped ground spikes.
    • Locking pin holds the valve in a closed position to prevent accidental opening.
    • Attached safety strap comes with a storage pouch.
    • Has a 2 ½” inlet and outlet.
    • Has 20 of travel left and right from center.
    • Can be set from 51 to 35 while unmanned.
    • Can be lowered from 35 down to 14 when manned.
    • Operation should not exceed 500 GPM and/or 150 psi.
    • Comes with a 1 3/8” deluge tip.
    • The 1 3/8” deluge tip delivers 505 GPM at 80 psi NP (55 lbs of friction loss per 100’).
    • For optimal flow, ensure there is 20 feet of hose in a straight line behind the R.A.M.
    • The R.A.M. has 9.5 lbs of friction loss when flowed at 500 GPM.
    • Includes an active safety system with an upper and lower pivot point.
    • The offset configuration of the two pivot points creates a self-correcting increase in nozzle angle to protect against possibly dangerous unmanned use of the monitor at nozzle angles less than 35 above horizontal.
    • The hydraulic effect of the system is active at approximately 350 GPM.

    Mercury Quick Attack (MQA) Monitor

    • The MQA Monitor is rated for flows up to 500 GPM.
    • It has only 6 PSI friction loss through the unit at 500 GPM.
    • The tip can rotate 20 left or right from center.
    • It can be operated from 60 to 30 when unmanned.
    • The top handle contains a spring-loaded mechanism that allows the user to travel down to 20 (will self-adjust back to 30)
    • Generally comes with triple stacked tips:
      • 1” = 266 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure (15 lbs of FL per 100’)
      • 1-1/8” = 336 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure (25 lbs of FL per 100’)
      • 1-1/4” = 415 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure (38 lbs of FL per 100’). With the 1-1/4” tip, over pumping the MQA to 115 psi nozzle pressure is an option, resulting in a maximum rated flow of 498 GPM.
      • 1-3/8” = 502 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure (55 lbs of FL per 100’)
      • Some models may have a 1-1/2” deluge tip.
      • 1-1/2” = 496 GPM at 55 psi nozzle pressure (55 lbs of FL per 100’)* *This tip must be pumped at or below 55 psi nozzle pressure. Higher pressures would exceed the GPM rating of the MQA and 2-1/2” hose.
    • The MQA has a 2-1/2” inlet and outlet.
    • Hoselines can be extended from the MQA after initial knockdown for cleanup and hot spots.
      • A 1-3/4” hoseline can be connected to the end of the 1-1/4” stacked tip.
      • The MQA 2-1/2” outlet allows for a 2-1/2” attack line to be extended off the outlet base of the unit.

    Fire Extinguishers

    Water Can

    • Often called “the can” or “pw can” (pressurized water).
    • Amerex 240 H is a common model.
    • The UL (Underwriters Laboratories) Classification/Rating System for water cans is a water equivalency rating; the Amerex 240 H has a 2A rating.
    • Each A = 1.25 gallons (2A = 2.5, 3A = 3.75, etc.)
    • It is intended for Class A fires.
    • It has a six year warranty.
    • It is made of polished stainless steel.
    • The water can has a 2.5-gallon capacity (7.5 lbs empty, roughly 28.3 lbs full).
    • The maximum effective range is 44-55 feet with a 55-second discharge time.

    Dry Chemical Extinguisher

    • Ansul Sentry 10 is a common model.
    • Has Class A:B:C capabilities.
    • Use caution with certain electrical equipment; the powder is corrosive.
    • Use caution in small/contained areas; the powder is an irritant.
    • UL rating comes with two different ratings: 10-A:60-B:C.
      • 10-A means the agent is as effective as 12.5 gallons of water.
      • 60-B:C is equivalent to the square footage an operator can extinguish; 60-B:C means it will cover 60 square feet.
    • It contains 10 lbs of extinguishing agent (17 lb weight total).
    • The maximum effective range is 19 feet with a 21-second discharge time.
    • After use, it can be exchanged at Tools and Equipment.
    • It should be inspected yearly; check the inspection tag.

    CO2 Extinguisher

    • Badger B10V-1 is a common model.
    • It has Class B:C capabilities; ideal for sensitive electrical equipment because it leaves no residue behind.
    • The UL Rating is the square footage that an operator can extinguish; 10-B:C means it will cover 10 square feet.
    • It does not have a pressure gauge; operating pressure is 850 psi.
    • The maximum effective range is 3-8 feet with a ten-second discharge time. The reach is greatly affected by any wind or air movement.
    • It has a five-year hydrostatic test interval; six-year warranty.
    • After use, it can be exchanged at Tools and Equipment.
    • It should be inspected yearly; check the inspection tag.

    Recharging Water Cans

    Amerex 240 H Water Can

    • The water can should be filled every time it is discharged.
    • Inspect the pressure gauge daily for undetected leaks or to ensure the extinguisher was recharged after previous use.
    • Ensure the extinguisher is fully depressurized prior to removing the valve assembly.
    • The extinguisher can be depressurized via normal operation of the discharge handle or by inverting the extinguisher and operating the discharge handle.
    • Remove the valve assembly and pickup tube by unscrewing the valve collar nut.
    • Rinse the unit with clean water to remove residue prior to filling.
    • Filling the unit without rinsing can lead to excessive foaming.
    • Ensure the plastic fill tube is in place when filling. The extinguisher is full once the water overflows from the top of the fill tube.
    • After filling, remove the fill tube and add a foam concentrate or dish soap.
    • Replace the fill tube and valve assembly, hand-tighten the locking collar.
    • Use the Schrader valve to pressurize the extinguisher until the gauge reads 100 psi; over pressurizing can damage the valve assembly.
    • Don’t rely solely on the pressure gauge. Check the extinguisher’s weight (approximately 28 lbs full) to ensure proper water levels. If in doubt, depressurize and fill.

    Badger WP-61 Extinguisher

    • The Badger model can only be filled via the nozzle. It is identifiable by the lack of a Schrader valve opposite the pressure gauge.
    • The firefighter must hold the fill line onto the nozzle of the extinguisher to keep it from detaching while pressurizing.
    • Firefighters must remember to release the discharge handle prior to detaching the air hose.

    Foam Reference

    Types of Foam

    • Class A Foam
    • Class B Foam
      • Older Class B Foam will be in the 3-6% range; newer Class B Foam will be in the 1-3% range.
    • CFD foam has a nearly unlimited shelf life when left in sealed containers.
    • Foam carried on engines comes in 5-gallon pails.

    Example of Class A Use

    • Ordinary combustible materials such as overhaul at a house fire (.1 – 1%).
    • Recommended application rates:
      • Air Aspirating Nozzle (PRO/Pak low and medium nozzles): 0.3-0.5%
      • Non-Air Aspirating Nozzle (SM-20FLP): 0.3-0.6%

    Example of Class B Use

    • Fuel spills and vehicle fires.
    • Recommended application rates:
      • Hydrocarbons (gasoline, diesel) do not mix with water; they float on top. A 3% application rate is recommended.
      • Polar solvents (alcohol base or acetone) do mix with water. A 6% application rate is recommended.

    Troubleshooting Foam Operations

    • Excessive back pressure in the foam system is the most common cause of eductor failure. Possible causes include:
      • Kinks in the hose line
      • Nozzle elevated too high above the eductor
      • Too much hose between the eductor and the nozzle
      • Nozzle clogged or not fully opened, clogged pickup tube.
      • Nozzle GPM does not match the eductor GPM.
      • Pressure at the eductor is too low (Elkhart inline eductor=200 psi; PRO/Pak=100 psi).
      • Poor maintenance leading to a clogged control unit or stuck check valve ball.

    Task Force Tip PRO/PAK

    • The PRO/PAK is a portable foam system.

    • It includes:

      • Control Unit
      • Percentage Knob
      • Pull Pins
      • Twist Grip Flow Control
      • Tank (2.5 Gallons)
      • Outlet Hose (2.7’ long)
      • Straight Stream Nozzle – 50’ Reach
      • Low Expansion Nozzle – 37’ Reach
      • Medium Expansion Nozzle – 9’ Reach
      • Tank Fill
      • Cap
      • Selector Wheel

    • Minimum pressure – 40 PSI (7 GPM); maximum pressure – 500 PSI (27 GPM)

    • Recommended pressure – 100 PSI at the PRO/Pak (12 GPM)

    Class A Use

    • Ordinary combustible materials, such as mop-up and overhaul operations.
    • Recommended percentage knob setting for Class A operations ranges from 0.1% – 1%.

    Class B Use

    • Fuel spills and vehicle fires.
    • Hydrocarbons (gasoline, diesel) are fuels that are mostly distilled from crude oil or vegetable matter. Hydrocarbons do not mix with water. The recommended percentage knob setting is 3%.
    • Polar solvents (alcohol base, amines, acetone, ethers, esters, ketones) do mix with water. The recommended percentage knob setting is 6%.

    PRO/PAK Assembly

    • Attach a fire hose to the coupling on the inlet side of the PRO/PAK.
    • Connect the outlet hose to the control unit.
    • Select the appropriate nozzle and connect it to the outlet hose.

    Cleaning After Use

    • Reduce pump pressure to 100 PSI or less.
    • Remove the nozzle and hose from the unit.
    • Remove the two pull pins, then pull straight up to remove the control unit from the tank.
    • Install the cap on the outlet of the control unit.
    • Turn the flow control valve until a trickle of clean water flows out the end of the pickup tube.
    • Turn the percentage knob back and forth to make sure all foam passages are flushed.
    • Shut off the water, reinstall the control unit on the tank, and insert the pull pins.
    • Remove the cap.

    Elkhart Brass Inline Eductor

    • The inline eductor is another type a portable foam system.
    • It consists of a pick-up tube and a metering device.
    • It requires 200 PSI at the eductor.
    • The 95 GPM eductor should be used with a SM20-FLP nozzle. The maximum length of 1 ¾” hose that can be used between this eductor and the nozzle is 400’.
    • The 125 GPM eductor should be used with a SM20-FLP nozzle. The maximum length of 1 ¾” hose that can be used between this eductor and the nozzle is 200’.

    Class A Use

    • Ordinary combustible materials, such as mop-up and overhaul operations.
    • Recommended percentage knob setting for Class A operations ranges from 0.1% – 1%.

    Class B Use

    • Fuel spills and vehicle fires.
    • Hydrocarbons (gasoline, diesel) are fuels that are mostly distilled from crude oil or vegetable matter. Hydrocarbons do not mix with water. The recommended percentage knob setting is 3%.
    • Polar solvents (alcohol base, amines, acetone, ethers, esters, ketones) do mix with water. The recommended percentage knob setting is 6%.

    Eductor Operation

    • Select the appropriate foam concentrate for the burning fuel.
    • Place the foam concentrate by the eductor.
    • Open enough foam concentrate to handle the task, and request more if needed.
    • Check the eductor and nozzle for compatibility as listed above.
    • Adjust the eductor metering valve to the desired percentage.
    • Attach the eductor to a hose capable of effectively flowing the rated capacity of the eductor and nozzle.
    • Attach the attack line and the appropriate nozzle to the discharge side of the eductor. See above restrictions on hose length between the eductor and the nozzle.
    • Place the eductor pick up tube into the foam concentrate and charge the hose line to the appropriate pressure (200 PSI at the eductor).

    Apparatus Positioning on Roadways

    • Accidents are unpredictable, and drivers may be distracted by various activities like conversations, texting, movies, or vehicle warning lights.
    • Driving near moving traffic poses a significant risk to firefighters and should be avoided.
    • Emergency crews are often the first to arrive at the scene and have other duties.
    • The different goals of law enforcement and the fire service can complicate accident scene operations.
    • Law enforcement aims to clear traffic, while firefighters have different priorities.

    Size-Up

    • A good size-up should consider the location, weather conditions and the caller's information.
    • Consider any known hazards such as blind curves or frequent accident locations.
    • Stage apparatus to protect crews on arrival: keep all personnel in the same safe area, prevent crews from crossing lanes of traffic on foot, and utilize larger trucks as blocking apparatus.

    Road, Weather, and Driver Conditions

    • Slick conditions increase stopping distances for all vehicles.

    • Be prepared, as the actual location of an accident may not always match the reported location.### Freeway Safety

    • Firefighters should ensure safety during freeway runs by positioning the engine behind the accident, acting as a blocker to shield the crew.

    • The deployment of the attack line needs to be carefully executed, considering the space between the vehicle and the engine, and the potential exposure to oncoming traffic.

    • Angling the engine can provide some deflection, but the pump operator needs to be aware of their vulnerability to traffic.

    • Parking a buggy behind an engine poses a safety risk, increasing the chance of a collision and requiring firefighters to walk forward, potentially increasing the risk.

    • State Farm Blockers are valuable assets, funded by sponsor companies and staffed by operators equipped with large signs, traffic cones, and towing capabilities.

    • These vehicles generally create barriers behind CFD apparatus, increasing safety at the scene.

    • They are dispatched remotely by a worker monitoring numerous cameras, providing a good view of the scene.

    • Communication with the dispatcher helps clarify the location of an accident if firefighters struggle to locate it.

    • Calling for a ladder truck on freeway responses can provide a significant protective barrier.

    • Other vehicles, such as semi-trucks or large box trucks, can be used as barriers when necessary.

    • Smaller roads pose similar hazards, often exacerbated by traffic moving in different directions and speeds.

    • Sizing up the scene and creating safe zones is crucial to protecting the crew. Clear radio communication is vital.

    EMS Runs

    • Firefighters can often position the engine to protect the medic crew during ALS medic runs.

    • Positioning the engine behind the medic often offers greater protection from traffic, especially in downtown or busier areas.

    • Positioning the engine in front of the medic streamlines departure.

    Other Considerations

    • Wires Down runs can pose traffic risks as crews investigate downed wires, increasing their vulnerability if a vehicle strikes a pole or wire.

    • Blocking the roadway at a safe distance and calling for other apparatus to block from other directions, if needed, is crucial.

    • Any instance exposing firefighters to traffic, like checking hydrants, requires careful positioning to minimize the risk of being hit.

    Nozzle Overview

    • CFD utilizes both Elkhart Chief and Chief XD series nozzles.

    • Most engines built after 2019 are equipped with Chief XD nozzles.

    • The section covers components, maintenance, pressures, and flows.

    Elkhart Chief Nozzle

    • Standard double cut ball shutoff construction; some newer models have a full round shutoff.

    • 1 ¾” internal shutoff.

    • Most come with integrated smooth bore tips.

    Elkhart Chief XD Nozzle

    • Standard full round ball shutoff construction.

    • 1 ¾” internal shutoff.

    • Laser etched labeling.

    • No integrated tips.

    • Tapered smooth bore tips.

    Terminology

    • Nozzle Pressure: Pressure required at the nozzle to achieve the designed flow.

    • Smooth bore hand line nozzles are designed for 50 PSI nozzle pressure.

    • Nozzle pressure for combination and automatic nozzles varies.

    • Nozzle Reaction: Force in pounds exerted back on the nozzle firefighter when water is discharged.

    • Flow: Quantity of water measured in gallons per minute (GPM).

    Attack Handline Considerations

    • Flow: Target a flow rate of 150 GPM minimum for initial interior residential attacks.

    • Reaction: Understand the correlation between flow rate and nozzle reaction. Increased flow results in greater reaction; decreased flow results in reduced reaction.

    • Stream: Nozzles must be pumped at the appropriate pressures to maintain reach and penetration.

    Freeman Principle - Smooth Bore

    • States that the nozzle orifice should ideally not be greater than half the diameter of the hose.

    • This optimizes exit velocity, ensuring adequate reach and penetration for fire attack.

    Smooth Bore Nozzles

    • Options vary depending on engine purchase year.

    • CFD smooth bore nozzles are typically designed for 50 PSI nozzle pressure.

    • Pump operators must understand the repercussions of overpumping or underpumping, affecting flow and nozzle reaction.

    2 ½” Smooth Bore Nozzles

    • Newer style nozzles are found on most engines purchased after 2019.

    • Dual drive shutoff with full round metal ball.

    • Forged aluminum shutoff body and bale handle.

    • Over or underpumping will have repercussions for flow and nozzle reaction.

    • No integrated tip, just a shutoff.

    Elkhart Brass Tip Sizes

    188XD Smooth Bore 1 1/8” Single Tip

    • Lightweight aluminum construction.

    • Orange urethane molded bumper.

    • 266 GPM at 50 PSI NP (98 lbs nozzle reaction).

    188XD Smooth Bore 1 3/16” Single Tip

    • Lightweight aluminum construction.

    • Orange urethane molded bumper.

    • Can be pumped at various pressures based on desired GPM and nozzle reaction.

    • 265 GPM at 40 PSI NP (85 lbs nozzle reaction)

    • 296 GPM at 50 PSI NP (109 lbs nozzle reaction)

    • 324 GPM at 60 PSI NP (131 lbs nozzle reaction)

    2 ½” Elkhart DB-375-GAT Shutoff

    • Forged aluminum body with a pistol grip.

    • 1 ¼” integrated discharge has 328 GPM at 50 PSI NP (121 lbs nozzle reaction).

    • Older style nozzle generally found on engines purchased before 2019.

    Elkhart ST-185-AIFD “Indy Stack”

    • Indy Stack - 1 1/8” and 1 ¼” stacked tips.

    • Rubber bumper on 1 ¼” tip to protect threads.

    • 1 1/8” tip = 266 GPM at 50 PSI NP.

    • 1 ¼” tip = 328 GPM at 50 PSI NP.

    • Tip size can be changed to achieve the desired GPM.

    Fixed Gallonage/Automatic Nozzles

    • Combination nozzle options vary depending on the engine purchase year.

    • CFD combination nozzles are designed for various pressures.

    • Pump operators must understand the repercussions of overpumping or underpumping, affecting flow and nozzle reaction.

    SM20-FLP/Select-O-Matic (Automatic Nozzle)

    • Relationship between nozzle pressure and flow is not a simple 1:1 ratio for this nozzle.

    • Increased water flow leads to increased compression of the spring to allow discharge.

    • Full compression requires significant force, leading to exponential growth in nozzle reaction and GPM as pressure increases.

    • Pumping trash lines at higher pressures offers limited benefits and heavily burdens operating crews. If more water is needed, use a more appropriate attack line instead of overpumping a trash line.

    Nozzle Construction

    Types of Shutoffs

    • Double Cut Ball: Designed to use water flow to assist with opening and closing the nozzle bale. Creates turbulence within smooth bore nozzles, reducing attack stream quality. Less of a factor in combination nozzles.

    • Full Round Ball: Produces a smooth discharge orifice, resulting in a tighter stream with less turbulence. Preferred type for smooth bore nozzles.

    Integrated Tips

    • One key difference between Elkhart Chief nozzles and Chief XD nozzles is the lack of an integrated tip in the Chief XD nozzles.

    • An integrated tip can be identified by the beveled machined edge on the inner face of the nozzle discharge orifice and a laser etched discharge size on top of the nozzle shutoff.

    • These tips cause turbulence in the stream when additional tips are screwed on the end.

    Nozzle Maintenance and Checks

    Monday Checks

    • Nozzles exposed to dirt, debris, road grime, etc., should be cleaned frequently.

    • Inspect the nozzle for cleanliness and obvious defects.

    • Check the bumper and teeth (combination nozzle) for damage, missing or loose teeth.

    • Damaged teeth can be replaced by removing two Allen screws and replacing the damaged tooth ring with a new one from Tools and Equipment.

    • Inspect the swivel to ensure it spins freely and inspect the gasket.

    • Soak the nozzle in warm water and mild degreaser (Simple Green or Dawn).

    • While moving the nozzle in and out of the water/degreaser mixture, cycle the nozzle bumper through all ranges of motion. Open and close the bale to loosen and remove dirt buildup.

    • Dry the nozzle thoroughly after cleaning, using a rag.

    • Lubricate per manufacturer guidelines using a silicone-based lubricant. Use only a minimum amount as excess grease attracts dirt and grit.

    • Dow-Corning #7 lubricant is recommended per the operating manual.

    Additional Maintenance

    • Over time, dirt and grime can gunk up bearings, causing nozzles to stop swiveling.

    • This is not normal station level maintenance and should not be done independently. Consult with the senior engineer for guidance if basic nozzle maintenance fails to resolve the issue.

    Hose Deployment Overview

    • This section provides a brief overview of CFD attack line packages and techniques.

    • Deployment packages, techniques, and communication will differ throughout the city.

    • A basic understanding of position assignments and fundamentals should be universal.

    • Basics are reviewed to refresh new firefighters and help senior firefighters and officers understand what is taught at the recruit level.

    • Apprentice firefighters should build on their fundamental knowledge from the recruit training academy.

    • This is not an all-encompassing manual about hose deployment. Hose loads and deployment techniques are specific to each engine company. All firefighters must be familiar with their hose loads and deployment methods on their engines.

    Reviewing the Basics

    • From the beginning of water week in the academy, it is emphasized that hose advancement is about teamwork and communication.

    • Slow is smooth and smooth is fast - hose lines must be advanced as a team to be efficiently stretched to the fire's seat.

    • Rushing and pulling the hose tight at a friction point only makes the stretch harder in the long run. Patience and moving at a good pace are essential.

    • Once inside the structure, recruits use three phases to communicate:

      • Moving Up: Used any time the recruits are moving around a pinch point. Signals the next person on the line to bring the hose and move up to that point.

      • Fire Room: Used when the nozzle firefighter has reached the fire room. Signals everyone that water will soon be applied to the fire.

      • I Need __ Feet: Used when more hose is needed.

    • While advancing the line, the nozzle firefighter will state these commands out loud; every person on the line will relay the command.

    A - Attack

    • Consists of the firefighter positioned on the nozzle.

    • Responsible for pulling and flaking out the hose line.

    • Brings the first 50’ coupling to the door.

    • Checks the nozzle and attack package for:

      • Reach
      • Pressure
      • Penetration
      • Overall suitability for fire attack

    • Moves in a three-point stance; only utilizes the pistol grip to advance the line.

    • Flows water with the nozzle out in front, not holding the pistol grip.

    B - Backup

    • Supports the nozzle firefighter.

    • Responsible for forcing the front door if needed and:

      • Sweeping the immediate egress area around the door.
      • Checking for “LFL” (life, fire, location):
        • Life: Victims around the door?
        • Fire: Any fire on the floor?
        • Location: Is this the correct room?

    Fireground Roles

    • Nozzle firefighter: Responsible for directing water onto the fire.
    • Backup firefighter: Supports the nozzle firefighter by providing hose and ensuring a continuous water supply.
    • Control firefighter: Manages the hose line from the backup to the door, helps fix kinks, and assists with pre-loading.
    • Door firefighter: Manages the hose line outside the structure, removes kinks, helps split the door, and manages entry points.

    Hose Line Selection

    • First line deployment: The most important decision for an engine company.
    • Line size selection: Depends on the fire's size and location.
      • One room or less: 1 ¾” hose line.
      • Three rooms or more: Two 1 ¾” hose lines or one 2” hose line.
      • One floor or more of fire: 2 ½” hose line.
      • Commercial structure: 2” or 2 ½” hose line.
      • Defensive operations: Master streams.
    • Exponential Engine Theory (Brian Brush): Each hose line on the truck should offer different GPM outputs to handle various fire sizes.

    When to Pull a 2 ½" Handline (Andy Fredericks)

    • ADULTS acronym:
      • Advanced fire on arrival
      • Defensive operations
      • Unable to determine fire size
      • Large, non-compartmentalized areas
      • Tons of water
      • Standpipe system operations

    2" Handline

    • Target flow: 200-250 GPM.
    • Nozzle options:
      • Smooth bore with 1” tip
      • Smooth bore with 1 1/16” tip
      • 250/50 combination nozzle.
    • Disadvantages:
      • Not ideal for large, un-compartmentalized spaces.
      • GPM increase is small compared to 1 ¾” hose.
    • Benefits:
      • Less friction loss when stretched long distances.
      • Can be used for multi-level buildings with long stretches.

    2 ½" Handline

    • Target flow: 260-328 GPM.
    • Nozzle options:
      • Smooth bore with 1 1/8” tip.
      • Smooth bore with 1 3/16” tip.
      • Smooth bore with 1 ¼” tip.
    • “Indy Stack”: A 1 1/8” tip stacked on top of a 1 ¼” tip.
    • Disadvantages:
      • Not ideal for aggressive manipulation due to reaction force.
      • Flows over 300 GPM are not recommended in attack situations unless in a fixed position.

    Layout for 2" and 2 ½" Handlines

    • CFD engines:
      • 2” line is usually loaded on the cross lay bed (preconnected 200' load, red hose).
      • 2 ½” line is usually loaded on the rear of the engine (static load of either 200 or 300', white hose with red stripes). May be preconnected or not.

    Deployment Considerations

    • Importance:
      • Recon: Determine entry points and stretches.
      • Deployment: Deploy efficiently and effectively.
      • Attack over Supply: Raise a portion of the hose off the ground for easier advancement.
      • Inline deployment: Deploy hose in line with the desired direction of advance.

    Function of 2" and 2 ½" Handlines

    • Approach: Move methodically and start flowing water early.
    • Nozzle techniques:
      • Smaller handlines (1 ¾”): 90° left, right, and up from center.
      • Larger handlines (2” and 2 ½”): Reduced maneuverability.
      • Ideal pattern: Sweeping motion at the ceiling level, starting high and lowering the angle with each sweep.
    • Penetration: Larger droplets from smoothbore nozzles travel farther and resist vaporization.
    • Reach: Exit velocities from smoothbore nozzles are equivalent at 50 PSI. Combination nozzles have higher exit velocities, but droplets vaporize more quickly.

    Weight and Maneuverability

    • 2” line: 68 pounds per 50’ section.
    • 2 ½” line: 103 pounds per 50’ section.
    • 2” line is more maneuverable due to its lower weight and shorter stretch.
    • 2 ½” line is less forgiving, requiring more effort to move.
    • Additional weight is beneficial for reducing reaction force at the nozzle.

    Hose Loads Overview

    • Three main hose loads are found on CFD engines: Triple Fold, Modified Minuteman - 50' Bundle, Modified Minuteman - 100' Bundle
    • Triple Fold advantages: Deploys quicker than the minuteman loads, less chance of deployment errors
    • Triple Fold disadvantages: Not as versatile around obstacles, no shoulder load for tight spaces
    • Modified Minuteman - 50' Bundle advantages: Easier to manage on the shoulder, can split cars easier than triple layer load
    • Modified Minuteman - 50' Bundle disadvantages: 50' may not be enough to reach the objective, doesn't deploy as quickly as triple fold, more moving parts
    • Modified Minuteman - 100' Bundle advantages: More versatile around obstacles, shorter dead stack, provides more usable hose near entry point, easier to split cars
    • Modified Minuteman - 100' Bundle disadvantages: Difficult to manage on the shoulder, prone to spaghetti without straps, doesn't deploy as quickly as triple fold, more moving parts

    Building a 100' Minuteman Bundle

    • Building the bundle is split into two steps: Building the 100' bundle section (live stack) and Loading the remaining hose (dead stack) and connecting it to the 100' bundle
    • Bundle is built to approximate size of the hose bed, with marks on the bay floor
    • First mark designates nozzle coupling location, ensuring enough tail to wrap around bundle
    • Crew members fold the hose on its side, starting closest to themselves and building the pack away from them
    • First loop is placed at the midpoint of the first 50' section of hose, opposite the nozzle end
    • Second loop is placed at the midpoint of the second 50' section of hose
    • Nozzle is connected and folded over the front of the bundle, sitting back farther than the midpoint coupling

    Deploying a Modified Minuteman Load

    • Deployment techniques: Back Stretch, Forward Stretch, Split Stretch
    • Back Stretch is used when walking hose into place is difficult; crews pull midpoints of the bundles backward from the structure
    • Forward Stretch minimizes wasted effort; crews deploy the bundle and walk towards the structure
    • Split Stretch is used in tight areas; sections of hose are pulled in different directions to flake out the hose line

    Estimating the Hose Stretch

    • Formula to estimate hose needed: (Distance from engine to structure + (Story Height x 50')) + 50' per story
    • Remaining hose is used for engine placement and managing obstacles

    Splitting Cars

    • Goal is to get 100' of useable hose on the fire side of cars along the street
    • Step 1: Pull stack closest to the fire
    • Step 2: Shoulder load goes wide from the cars
    • Step 3: Loop is pulled to the entrance where cars will be split
    • Step 4: Shoulder load rotates 180 degrees to prevent kinks
    • Step 5: Retrace steps until at a 90 degree angle from the entrance
    • Step 6: Carry the shoulder load between the cars to the fire side
    • Step 7: Pull loop tight to stretch the excess line and move hose out of the street

    Splitting the Door

    • Goals: Establish good angles for hose advancement, maximize staffing efficiency, ensure backup line doesn't bury attack line, create organization on the fire ground
    • Step 1: Read the door swing in relation to the fire and obstacles
    • Step 2: Position hose line to the side of the door opposite the fire location
    • Step 3: No more than two lines should enter through the same entrance
    • Step 4: Remove storm/screen doors before entry
    • Step 5: Line placement should be no greater than a 45 degree angle to the door
    • Step 6: Inside of the door is defined as the 45 degrees closest to the engine
    • Step 7: Outside of the door is defined as the 45 degrees farthest away from the engine
    • Step 8: Deploy attack line and 50' coupling on one side of the door with hose flaked out aiming toward the target.

    Extending Hose Lines

    • Two main methods: extending at the truck and extending at the nozzle.
    • Extending at the truck involves breaking the line, deploying a 50' donut roll, and adding the section between the leader line and attack line.
    • Extending at the nozzle can be done using the 100' acme pack, breaking a minuteman shoulder load, or removing the tip of a break-apart nozzle.
    • Break-apart nozzle bale must remain open while extending the line; consider tying it open with webbing or a strap.

    Garden Stretches

    • Used to quickly and efficiently place a handline in positions out of reach of preconnected handlines.
    • Can be accomplished using a 2 ½” or 3” hose line with a gated wye or water thief.
    • Appliance should be placed approximately ten feet from the attack line's entrance point.
    • Commonly used on apartments/townhomes or condos; the initial attack line should cover the fire apartment and one adjacent apartment.
    • Backup line preferably supplied by a secondary 2 ½” or 3” trunk line, matching the length of the structure.

    Vertical Stretch - Dropping the Bundle Down

    • The 100’ acme pack is carried to the target landing.
    • Female coupling passed over the edge by interior crews and dropped to the pump operator below.
    • Hose can be dropped over the top of the railing or through railing spindles.
    • Mind the hose when charged to prevent the weight of water from dragging it back to the ground.
    • General rule of thumb: 50’ of hose on the fire floor landing for a two-story stretch and 75’ for a three-story stretch.

    Vertical Stretch - Hook Stretch

    • 200’ pre-connected attack line is disconnected at the leader line and used as the attack line in conjunction with the 3” garden stretch trunk line.
    • Crew uses a pike pole to hook the bale and perform the hook stretch.
    • Not recommended for stretches over three stories.
    • Hook and nozzle are passed up to the nozzle firefighter waiting on the target floor.
    • General rule of thumb: 50’ of hose on the fire floor landing for a two-story stretch and 75’ for a three-story stretch.

    Pump Operations Overview

    • Focus on water in, water out, maintaining pressure, and securing a supply.
    • Understanding hydraulics takes years of training, research, and experience.
    • Importance of understanding basic pump principles is essential for pump operators.

    Gating Down Interior Handlines

    • Less desirable than gating down exterior lines due to the risk of sudden pressure loss in IDLH environments.
    • Gating down creates a smaller discharge opening, making interior attacks more susceptible to pressure changes.
    • Can result in an ineffective stream and lack of protection for interior crews.

    Gating Down Exterior Lines

    • Acceptable practice to divert water to other streams while maintaining effectiveness.
    • Less of a safety concern than gating down interior lines because crews are not in the IDLH environment.

    Importance of Engine Placement

    • Supply engine should be as close as possible to the hydrant to minimize friction loss.
    • Placing engines in series provides a fail-safe system in case of mechanical failures.
    • Supply engine on the hydrant allows for boosting hydrant pressure to the attack engine.

    Using 3” and 5” Supply Lines

    • 3” supply line sufficient for the majority of residential incidents, minimizing unusable water in the hose.
    • 5” supply line ideal for longer hose lays and large incidents, but requires significant water to fill.
    • Aim for a 5” supply between engines at some point in the incident.

    Using Master Streams with Tank Water and Pump Boss

    • Extra care needed when using master streams with tank water due to potential "RPM LIMIT MODE" or "NO WATER MODE."
    • Rapid discharge can exceed tank supply capabilities, causing the Pump Boss to switch operating modes.

    Importance of Residual Supply

    • Understanding residual pressure on the intake gauge is crucial for making informed decisions.
    • Allows pump operators to provide options to the IC rather than simply denying requests.
    • Proactive supply operations can be achieved by understanding initial static pressure and scene layout.

    Addressing Excessive Discharge Pressure

    • Often caused by too much intake pressure.
    • Solutions include throttling down the supply engine, placing the supply engine in neutral, dumping excess pressure, and alternating between tank water and the supply line.
    • Be aware of potential issues with subzero temperatures and ice hazards.

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