Firefighter Tools and Ladder Safety Quiz
172 Questions
4 Views

Firefighter Tools and Ladder Safety Quiz

Created by
@ProdigiousJasper737

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the recommended position for extension ladders according to Duo Safety?

  • Fly in
  • Fly out (correct)
  • Vertical
  • Horizontal

    • Duo Safety states that extension ladders are 4% stronger with the fly section out.

    True

    What critical maneuver can be hindered if the fly section of the ladder is in?

    Ladder bailout maneuver

    Firefighters should use ___ and terrain around them to help position the ladders.

    <p>objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common door type that can indicate the difficulty in gaining entry?

    <p>Wood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can firefighters use instead of conventional methods for commercial doors?

    <p>Power tools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Firefighters should always attempt conventional entry methods first when forced with a door.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of forcible entry?

    <p>Rapid entry into a structure by use of force to save life and property</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purpose of a latch guard is to prevent access or tampering with the door's ___.

    <p>latch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of security bars?

    <p>To protect windows from being used as entry points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Padlocks are becoming less durable over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weight of the Pro-Bar?

    <p>10 lbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanical advantage does gapping a door provide with the adz of the Pro-Bar?

    <p>15:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Maximus Rex Bar is primarily made from a single solid piece of ______.

    <p>drop forged metal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool is known for its versatility in forcible entry?

    <p>Halligan tool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spreading power of the Hydra-Ram II?

    <p>10,000 lbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The K-tool is commonly used in active scenes like working fires.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is a simple tactic if used correctly when forcing doors.

    <p>Irons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of saw is commonly associated with forcible entry, due to its rapid deployment?

    <p>Circular saw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using a wedge in forcible entry?

    <p>Door control and creating gaps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary challenge faced by firefighters in the basement fire incident?

    <p>The nature of the basement door</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Firefighters should disregard vacant structures because they are abandoned.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tool is recommended for removing plywood covers at vacant structures?

    <p>Chainsaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vacant Protection Systems (VPS) are a more secure method of preventing entry into a _______.

    <p>vacant structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tools can be used to force doors when encountering obstacles?

    <p>Rabbit tool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should firefighters do if they encounter a door with additional security reinforcements?

    <p>Avoid underestimating the door and have a Plan B and C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method did the firefighters attempt first to force entry into the house?

    <p>Using the Halligan bar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach when one company is working to force entry?

    <p>Get a plan together for alternate entry points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The firefighter emphasized that forcible entry is not just a _______ Company function.

    <p>Ladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What command tells the firefighter striking the Halligan to stop driving the Halligan?

    <p>STOP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shocking the door enough can potentially force it open.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of 'gapping' the door?

    <p>To create a purchase point and potentially force the door open.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before forcing a door, firefighters often use the technique called ______.

    <p>Try Before You Pry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should the forks of the Halligan be positioned to effectively spread the door away from the frame?

    <p>Above or below the lock cylinder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can firefighters use to capture progress when gapping a door?

    <p>An axe or a wedge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using multiple Halligans married together can provide a greater mechanical advantage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cut can be made to defeat carriage bolt secured locking devices?

    <p>Kerf cut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When encountering padlocks, firefighters can use tools like ______, ______, and the Irons for defeating them.

    <p>Bolt cutters, circular saws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one method for attacking shackle padlocks?

    <p>Twist the lock until it breaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal when using the Halligan to force a door?

    <p>To defeat the locks holding the door closed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Teepee cut primarily used for?

    <p>Rapid entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is used to help cool steel I-beams before they fail?

    <p>Square cut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rolled steel doors are commonly used to protect storefronts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should firefighters be cautious of when using a chainsaw on wooden garage doors?

    <p>Metal hardware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing a Square cut, firefighters should make a vertical cut along one side of the door all the way to the __________.

    <p>bottom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal when making a forcible entry cut in a block wall?

    <p>Create a hole big enough for a firefighter to crawl out or pass a UAC/EBSS hose through.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What identifies rolled steel doors?

    <p>Recessed seams and rivets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended method for breaching a block wall?

    <p>Heavy steel battering rams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must crews consider before forcing the door?

    <p>Smoke conditions and the need for a hose line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sheet curtain steel doors do not have individual slats.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows a firefighter to pull the rope if it gets jammed coming out of the bag?

    <p>Having the rope play out the front of the bag.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is recommended for the officer to carry the rope bag.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is typically not advisable for carrying the rope bag?

    <p>Having the officer carry it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using the tagline, firefighters should maintain __________ contact.

    <p>verbal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of tying off the rope during search operations?

    <p>To keep the rope from becoming tight or swinging over uns searched areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dragging technique is suitable for short distances?

    <p>Feetfirst Drag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What knot can be used to tie off the rope effectively during operations?

    <p>Figure 8 on a bight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stance should the rescuer maintain while dragging a victim?

    <p>3-point stance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should firefighters do prior to entry into the IDLH environment?

    <p>Look at floorplans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tool drag method is more effective than the webbing drag method for large victims.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should firefighters communicate to Incident Command during a rescue?

    <p>If they need additional resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rescuer will place one of the victim’s ______ as close to the wall as possible.

    <p>shoulders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is used when the victim's head is pointed toward the window?

    <p>Head Toward the Window Technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disadvantage of the webbing drag?

    <p>If the girth hitch is not tight, it can loosen and slip off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drag has been identified as a common method for firefighters?

    <p>Webbing Drag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended for crew accountability during search operations?

    <p>Numbering system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rope deployment has strict rules that apply to every scenario.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Firefighters should tie off the rope to a suitable ______ before entry into a commercial structure.

    <p>anchor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should firefighters do if visibility allows?

    <p>Move while standing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Firefighters should sweep the floor ahead of them as they exit.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential hazard of popping ceiling tiles?

    <p>Entanglement hazard from wires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method can be used for managing the rope while needing to backtrack?

    <p>Coil the rope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural ventilation uses the wind and air currents outside the structure to remove products of combustion, requiring at least two openings: one on the ____ side and one on the ____ side.

    <p>windward, leeward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should firefighters do if they lose contact with the rope?

    <p>Follow expansion joints or a floor drain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor when determining the type of ventilation to perform?

    <p>Type of building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of horizontal ventilation?

    <p>The removal of smoke and heat in a horizontal direction from side to side or front to back of a structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ventilation method is described as powered equipment controlled by firefighters?

    <p>Mechanical Ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of construction that involve non-combustible materials?

    <p>Type I (Fire-Resistive) and Type II (Non-Combustible)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary jobs of a ladder company?

    <p>Search and Rescue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the most critical benchmarks achieved on the fireground?

    <p>Primary All Clear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Search and Rescue should only be performed after fire suppression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Firefighters should be cautious of what types of houses when performing a search?

    <p>Hoarder houses or vacants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step firefighters should take for victim removal?

    <p>Determine the size of the victim and current fire conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of rescues used a 'dirty drag' for victim removal?

    <p>82%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does VEIS stand for?

    <p>Vent Enter Isolate Search</p> Signup and view all the answers

    VEIS can only be performed on a second-floor window with a ladder.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Firefighter Rescue Survey, what was the percentage of rescues performed by crews assigned to primary search?

    <p>58%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Firefighters should carry a ______ while searching.

    <p>tool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a firefighter do after clearing a window for entry?

    <p>Sweep the floor below the window.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should firefighters consider when checking fan placement?

    <p>Air current in the corners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Firefighters should try to overpower the wind direction when venting.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The preferred size of the exit point should be _____ than the entry point.

    <p>smaller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should firefighters vent first?

    <p>The greatest area of concern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must firefighters do before starting the fan?

    <p>Close all the right windows, doors, and hallway doors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the first floor is open while trying to ventilate the second floor?

    <p>Smoke will move upstairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Closing all doors and windows while ventilating is critical for maintaining a positive atmosphere.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is negative pressure ventilation primarily used for?

    <p>Removing byproducts of combustion from the structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydraulic ventilation uses a _____ pattern to remove smoke.

    <p>fog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the fog pattern cover for effective hydraulic ventilation?

    <p>80-90% of the window opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of performing vertical ventilation?

    <p>Opening natural ventilation openings or cutting the roof.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Firefighters should always wear _____ when performing vertical ventilation.

    <p>full PPE and SCBA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most homes have a main power switch to cut the power to the home.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a rain roof?

    <p>A new roof assembly built directly on top of an old one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates the pitch of a roof?

    <p>The angle or slope of the roof.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A 4/12 pitched roof means that for every foot (12 inches) of distance, the roof moves up/down ___ inches.

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Firefighters can safely walk on a steeper roof without planning.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should firefighters do when there is snow on the roof?

    <p>Consider using a roof ladder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of soil stacks?

    <p>Helping locate fires below.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following roof terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Rain Roof = New roof assembly over an old roof Roof Pitch = Angle or slope of the roof Soil Stacks = Plastic pipes showing heat signs HVAC Vents = Roof vents for ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should firefighters do when crossing roofs of multiple attached buildings?

    <p>Cross over using the front of the building.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cutting six feet away from the edge of the roof provides a safe ___ around the hole.

    <p>walkway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effective tool for creating a foothold on a roof?

    <p>Pike pole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a ladder driver during offensive operations?

    <p>To get the truck set up and have water flowing out of the nozzles as quickly as possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In defensive operations, the main priority is to extinguish the fire quickly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when positioning the aerial for operations?

    <p>Collapse zones of the building</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To perform a flying standpipe operation, firefighters can connect their hoses to the _____ of the aerial ladder.

    <p>ladder pipe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when changing from rescue operations to waterway operations?

    <p>The nozzle must be pinned for waterway operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended procedure before charging the aerial's waterway?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Saber Master nozzle can only deliver a wide fog stream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major drawbacks of using a ladder as a flying standpipe?

    <p>The truck can no longer be used for victim rescue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following nozzle types with their functionalities:

    <p>Akron Automatic 1250 = Offers a choice of a straight stream or a wide fog pattern Saber Master = Can switch between wide fog and solid stream Stacked Tips = Contains various sizes for different water flow needs Quick-Lock = Allows selection of which section the nozzle stays with</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common way to secure sufficient water supply for the aerial?

    <p>Establish dual 3&quot; supply lines to the turntable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The engine operator is responsible for ensuring the ladder has a functional stream.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to activate the aerial tip controls?

    <p>Two firefighters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be checked before bringing water into the pump?

    <p>Ensure the 5” intake valve is closed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest component of natural gas?

    <p>Methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural gas is heavier than air.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common examples of Property Conservation are _____ and _____.

    <p>Salvage, Overhaul</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three categories of natural gas delivery infrastructure?

    <p>Production, Transmission, Distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Firefighters should only think about salvage once the fire is completely out.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pressure types with their definitions:

    <p>Low Pressure = Up to ½ pound of pressure Medium Pressure = 10-60 psi (can drop to 2 psi during full demand) High Pressure = Anything exceeding 60 psi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if there is concern about placing a firefighter at the tip of the aerial?

    <p>The nozzle can be operated from the pedestal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if the electronic waterway controls fail?

    <p>Use the manual override</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural gas has a specific gravity of ___ to ___.

    <p>0.60 to 0.70</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be the cause of carbon monoxide production in homes?

    <p>Incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Before the platform can be put into pump gear, the platform operator must check that the _____ is closed.

    <p>5” intake valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pedestal controls?

    <p>To control the nozzle and ensure safety during operation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding carbon monoxide alarms?

    <p>They can indicate a potential hazard from gas appliances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major difference between the platform and the aerial?

    <p>The platform has a pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should firefighters do upon arriving at a CO alarm call?

    <p>Speak with the occupant and assess for symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Firefighters should use their tools for what they are designed for; they should not use their hands to pull ___ .

    <p>drywall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tools are included in a salvage bag? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Hammer staplers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What thicknesses of plastic sheeting are currently ordered by the Division?

    <p>4-mil and 6-mil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 6-mil plastic is used primarily for covering windows.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of floor runners in fire operations?

    <p>To protect floors from firefighter’s dirty gear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored to prevent water damage during salvage operations?

    <p>The trash can should not fill up with too much water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A common tool used during overhaul to check for hidden fire is the __________.

    <p>thermal imaging camera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should firefighters do when inspecting drywall to prevent rekindling?

    <p>Inspect the drywall closest to the source and make an inspection hole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are airflow and ventilation techniques beneficial during overhaul?

    <p>To help clear trapped smoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Firefighters should attempt to repair plumbing issues during fire service calls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following plastic thicknesses with their primary uses:

    <p>4-mil = Covering windows 6-mil = Disposable salvage covers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To divert water during salvage operations, firefighters may use __________.

    <p>water chutes or trash cans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done first when trying to determine the source of CO?

    <p>Shut off all gas appliances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a blue flame on a gas-fed appliance?

    <p>It is adjusted properly with the right amount of fuel to air mixture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A gas stove is typically vented to the outside.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Sensit P-400 in gas monitoring?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural gas has an explosive concentration range between ____% and ____% gas to air.

    <p>5, 15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is primarily found in natural gas?

    <p>Methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The P-400 will start to alarm at 10% of the LEL.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause a potential inside gas leak?

    <p>A malfunctioning furnace or water tank</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following elevator types with their descriptions:

    <p>Electric Cable or Traction Elevators = Commonly found in high-rise buildings Hydraulic Elevators = Efficient and commonly used in low- to mid-rise buildings Machine-Room-Less (MRL) Elevators = No separate machine room, more compact design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential ignition source that could cause danger during a gas leak investigation?

    <p>A furnace or water tank cycling on</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the knurled drift knob do?

    <p>It is used to release and lower the elevator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do machine-room-less (MRL) elevators lack?

    <p>A dedicated machine room</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a machine-room-less elevator, the drive mechanism is located in the pit.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done first when arriving on scene for an elevator rescue?

    <p>Begin the recon process and make contact with the caller or building maintenance personnel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the elevator fire service Phase 1, firefighters can control elevators and ensure the safety of _______.

    <p>victims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is one of the rescue options in elevator incidents?

    <p>Elevator Technician Arrival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following elevator options with their descriptions:

    <p>Elevator Technician Arrival = Waiting for professional help to manage the situation Hoistway Door Rescue = Accessing the trapped individual through the hoistway Technical Rescue = A last-resort operation from above the car Elevator Fire Service Phase 1 = Allows firefighters control over the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hoistway doors are the doors seen from the elevator lobby or hallway.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drop key used for in an elevator rescue?

    <p>To access the manual release levers on the hoistway doors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the power unit located on top of the elevator car?

    <p>To open and close the cab door</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ladder Positioning

    • Duo Safety recommends that extension ladders be positioned with the fly section out and the bed section toward the building
    • Extension ladders are 4% stronger with fly section out
    • Avoid placing ladders in the "fly in" position as this could prevent a firefighter's rapid descent during a ladder bailout maneuver
    • In a bailout situation, the firefighter can be stopped or stuck at the transition from the fly to the bed section if the fly is not out
    • To avoid a ladder bailout hang-up the ladder can be rotated while booming it into the building or immediately after the tip is against the structure
    • The ladder on the left in the photo is in the "fly in" position creating a catch as the firefighter transitions from the fly to the bed section
    • The ladder on the right shows the fly section smoothly dropping to the bed section reducing the possibility of a firefighter getting caught on it

    Ladder Foot Placement

    • It is very important to foot ladders that are thrown at a low angle.
    • Ladders can be footed up against the adjacent structure
    • If possible, all ladders should be footed
    • On certain pitched residential roofs, ground ladders can be fully extended and placed onto the roof to provide access for cutting for vertical ventilation

    Forcible Entry

    • Forcible entry is the rapid entry into a structure by the use of force to save life and property
    • Forcible entry techniques differ from through-the-lock techniques because firefighters need to enter NOW
    • The situation behind the door is of more importance than the obstacle firefighters intend to force
    • Firefighters must be able to prioritize forcible entry based upon the incident’s needs
    • Firefighters should be ready to adapt to changing conditions and priorities on the fireground
    • Firefighters must know where forcible entry tools are on their apparatus and how to ensure they are in good working condition.

    Building Construction for Forcible Entry

    • Building construction can give crews some indication of what types of obstacles may lie ahead.
    • Residential exterior doors can be made of wood, vinyl, steel, and fiberglass
    • Metal door in a metal frame (metal on metal) doors are commonly encountered in commercial buildings.
    • Aluminum frame glass doors are more common at main entry ways on storefronts.

    Door Size-up

    • The type of locking mechanism that responding companies can encounter in their response district will vary greatly from building to building
    • Firefighters should determine whether the hinges are visible, if the hinges are visible, the door opens toward you; if the hinges are not visible, the door opens away from you
    • When performing forcible entry, firefighters may not necessarily need to identify the specific lock they are dealing with, but just that they need to defeat it.
    • Hinges, locks, and a bolt pattern are key elements of door size-up

    Forcible Entry Tools

    • Firefighters should use forcible entry tools to their advantage when making quick points of entry or egress
    • Heavily fortified doors will potentially need gas-powered or hydraulic tools to gain entry quickly
    • The tools and equipment shown in this section are found on nearly all Columbus Division of Fire apparatus

    Other Forcible Entry Considerations

    • Firefighters should take note of potential obstacles that lie ahead in their response district
    • Firefighters should know how to use tools to their advantage when making quick points of entry or egress.
    • Crews may want to consider the use of power tools when dealing with commercial buildings or other heavily fortified doors that may require greater amounts of energy

    Additional Forcible Entry Considerations

    • Carriage bolts, sliding bolts, drop bars, latch guards, security gates, security bars, and padlocks are common additional security devices
    • Padlocks are becoming increasingly more durable with case hardening and other design features that put them beyond the traditional bolt cutter forcible entry method
    • Puck locks are becoming more common because they hide the shackle to protect it from being cut with bolt cutters.
    • Firefighters should understand how to defeat common types of padlocks, security bars, and storm doors

    Size-up Considerations

    • Firefighters should perform a mental size-up when preparing to force a door or object
    • Some things to consider during a forcible entry size-up include location of entry, prioritization, staffing, door type and framing.

    Circular Saws

    • Firefighters should understand the various circular saw blades and their uses
    • Firefighters should understand how to cut garage doors with a circular saw
    • Firefighters should understand inboard vs.outboard circular saw orientation

    Commercial Roll-Up Doors

    • Firefighters should understand how to identify and defeat common commercial roll-up doors

    Block Walls

    • Firefighters should understand how to use the irons for inward and outward swinging doors
    • Firefighters should understand methods for breaching block walls

    Taking Pride in Your Craft

    • Firefighters should take advantage of EMS runs, building inspections, and fire alarms to see what forcible entry challenges are present in their districts.
    • Firefighters should use critical thinking to overcome the obstacles that present themselves on scene.

    Forcible Entry Tools

    • Halligan Tool: Versatile tool used for forcible entry, commonly paired with a striking tool (flathead axe, sledgehammer). The Pro-Bar is a common Halligan tool.
    • Maximus Rex Bar: Similar to a standard Halligan, but with a "Rex" tool for pulling Key-in-Knob lock cylinders.
    • Hydra-Ram II: Spreading tool, generating 10,000 lbs of force, used for inward swinging doors or crushing outward swinging doors
    • Sledgehammer: Striking, battering ram tool.
    • Denver Tool: Versatile tool with functions including prying, pike pole, axe, sledgehammer, and battering ram.
    • Flathead Axe: Used for striking, capturing progress during gapping, axe functions, and door chocking.
    • Rabbit Tool: Forcing interior swinging doors and crushing outward swinging doors to expose the locking mechanism.
    • Wedges: Important for door control and creating gaps for other tools. Narrower angles facilitate easier driving. Wood grain should run parallel to the shape for increased strength.
    • Bolt Cutters: Effective against fencing, light/medium gauge chains, and soft metals. Larger bolt cutters can be used to defeat case hardened metal padlocks. Repeated use can damage teeth, leading to reduced effectiveness.
    • NY Hook: Primarily used for prying, striking, and pulling material. Steel hooks are more durable than fiberglass.
    • Battering Rams: Heavy duty tools for breaching walls, requiring two firefighters for effective use. Buckeye Buster is a heavy-duty model.
    • K-Tool: Used for through-the-lock entry when less destructive methods are desired. Effective on mortise or rim lock cylinders. Used in conjunction with a Halligan, a striking tool is used to set the K-tool onto the lock, and the adz of the Halligan is used to pull the cylinder.
    • Extrication Tools: Battery-powered tools that can effectively be used on heavy commercial doors becoming more readily available.
    • Cutting Torches: Not typically used for forcible entry, but can be used when other methods fail on extremely fortified doors.

    Circular Saws

    • Blade Types:
      • Dax blades: Carbide tips, suitable for flat roof operations, garage door panels, and metal fencing.
      • Composite blades: Inexpensive, good for all-around forcible entry, but wear down quickly.
      • Diamond blades: Multi-purpose, durable, but may cut slower on certain metals.
    • Blade Guard: Diverts debris, but can become an obstruction when plunging the saw into an object.
    • Blade Size: Columbus Fire carries both 12” and 14” blades.
      • 12” blade = 3.9” max cutting depth.
      • 14” blade = 4.9” max cutting depth.
    • In-Board vs. Out-Board Orientation:
      • In-Board: Blade toward the center. More common, especially on larger saws. Generally easier to handle when cutting flat roofs or at head level.
      • Out-Board: Blade on the outside. Offers more versatility, particularly in restricted spaces.

    Forcible Entry Methods

    • Communication: Essential in two-person crews using irons. Unanticipated strikes can result in injury.
    • Commands:
      • HIT: One strike on the Halligan.
      • DRIVE: Continuous strikes to the Halligan.
      • STOP: Stop striking and standby.
    • Inward Swinging Doors:
      • Shock: Forcing the door up and down. Can force weaker doors open.
      • Gap: Creating an opening in the door to create a purchase point.
      • Set: Driving the Halligan forks into the gap to spread the door away from the frame. Ideally, the crotch of the forks should be roughly equal with the inside of the door stop, ensuring the forks are past the frame.
      • Force: Forcing the adz/pike end toward the door to defeat the locks.
      • Shock: Can be useful for creating a purchase point on commercial metal doors with tight seams.

    Forcible Entry

    • Gapping: The Halligan adz is set in the seam of the door and driven until it meets the door stop. The firefighter can then rotate the Halligan up or down to gap the door.
    • Setting: The firefighter controlling the Halligan helps guide the adz around the stop and behind the door by angling the adz toward the door. The adz should be approximately 2-4 inches deep, allowing the door frame to turn into a fulcrum.
    • Force: With the adz set, the firefighter can begin rotating the forks away from the door, forcing it open.
    • Extending Leverage: Two Halligans can be married together at their forks to increase leverage. A steel hook can also be used by placing the chisel end over the pike of the Halligan, and the shaft of the hook inside the forks.
    • Plunge/Kerf Cut: Place the saw at an angle to cut through the metal and behind the bolt head. This will cut the shaft of the bolt in half and can cut multiple bolts that are in close proximity.
    • Carriage Bolts/Drop Bars: Carriage bolts indicate additional locking devices may be installed on the door. A circular saw can be used to shave the head off the bolt or to achieve the kerf cut.
    • NY Hook and Drop Bars: If firefighters can gain access to the drop bar itself through conventional means, they may be able to slide a tool through the opening.
    • Shocking a Residential Door: Sharp blows on the lock or in its vicinity of a residential door will most likely split the frame, allowing the door to swing open.
    • Baseball Swing: Drive the “pick” end of the Halligan into the door jamb close to the door and within six inches of the lock. This will force the deadbolt out the other side of the door frame.
    • Residential Doors - Single Firefighter: Most residential doors are some type of fiberglass, wood, or lightweight steel and are wood framed. Aggressively shocking the door will often split the frame and open the door.
    • Halligan and Wedge: A wedge can be used to create/capture purchase points.
    • NY Hook and Wedge: A NY Hook can be used as striking tool along with a Halligan or a wedge.
    • Single FF Outward Swinging Door: A single firefighter can the same principles as when there are two firefighters. Drive the adz in with the head of the striking tool until the adz hits the jamb. Reposition the striking tool and hit the Halligan while moving the tool the same way as with two firefighters.

    Padlocks

    • OVERVIEW: There are various types of padlocks used to secure commercial and residential property. CFD has several tools available for defeating padlocks to gain entry, including bolt cutters, circular saws, and the Irons.
    • Shackle Padlocks: The forks of the Halligan can be placed around the shackle or the pick end can be placed inside the shackle to dislodge it from the body by force.
    • Case-hardened: The shackle of the padlock is often made of a case-hardened steel. Bolt cutters will have a difficult time cutting these shackles; firefighters can consider cutting the chain or using another method.
    • Attacking the Hasp: Firefighters should consider attacking the hasp mechanism instead of the padlock itself.
    • Puck Locks: These locks are often recessed and protected by a steel shroud.
    • Cutting the Lock: A circular saw with a metal cutting blade can be used to cut through the lock body.
    • Cutting Around the Lock: A circular saw can be used to make a cut along the gate to free it from the lock.
    • Pipe Wrench: Grip the lock with the pipe wrench and twist it to break the lock from the hasp.

    Security Bars

    • OVERVIEW: Security bars are a priority on the fireground. Inside crews should know they will be able to bail out of any window free of obstructions.
    • Leverage: Firefighters can utilize leverage by using prying tools to get behind the bars and pry outward.
    • Force: Firefighters can utilize force by directly attacking the screws themselves.
    • Circular Saws: Circular saws can be used to cut through the bars.

    Security Style Storm Doors

    • OVERVIEW: Storm or security doors are common in all parts of Columbus.
    • Halligan Method: The adz end of the Halligan can be placed between the jam and the door; the firefighter can then pry up or down, dislodging the bolt.
    • Striking Tool and Wedge: A striking tool can be partnered with a Halligan to force the storm door using conventional Irons techniques. A good option for a single firefighter is using a wedge to drive a gap into the door to release the deadbolt.

    Garage Doors

    • OVERVIEW: Garage or overhead doors may need to be forced for multiple reasons. Various techniques can be used depending on the end goal. Use the path of least resistance.
    • Teepee Cut: This method only requires two cuts. Be sure to exaggerate the overlap across cuts to ensure the material is cut all the way through.
    • Square Cut A Square cut is typically larger than a teepee cut. In addition to providing better ventilation, a large square cut provides more room to place an aerial or bucket at ground level.
      • Steps:
        1. Make a vertical cut along one side of the door all the way to the bottom of the door.
        2. If unable to completely cut through the bottom door panel, a second cut can be performed at a 45° angle across the first cut.
        3. A horizontal cut can then be performed across an upper panel. Be sure to exaggerate the overlap across cut 1.

    Rolled Steel Doors

    • Identification: Rolled steel doors can be identified by their recessed seams (slats) horizontally across the door and by the rivets at the end of these slats (generally every other slat).
    • Forcible Entry Method: Use a circular saw to cut one large slit down the center of the door, all the way down through the T-bar at the bottom of the door. Once the cut is completed, grab an individual slat near the top of the cut with a gloved hand and pull across the cut. The goal is to pull one of the slats out.

    Commercial Roll-up Doors

    • OVERVIEW: There are two common types that will be discussed below:
      • Rolled Steel Doors
      • Sheet Curtain Steel Doors### Sheet Curtain Steel Doors
    • Sheet curtain steel doors are similar to rolled steel doors, but they do not have individual slats that are interlocked
    • Sheet curtain doors can either be one solid piece of metal, or have shorter metal sheets with the ends pressed together
    • Sheet curtain steel doors are often made of thinner metal than rolled steel doors
    • When performing forcible entry on sheet curtain doors, firefighters will need to use either a teepee or a square cut
    • External locks, such as padlocks, are frequently used to secure sheet curtain doors, and can provide a quicker and more efficient entry
    • Removing the discus padlock may allow firefighters to operate the slide bolt and manually open the door

    Block Walls

    • Breaching block walls is a minimum two-firefighter task
    • Heavy steel battering rams are highly effective for forcing block walls
    • Sledgehammers can also be used, but are extremely strenuous
    • Alternating hits using sledgehammers can create a hole in sufficient time while reducing fatigue
    • The hole does not need to be large, it must only be big enough for a firefighter to crawl out of, or for a UAC/EBSS hose
    • Block walls can vary in style, and may include wire mesh, rebar, or backfilled gravel
    • Block walls can be breached using two methods: "Pyramid" or "L-Shape"

    Method One - Pyramid

    • Firefighters strike through the hollow cavity of the block at about waist height and work downward to create a pyramid shape
    • A pyramid shape maintains the integrity of the building and creates a sufficiently sized opening for a firefighter to crawl out

    Method Two - L-shape

    • Firefighters start at approximately waist height and work straight down
    • Then, work in a horizontal direction near the floor to create the outline of the desired hole
    • After the L-shape is complete, hit in the upper corner opposite the L-shape
    • Keep working back towards the upper part of the L-shape until the whole portion of the wall has fallen

    Other Forcible Entry Considerations

    • Like most things in the fire service, forcible entry is never black and white
    • Firefighters must be able to learn through experience, training & listening to those with experience
    • Knowing how to perform basic forcible entry techniques is crucial for successful door breaching
    • Considerations should be made based on each incident, and firefighters must be equipped to handle a variety of obstacles

    Reading Conditions Beyond The Door

    • Firefighters should be aware of smoke conditions beyond the door
    • If smoke is pushing or "breathing" behind the door, there may be consequences when the door is forced open
    • Firefighters should consider whether a hose line needs to be in place prior to forcing the door

    Door Control

    • Firefighters should focus on their ability to force obstacles for entry and egress purposes
    • It is the duty of the outside firefighter to serve those on the inside, both firefighters and potential victims, by creating entry and exit points
    • Firefighters should be aware of potential consequences when forcing doors and other objects
    • A commonsense approach to door control is essential in all forcible entry operations

    Large Occupancies - Strip Malls

    • Strip malls can be small or large in size
    • Initial companies arriving on scene should consider the following:
      • Doors may not be addressed in the rear
      • Consider the number of businesses in the incident to prioritize forcible entry
      • Multiple security measures are usually utilized in securing rear doors; a proper size up and appropriate tool selection is crucial.

    Arrival Order

    • Engine & Ladder companies should be aware of their roles and responsibilities on the fireground
    • The first-arriving company should start a full working fire assignment
    • Forcible entry should be performed by the first-arriving engine company to quickly attack the fire

    Hoarding

    • Hoarder-like conditions can pose challenges for firefighters when performing forcible entry
    • Clutter can present a safety hazard for firefighters
    • Firefighters should consider using another door or window if there is a considerable delay in entry
    • A single firefighter should not spend the entire fire trying to force a door that requires multiple people

    Restricted Space

    • Forcible entry is often about technique and leverage
    • Firefighters can increase their leverage by using longer tools or combining tools like a Halligan bar and a NY Hook
    • Firefighters may need to force doors or other obstacles in restricted spaces
    • Recessed doors can compound difficulty
    • These situations require special consideration and may cause further delay depending on the obstacle

    Vacant Structures

    • Columbus has no shortage of vacant buildings
    • Firefighters should be aware of the types of vacant structures in their districts so they can anticipate specific hazards or challenges
    • Firefighters should not disregard vacant structures as abandoned, as there may still be lives to save
    • Vacant structures can present significant challenges to the outside ladder team because of obstacles placed over entry points
    • Obstacles can include plywood, Vacant Property Security (VPS) systems, or polycarbonate window coverings
    • Removing these coverings is critical for the safety of firefighters and potential victims inside
    • Plywood can be removed with a chainsaw
    • Vacant Protection Systems (VPS) are a more secure method of preventing entry, and can require special tools and procedures
    • Special procedures and tools are required to remove VPS coverings because these are made of 14-gauge steel

    Take Pride in Your Craft

    • The speed, method, and acceptability of damage during forcible entry are always determined by the nature of the emergency
    • Firefighters should be aware of the risks associated with forcing doors and other objects
    • Overconfidence can be dangerous when performing forcible entry
    • Firefighters should always be prepared to utilize alternate entry points and make sure to communicate the location of those points to other companies
    • Forcible entry is not just a ladder company function, and firefighters should consider assembling their own forcible entry kits
    • Firefighters should make use of online resources such as websites and social media pages dedicated to forcible entry techniques.

    Search and Rescue Overview

    • Search and Rescue is a primary responsibility of ladder companies.
    • Two firefighters are recommended for safe and efficient Search and Rescue operations.
    • Performed by the interior crew of the ladder company.
    • Important to obtain a Primary All Clear, indicating no victims were found in a designated area, as a critical benchmark.
    • Primary Search and Rescue should be conducted before or during fire suppression.
    • Focus on searching for victims but also identify the fire’s seat of origin and relay that information to the engine company attacking the fire.

    ### Search and Rescue Size-Up Factors

    • Saving lives is the highest priority of fire departments.
    • Primary search and rescue operations present significant risks to firefighters.
    • Size-up involves rapidly evaluating critical factors and developing an action plan.
    • Firefighters must constantly assess the structure for safety before and during the search.
    • Important size-up factors include:
      • Known and potential life hazards
      • Occupant accountability and survivability
      • Number, location, and condition of victims
      • Building construction
      • Size and extent of the fire
      • Hazards to search crews
      • Established water source
      • Available equipment and staffing
      • Firefighter experience levels
    • Inexperienced firefighters may lack the skill to recognize danger signs.
    • Experienced firefighters can draw on past experiences to anticipate hazards.
    • External building features provide clues about the interior layout.
    • Hoarder houses and vacant buildings require additional caution.
    • Rescue efforts should be prioritized in the following order:
      • The most severely threatened
      • The largest groups of victims
      • Remaining fire area
      • Exposures
    • Firefighters must balance the risks and rewards of primary search.
    • An understanding of window locations is crucial for swift exit.
    • Constantly evaluate surroundings to determine how far and how long to commit to the search.
    • An aggressive, controlled, methodical, and deliberate approach is vital.

    Residential Search and Rescue

    • Not intended to be a complete guide for residential Search and Rescue.
    • Basic Search and Rescue techniques should be familiar from previous training.
    • Oriented partner search training is essential.
    • Firefighters should practice search and rescue techniques with their crew and officers to establish clear expectations.
    • Officers should communicate clear expectations for search operations in different scenarios.

    ### Search and Rescue Statistics

    • Limited data existed on victims rescued from fires before 2016.
    • The Firefighter Rescue Survey was developed to gather detailed records of rescues.
    • The survey aims to collect data on successful techniques to inform training methods.
    • Key statistics from the first 2,000 rescues:
      • Primary search teams performed 58% of the rescues.
      • Fire attack teams were responsible for 25% of the rescues.
      • Secondary search teams accounted for 4% of the rescues.
      • Occupants/bystanders reported victims inside in 69% of cases.
      • No reports from occupants/bystanders on potential victims occurred in 28% of cases.
      • Victims were found after occupants/bystanders reported everyone was out in 3% of cases.
    • Victim locations for the 2,000 rescues:
      • Basement - 4%
      • First floor - 57%
      • Second Floor - 30%
      • Third Floor - 7%
      • Above third floor - 2%
    • Inquire about the floor, location, and number of potential victims.
    • Check with neighbors if possible to confirm anyone is home.
    • Use hearing.
    • Consider rapid entry to upper floors via windows or porch roofs using ladders.
    • Utilize thermal imaging cameras to locate victims, identify room layout, and locate windows for egress.
    • Carry a tool for sweeping and checking structural integrity.
    • Communicate progress to incident command.
    • Remain oriented for swift exit if necessary.
    • Adopt a 3-point stance for safety.
    • Consider removing victims through windows for quicker evacuation.

    Vent Enter Isolate Search (VEIS)

    • Effective tactic for accessing victims via windows when that route is easier than other methods.
    • Utilized in 21% of the 2,000 recorded rescues.
    • First-floor windows may be accessible without a ladder.
    • Ladders should be positioned at roughly a 75° angle for second-floor windows.
    • The ladder tip should be below the windowsill, with no part protruding into the window.
    • Clear potential obstructions such as glass shards, blinds, or curtains from the window.
    • Sound the floor beneath the window to confirm its integrity.
    • Enter the window headfirst, staying low to avoid smoke and heat.
    • Upon entry, look for the door and potential victims, and immediately close the door to isolate the room for safety and containment.
    • Briefly check the hallway for victims and assess fire conditions.
    • Return to the room and close the door.
    • Conduct a rapid yet thorough search of the room, checking for victims and potential hazards.
    • The second firefighter in the VEIS team is responsible for:
      • Using a thermal imaging camera to scan the ceiling for heat levels and ensure the room is tenable.
      • Scanning the room with the TIC for victims.
      • Maintaining orientation at the window and verbal contact with the inside firefighter.
    • The second firefighter serves as a point of communication in case conditions become untenable, allowing the interior firefighter to rapidly exit.
    • If a victim is found, remove them and notify command.
    • Remember to check for additional victims even after removing one.

    Victim Removal

    • This section explores techniques for removing victims from windows through ground ladders.
    • Different packaging and drag methods will be demonstrated.
    • The techniques demonstrated are just a few of the available options.
    • Factors to consider for victim removal:
      • Victim size
      • Current fire conditions
      • Staffing availability
      • Distance to the nearest exit
    • Do not always exit through the same entry point.
    • The closest exit for quickest victim removal is recommended.
    • The Firefighter Rescue Survey found that:
      • "Dirty drags", without webbing or tools, were used in 82% of the 2,000 rescues.
      • Webbing drags accounted for 3% of those rescues.
      • Victims were removed via ground ladders in 14% of the cases.
      • Aerial ladders were used in only 1% of the rescues.

    Packaging and Drags

    • Two "dirty drag" techniques are discussed:
      • Headfirst Drag
      • Feetfirst Drag
    • Webbing drags and tool drags are also described.
    • The techniques provided are a few of many options available.
    • Firefighters must choose packaging and drag methods based on specific needs and the situation.

    Headfirst Drag

    • The rescuer sits the victim up, reaching both arms around their torso, grasping their wrists or interlacing hands to encircle the torso.
    • The rescuer should use a 3-point stance with a leg forward towards the victim.
    • The rescuer extends their front leg, pulling the victim toward them in a rowing motion.
    • Short, quick movements are recommended.
    • This technique may be challenging for large-bodied victims.

    ###  Feetfirst Drag

    • The rescuer lifts both of the victim's legs, placing either both legs over one shoulder or one leg on each shoulder, locking out the victim's knees.
    • The rescuer grasps the victim’s legs, interlacing their hands.
    • The rescuer adopts a 3-point stance with one leg forward.
    • The rescuer extends their front leg, pulling the victim forward in a rowing motion.
    • Short, quick pulls are generally most effective.
    • This technique can be tiring and suitable for shorter distances.

    Webbing Drag

    • A girth hitch is used to package the victim.
    • The hitch is positioned high and tight in the victim’s armpits to prevent slipping.

    Victim Drag Techniques

    • The text describes three victim drag techniques: one-hand drag, tool drag, and two-hand drag
    • One-hand drag is used for smaller victims, the rescuer faces the direction of travel and uses their back leg for drive
    • The tool drag is used for victims too large for a one-hand drag and when webbing is unavailable
    • Tool drags can be difficult due to the challenge of fitting the tool through doorways, and the tool tends to slide out
    • The two-hand drag is recommended for heavier victims
    • Two-hand drag is slower but provides better control for large victims

    Removing Victims Out of Windows

    • Two techniques are described for removing victims from windows
    • Head Toward the Window Technique: The victim’s head is pointed toward the window
    • Feet Toward the Window Technique: The victim's feet are pointed toward the window
    • Regardless of the technique, rescuers should communicate clearly which way the victim will be coming through the window
    • Rescuers should use their legs to lift, not their backs, to avoid injury

    Ground Ladder Rescues

    • Ground ladders are used to rescue victims from buildings
    • It is beneficial to have a second ladder alongside the initial ladder to assist with managing the victim's weight
    • Rescuers should position themselves to allow for a quick rescue and provide the best chance for victim survival

    Search Rope Deployment

    • Rope deployment is a dynamic function with many variables, making set-in-stone rules difficult
    • Two primary applications are discussed: Searching Commercial Buildings and RIT Operations (searching for a downed firefighter)
    • Firefighters should be proficient in rope operations, regardless of their specialized role

    Accountability with Search Rope

    • New rope bags include apparatus designation and an ID tag on the end of the rope
    • Rope bags have knots every 50 feet to act as distance markers
    • Crew accountability is critical in zero-visibility environments, a numbering system or TICs can be used
    • In the event of a firefighter being low on air, the entire crew should exit together

    Anchoring the Rope

    • Anchoring location varies depending on the structural type
    • For commercial buildings, anchoring the rope outside the structure is ideal
    • In high-rise buildings, tie off the rope inside the stairwell, if possible
    • When anchoring to a round object, use a tensionless wrap or clove hitch to keep the rope from falling to the ground

    Rope Bag Placement

    • Multiple ways to carry the rope bag: across the body, over the shoulder, arm through carry handles
    • The rope bag firefighter should hold the rope at a height that allows following firefighters to easily reach it
    • It’s generally not recommended for the officer to carry the rope bag, due to the complexity of managing the rope, radio, TIC, and tools
    • The rope bag firefighter should call out each time another distance marker knot is reached
    • Different building layouts require different tactics.
    • In a building with defined aisleways, the rope bag firefighter can remain at the main aisle head, with other firefighters searching the individual aisles .
    • In open areas without defined aisleways, taglines can be used to prevent getting lost.
    • Crews should size up the building before entering, looking for potential exits besides the entry door.
    • Two positioning options for the rope bag firefighter:
      • In front of the officer, allowing the officer to scout ahead with the TIC.
      • On a wall, with the rest of the crew in a Wing Formation, for orientation.

    Flying V Formation

    • This formation can be used for wide area search when there is no wall to orient on.
    • Firefighters form a V-shape with the rope bag firefighter at the apex.
    • This allows for a more open search pattern and helps maintain crew accountability.

    Ventilation Fundamentals Overview

    • This manual section focuses on basic ventilation techniques and their application to different building types.
    • Effective ventilation removes smoke, heat, and gases, introducing cool, oxygen-rich air.
    • Ventilation helps firefighters see and operate, improving success in search, rescue, and fire attack.
    • Firefighters who cannot see or operate due to heat struggle to perform tasks effectively.

    Pre-Arrival Considerations

    • Size-up begins when the alarm is dispatched
    • Consider what is burning, the type of structure, and any additional information
    • Consider weather conditions, arrival order to the scene and response time
    • Adjust your initial plan of action based on these factors
    • Consider the potential of wind-driven fire event

    Scene Size Up

    • Determine the level of involvement before arrival
    • The type of building construction will influence what type of ventilation might be necessary
    • Determine victim survivability, access profile, and potential life hazards
    • Access points can change the fire dynamics

    Fire-Resistive (Type 1)

    • Exterior and interior building elements are made of non-combustible or limited-combustible materials
    • Ventilation should be limited to natural openings, bulkhead doors, and HVAC systems

    Non-Combustible (Type II)

    • Structural support system (walls, floors, and roof) are made of non-combustible material
    • Steel building components often aren’t protected
    • Large open areas are common
    • Non-combustible structural materials are used, such as metal deck roof and supporting steel beams

    Ordinary Construction (Type III)

    • Non-combustible exterior walls with compartmentalized interior spaces
    • Interior walls and floors are primarily constructed of wood

    Heavy Timber (Type IV)

    • Exterior walls made of masonry material
    • Interior walls, floors and roofs constructed of large dimensional timbers

    Wood Frame Construction (Type V)

    • Exterior walls, interior walls, floors, roofs, and other structural members typically made of wood
    • Includes different construction types, such as Brace Frame, Platform, Balloon Frame, and Lightweight construction

    Horizontal Ventilation

    • Smoke and heat are removed in a horizontal direction, either from side to side or front to back
    • Commonly used in residential structures, such as food-on-the stove incidents
    • Can be broken down into natural and mechanical ventilation methods

    Natural Ventilation

    • The wind and air currents outside the structure are used to pull smoke and heat from the inside
    • The efficiency of natural ventilation is a result of wind direction and structural openings
    • Effectiveness depends on two openings: one upwind and one downwind
    • Larger openings should be located on the upwind side.

    Mechanical Ventilation

    • Controlled by firefighters using powered equipment
    • Can be accomplished with: Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV), Negative Pressure Ventilation, and Hydraulic Ventilation
    • Fans are an important piece of equipment used for mechanical ventilation, including RAM fans, gas-powered fans, and smoke ejectors
    • Air currents from a hose line can also be used to ventilate

    Positive Pressure Ventilation

    • Uses CFD fans to introduce fresh air into a structure
    • Fresh air creates a positive pressure environment internally allowing firefighters to remove smoke and other gases
    • For optimal effectiveness, the exhaust opening should be smaller than the entry point
    • Vent the area closest to the fire first, then work through the remaining areas of the structure
    • Consider wind direction, and avoid going against the wind

    Negative Pressure Ventilation

    • Draws combustion products out of the structure
    • Primarily used for basement fires to exhaust smoke from the structure
    • Can be used in conjunction with PPV to expedite results
    • Not easy to set up effectively

    Hydraulic Ventilation

    • Uses a water stream to create a pressure difference that draws smoke and air out a window
    • Most effective when using a fog pattern that covers most of the window opening
    • Can be performed with a gated down smooth bore nozzle, but a combination nozzle is more effective
    • Can be particularly useful after the fire is suppressed.

    Vertical Ventilation

    • Vertical ventilation removes fire, heat, and byproducts of combustion vertically from a structure.
    • Methods include opening natural ventilation openings (bulkhead doors, shafts, scuttle hatches) or cutting the roof.

    Roof Operations

    • Roof operations can be complicated with numerous variables.
    • Vertical ventilation should be the priority of the first arriving ladder company.
    • Vertical ventilation can always be scaled back, but if interior companies call for it and ladder crews are not already working to accomplish it, it is too late.

    Roof Types

    • Asphalt Shingles: Most common roofing material in Columbus, hazards include deterioration and slick surfaces.
    • Slate: Common in older homes, never walk on directly, slate shingles are secured by nails prone to fracturing, falling slate is sharp and heavy.
    • Clay Tiles/Terracotta: Found in older homes, can be brittle and heavy. Avoid walking on directly and handle with caution.
    • Residential Metal: Increasingly common, can hide structural compromise and trap heat.
    • Commercial Metal: Found on large warehouses and smaller commercial shops, similar hazards to residential metal but thicker gauge.
    • Gravel and Asphalt Commercial: Common, built-up layers of tar and asphalt create a significant dead load and are labor-intensive to cut.
    • Single Ply: Becoming preferred commercial flat roof material, flammable and releases toxic byproducts of combustion.
    • Solar Panels: Pose electrocution hazards, avoid if possible.
    • Rain Roofs: New roof assemblies built over older roofs, present confined space hazards, avoid entering the void area between roofs.

    Roof Pitches

    • Roof pitch is the angle or slope of the roof, expressed as a ratio (e.g., 4/12 pitch means 4 inches of rise for every 12 inches of run).
    • Recognizing roof pitch is critical for tactical decision-making.
    • Steeper roofs require more planning and safety considerations.
    • Weather conditions (snow) can significantly impact roof safety.
    • Valleys on the roof can provide support for footholds.
    • Moss creates extremely slippery conditions.
    • Aerial ladders always provide more support than roof ladders regardless of pitch.

    Helpful Roof Tips

    • Plunge Cuts: Used to secure chainsaw on the slope of the roof. Avoid plunge cuts if heavy fire conditions are directly beneath.
    • Cross in the Front: On multi-building structures, cross between roofs from the front, not the rear, to avoid falling off.
    • Foot Holds: Use a pike pole as a foothold instead of a Halligan, as it has no other use on a roof.
    • Soil Stacks: Made of PVC, will show signs of heat before metal stacks.
    • HVAC Stacks and Other Openings: Often found on commercial buildings, remove with a hand tool for quick ventilation.
    • Parapet Heights: Use scupper holes to assess parapet height and determine if a roof ladder is needed.
    • Light and Air Shafts: Found in older structures; fire showing from the roof may actually be venting from a lower level.
    • Six Feet Away: When ventilating a residential flat roof, cut at least six feet away from the edge for safety and ventilation effectiveness.

    Residential Vertical Ventilation

    • Numerous effective methods for ventilating residential roofs, the louver/slit method from a roof ladder or aerial ladder is common.
    • Two-person crew method is the most common and safest.
    • The process for cutting from an aerial ladder does not change when cutting from a tower ladder.

    Vent Hole Process

    • The vent hole process remains the same regardless of crew size.
    • Two firefighters are assigned: Saw Firefighter and Tool/Backup Firefighter.

    Equipment

    • The crew should carry a chainsaw and a hand tool (for saw failure or smoky conditions).
    • Essential tools include:
      • Chainsaw
      • Flathead axe and Halligan
      • New York roof hook, D handle hook
      • Chainsaw
    • All ladders should have a pike pole (8' or 10') and an axe mounted near the tip or in the bucket.
    • Assemble the correct equipment based on the specific job requirements.

    Waterway Operations Overview

    • Master streams can be deployed through aerial or platform apparatus.
    • Positioning the apparatus is crucial and can be challenging due to obstructions or lack of access.
    • Water supply needs to be established using engine companies.
    • Offensive operations use the ladder to deliver large amounts of water quickly to extinguish a fire before it becomes a defensive operation.
    • Defensive operations prioritize protecting exposures while attempting to extinguish the primary fire.

    Offensive Operations

    • Quick knockdown is the primary goal.
    • Communication between ladder and engine operators is crucial.
    • Water supply needs to be established quickly.
    • Placement - the bucket or tip of the ladder should target the fire and be safe for firefighters on the platform.
    • Offensive methods include:
      • Low-angle placement for large volumes of water.
      • Using the ladder as a flying/elevated standpipe.
      • Connecting piercing nozzles or Bresnan distributors for attic fires.

    Defensive Operations

    • Collapse zone of the building needs to be considered.
    • Corner positioning is ideal for accessing multiple sides of the building.
    • Positioning is key to ensure elevated streams can be used effectively.
    • Large water volumes may be required.
    • Water supply is crucial to ensure the operation can be sustained.

    Flowing Water from a Tiller

    • Pinning the waterway is necessary for waterway operations.
    • Quick-Lock on Pierce ladders is used to select the nozzle's position.
    • Stacked tips on the aerial provide various stream sizes.
    • Akromatic 1250 is a combination nozzle with straight stream and wide fog options.
    • Safety considerations include:
      • Ensuring the nozzle is properly pinned before pressurizing.
      • Retracting the ladder completely before changing nozzle position.

    Aerial Nozzles

    • Saber Master is a combination nozzle with wide fog and solid stream options.

    Supplying the Aerial

    • Aerials do not carry tank water or have their own pump.
    • Engine company supplies the aerial.
    • Water supply assessment is crucial - adequate supply is key to sustain operations.
    • Dual 3" supply lines are common to the turntable.
    • Intake valves are recommended to be closed to prevent premature charging.
    • Charging the line slowly is important to avoid violent movement and injuries.

    Charging the Second Line

    • Engine operator checks residual intake pressure.
    • Second 3" line is charged slowly.
    • Evaluate the stream after both lines are charged.

    Aerial Tip Controls

    • Aerial tip controls allow for positional changes.
    • Remote Aerial Control Activation Switch and dead man's foot pedal switch are used to activate the controls.
    • Indicator light signals power to the remote tip controls.

    Salvage Operations

    • Salvage operations aim to save property from further damage, minimizing both water and smoke damage
    • Salvage techniques are used on various service calls, including structure fires and water leaks
    • Firefighters should prioritize the safety of occupants and their belongings, considering the irreplaceable nature of some items
    • Initiate salvage operations after completing life safety and incident stabilization tasks
    • Proactive thinking about salvage is encouraged, with Tiller/OSV firefighters bringing salvage tools upon completing exterior tasks
    • Inside firefighters can start salvage once fire extension has been determined to be nonexistent
    • Salvage operations can begin before incident stabilization in situations like a heavily involved fire on the second floor, where additional companies can focus on first floor salvage operations
    • The timing of salvage operations depends on the situation, with smaller fires allowing earlier salvage initiation

    Salvage Tools

    • Salvage tools should be organized for quick deployment
    • The salvage bag includes plastic rolls, a box cutter, hammer staplers, and spare staples
    • Plastic sheeting comes in different thicknesses: 4-mil (primarily for windows) and 6-mil (disposable salvage covers)
    • 4-mil plastic, 6 feet wide, should be pre-cut and stored in the salvage bag for efficient window covering
    • 6-mil plastic, 12 feet wide, should be pre-cut to various sizes for quick deployment and placed in bags
    • Staplers include Arrow (yellow, only uses T50 staples) and Duo-Fast (black, only uses Duo-Fast staples)
    • Ensure staples are loaded correctly with the pull tab not exposed
    • Additional salvage tools include trash cans, scoop shovels, floor runners, squeegees, and fans.
    • The sprinkler shutoff kit includes various sprinkler-related shut-off tools or replacement heads.

    Overhaul Overview

    • Overhaul starts after the fire is contained and aims to ensure the fire is completely extinguished
    • The objective is to remove any remaining fire hazards and prevent reignition
    • It is important to ensure the safety of firefighters during overhaul operations

    Starting the Overhaul Process

    • Overhaul begins by checking for hidden fire extension
    • The first step is to ensure the fire is completely extinguished, usually using a thermal imaging camera
    • Overhaul involves searching for hidden pockets of fire within walls, ceilings, and attics
    • Ventilation is essential for proper overhaul procedures, with appropriate fan placement to expel smoke and heat
    • The removal of any remaining fire hazards, like burning embers or smoldering materials, is a critical part of overhaul

    Common Void Spaces

    • Void spaces can hide hidden fires, making overhaul a challenging process
    • Common void spaces include attics, crawl spaces, and wall cavities
    • Firefighters should carefully inspect these areas, searching for smoke, fire, or heat as indicators of potential fire extension
    • Overhaul procedures may involve opening up these spaces to ensure complete fire extinguishment### Salvage Operations
    • Firefighters can use plastic tarps and salvage covers to minimize water damage.
    • Canvas covers are more durable than plastic tarps and can be cleaned with mild soap and hung to dry.
    • To minimize smoke damage, cover items with plastic, use fans to expel smoke, move personal items to untouched areas, and keep doors shut.
    • When performing salvage functions, prioritize fire containment first.

    Overhaul

    • During overhaul, the primary objective is to prevent rekindle.
    • Understanding the building's construction is essential for efficient overhaul.
    • Inspect the drywall closest to the fire's origin. If it is clean and without charring, the fire did not extend.
    • Intact drywall indicates that the fire did not penetrate, and the area does not require further inspection, especially if the officer and senior firefighters deem it safe
    • Inspect areas where fire could extend - vents, outlets, and baseboards, as these areas are prone to hidden fires.
    • When opening up walls, prioritize opening areas closest to the fire and work outward.
    • Use pike poles for overhead drywall inspection, ensuring the appropriate length is selected.
    • Use pick-head axes to open walls in plaster and lath construction.
    • During overhaul, ensure appropriate tools are brought to the scene including trash cans, shovels, and additional lighting.
    • Open windows to provide natural ventilation.
    • Deploy positive pressure fans to vent the structure and expose any hidden fire by introducing fresh air.
    • Use the New York hook to quickly outline desired openings between studs, pull down drywall, and remove door trim.
    • When using the New York hook to pull ceiling drywall, prioritize pulling out in front of you to avoid accidentally dislodging ceiling materials.
    • Use the thermal imaging camera (TIC) to identify temperature differences that could indicate hidden fire. However, remember that the TIC only reads surface temperature.
    • To open plaster and lath walls, create a hole in the lath and insert a tool vertically into the space behind; pull down and out to remove multiple pieces of lath.

    Overhaul Smoke Identification

    • Two types of smoke indicate hidden fire: Trapped smoke and Pressurized smoke.
    • Trapped smoke lingers in a stagnant state until ventilated.
    • Pressurized smoke is darker and has some velocity, indicating the presence of a fire.

    Common Void Spaces

    • Common chases can run multiple floors in apartment buildings.
    • These chases contain plumbing or vent pipes, allowing fire to spread rapidly and involve other areas.
    • Investigate fire areas with potential chases quickly to prevent further spread.
    • Knee walls, frequently found in multiple districts, allow fire to spread horizontally quickly without fire breaks.
    • When investigating a fire, open up and inspect the knee walls if the fire appears knocked down but heat conditions are not improving.
    • Venting knee walls vertically decreases horizontal fire spread and improves inside conditions.

    Mansard Roof Construction

    • Provide extra attention to mansard roofs and cockloft areas to ensure the space is clear.
    • Mansard roofs, allow builders to have livable space in the attic without adding height.
    • Fire in mansard roofs and cocklofts can quickly spread around the building.

    Balloon Frame Construction

    • Balloon frame construction is common in older homes.
    • In balloon frame homes, wall studs extend the entire length of the structure, and floor joists are linked to the wall channels, allowing easier fire spread.
    • Fire in balloon frame homes can spread quickly both horizontally and vertically.
    • Inspect the structure from the basement to the attic for potential fire spread.

    Attic Spaces

    • Fire entering an attic space can be catastrophic for an occupancy.
    • In homes with blown-in insulation, fires can spread quickly and sometimes undetected.
    • Inspect the attic areas for extension if there is any possibility that fire penetrated that space.

    Arson Evidence

    • During overhaul, prioritize preserving evidence in potential arson cases.
    • Minimize the use of hoses and other tools to avoid disrupting the scene.
    • Ensure that the area is monitored until the arson investigator arrives to prevent flare-ups or hot spots.
    • The Incident Commander and officers on the scene have the final say on overhaul procedures in arson cases.

    Debris Removal

    • After the fire is knocked down, remove debris using shovels and trash cans.
    • Be mindful of the weight of debris being removed, as overfilled trash cans can be hazardous.
    • Dispose of large, smoldering items (couches, mattresses) in a safe, designated area away from the building and extinguish them with a handline.
    • Firefighters should pace themselves during overhaul, as it can be a long and strenuous process.
    • Use tools for their intended purposes and avoid using hands to pull drywall.
    • Be proactive during overhaul by staying involved in the work.
    • Officers should lead the overhaul process, but firefighters should be actively involved in performing the tasks.
    • Ask questions during overhaul to enhance learning and experience.

    Service Calls and Utilities

    • Fire service runs can involve a wide variety of situations, including water leaks, gas leaks, carbon monoxide alarms, and lockouts.
    • Be professional and treat each call as an emergency, regardless of the perceived severity.
    • Thoroughly investigate the cause of the issue to prevent future calls and protect the community.
    • Utilize individuals with specific skills (electricians, plumbers, etc.) within the crew to assist with the situation.
    • Utilize available equipment, such as thermal imaging cameras, gas detectors, and P400, for investigation.
    • Contact external sources, such as utility companies, for assistance if necessary.
    • When dealing with lockouts, ensure that the person requesting access can verify ownership.
    • If necessary, contact the police department to verify identity.
    • Explain to the resident the potential for damage during access attempts.
    • Use the least damaging method to gain access.
    • Fill out any necessary forms and ensure the resident acknowledges and signs them.
    • Utilize tactics to ensure safety when performing wellness checks.
    • Consider wearing a ballistics vest and helmet as a precaution, especially if forced entry is required.
    • Announce "Columbus Fire Department" loudly and knock before entering.

    Natural Gas Emergencies and Response

    • Natural gas is a fossil fuel that forms deep underground, largely composed of methane (CH4).
    • Natural gas delivery infrastructure can be grouped into three categories: production, transmission, and distribution.

    Line Operating Pressures

    • Operating pressures vary depending on location, determined by local gas companies.
    • Pressure can be estimated by sound: if audible from blocks away, pressure is likely high.
    • Low pressure: up to ½ pound of pressure.
    • Medium pressure: 10-60 psi (can drop to 2 psi during peak demand).
    • High pressure: anything exceeding 60 psi.

    Specific Gravity

    • Natural gas is lighter than air (specific gravity of 0.60-0.70 versus 1.0 for air).
    • It rises and dissipates rapidly outdoors.
    • Inside buildings, it can accumulate in attics, under stairs, and dead spaces.

    Natural Gas Service Feeds

    • Natural gas flows from the main line through a tap to a service line feeding a structure.
    • Most systems have a flow control valve, either a curb shut-off valve or an excess flow valve near the main.
    • Low-pressure systems without a flow control valve near the main require a meter located outside.
    • Meters can be inside or outside the structure, with current efforts to move all meters outside.
    • Inside meters necessitate a shut-off valve on the meter setting and a curb shut-off valve near the main line.
    • Curb boxes, typically in line with the meter riser near the main, house the curb shut-off valve.
    • Rescue Companies are equipped with subsurface magnetic locators to locate metal curb box lids.
    • The Gas Company discourages turning off underground valves without absolute certainty about the line being served due to potential hazards.

    Gas Meter Setups

    • Meter settings have various configurations, with a basic single meter setting as an example.
    • A shut-off valve below the regulator is located on the inlet side of the setting.
    • The regulator reduces pressure from the main line to the occupancy.
    • Most house lines operate at under a pound of pressure.
    • The red circle indicates the quarter-turn shut-off valve on the service line, used to turn off gas to the structure.
    • Yellow tracer wires buried near the feed line help service providers locate underground pipes.

    Curb Box Lid

    • Curb box lids may be found in yards, sidewalks, driveways, alleys, or missing.
    • If the meter is outside, instead of a curb valve shutoff, there may be an Excess Flow Valve (EFV).
    • EFVs are identified by a military-style dog tag zip-tied to the meter setting.

    Excess Flow Valves (EFVs)

    • EFVs restrict gas flow automatically if a service line is damaged or broken.
    • They do not fully shut off flow, allowing a small amount of gas to seep.
    • They reset automatically once repaired and pressure equalizes.
    • Avoid bending or damaging service lines, as this can cause friction, sparking, and potentially reset the EFV to full pressure.

    CSST Manifolds

    • Corrugated stainless steel tubing (CSST) systems use elevated pressure delivered to a centrally located manifold, where it is regulated down.

    Multi-Unit Feeds

    • Multi-unit settings often have individual shut-off valves for each meter on the inlet side.
    • Some meters may have apartment numbers, but not all.
    • The shut-off valve on the riser below the regulator can be used to turn off the entire multi-meter setting.
    • Multi-meter manifolds may be difficult to determine which meter serves a particular unit.
    • Meters may be marked with addresses or apartment numbers by the gas company, either with tags or written on the meter.
    • The regulator indicates the inlet side, and a ¼ turn shut-off valve below it turns off the entire meter setting.

    Carbon Monoxide Alarms

    • Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless toxic gas that kills annually.
    • It is produced by incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels (wood, natural gas, propane, oil, kerosene, etc.).
    • Unvented fuel-burning appliances can reduce oxygen levels, increasing CO production.
    • Some appliances have oxygen depletion sensors that shut off the appliance if oxygen levels are too low.
    • National safety standards guide the installation and use of carbon-based fuel appliances.

    Arriving to the Scene

    • When responding to a CO run, inquire about occupants experiencing flu-like symptoms (headache, confusion, fatigue, nausea).
    • Determine if appliances in the home are gas or electric and if any were running at the time of the alarm.
    • Consider non-traditional CO sources like Hookah pipes, smoldering ashes, or gas-powered equipment in adjacent units.
    • Recognize that ventilation prior to arrival can affect CO readings.
    • Maintain a high level of suspicion.

    The Investigation

    • Shut off all appliances and ventilate the structure.
    • Ventilating may require coordination and fans.
    • After CO removal, individually check appliances:
      • Turn on hot water tank and observe the flame for proper adjustment/burning.
      • Check around the heater and flue for CO leaks, rust, soot, and secure venting.
      • Check furnace registers while the furnace is producing heat, as a cracked heat exchanger can release flue gases into heating ductwork.
      • Observe flame color, as a blue flame indicates proper adjustment and a cracked heat exchanger can produce an orange, dancing flame.
      • Check gas stoves after they have warmed up to operating temperature, aiming to avoid false alarms from initial heat-up.
    • Consult Columbia Gas when unsure about the source, especially at lower CO levels.
    • Other potential CO sources include gas dryers, fireplaces, space heaters, blocked chimneys, and vehicles running in garages.

    Gas Monitoring and Detecting Equipment

    • Sensit P-400 (monitor) and Sensit TKX (detector) are personal gas devices on engine, ladder, and rescue companies.
    • Both should be used together on a natural gas response, as the TKX has higher sensitivity.
    • This study focuses on the P-400 for natural gas leak responses, but seeking further instructions on both devices is recommended.
    • The P-400 monitor has 5 sensors:
      • O2 (oxygen)
      • CH4 (combustible gas - LEL only)
      • CO (carbon monoxide)
      • H2S (hydrogen sulfide)
      • HCN (hydrogen cyanide)

    Chemical Make-Up and Meter Readings

    • The main component of natural gas is methane (CH4).
    • The P-400 displays CH4 readings when monitoring for combustible gas.
    • Natural gas has an explosive range between 5% and 15% gas to air.
    • LEL is 5% and UEL is 15%.
    • The P-400 displays the percentage of the LEL.
    • 100% on the P-400 indicates a reading at or above the 5% LEL.
    • 50% indicates a reading at 2.5% natural gas to air, halfway to the LEL.

    Gas Leaks

    • Gas leaks can create a dangerous environment, potentially leading to explosions.
    • P-400 monitors are used to detect gas leaks and will alarm at 10% of the LEL (Lower Explosive Limit).
    • The LEL is the lowest concentration of a gas that can cause an explosion.
    • The P-400 reads in % of LEL, while some other departments use meters that read in PPM (Parts Per Million).
    • A conversion chart shows the relationship between PPM and %LEL.
    • Always prioritize safety and use full PPE when responding to gas leaks.

    Types of Gas Leaks

    • Inside leaks are particularly concerning due to the enclosed environment, which allows gas to accumulate and reach explosive levels.
    • Outside leaks can be caused by damaged meters, vehicles hitting lines, or construction activities.
    • Directional bore machines can cause particularly dangerous underground leaks, as the gas may travel along existing utility lines and accumulate in unexpected locations.

    Responding to Gas Leaks

    • The dispatch code for a gas leak is simple: "GAS LEAK."
    • Remember to obtain as much information as possible about the leak through the MDC (Mobile Data Computer), radio traffic, and building occupants.
    • Use full PPE, including gloves and hoods, for added protection.

    Elevator Operations

    • Elevators are a common feature in buildings, particularly after the Americans with Disabilities Act.
    • Firefighters should understand the different types of elevators, their components, and potential hazards.

    Elevator Types

    • Electric Cable or Traction Elevators: Common in high-rise buildings, utilizing a motor and cables to move the car.
    • Hydraulic Elevators: Common in low-rise and mid-rise buildings, using hydraulic pressure to lift the car.
    • Machine-Room-Less (MRL) or Direct Drive Elevators: Lack a dedicated machine room, using various mechanisms (belts, rope, cable, or hydraulic cylinders) to move the car.

    Basic Elevator Rescue Procedures

    • Recon: Upon arrival, determine the location and type of elevator, the presence of occupants, and the location of the machine room.
    • Initial Actions: Send a firefighter to the machine room to control power, send a crew to the stranded floor, and keep a crew member at the egress level.
    • Rescue Options:
      • Elevator Technician Arrival: If occupants are okay waiting and a technician is readily available.
      • Elevator Fire Service Phase 1: Activate the emergency recall system to recall elevators and give firefighters control.
      • Elevator System Reset: Shut off power, wait for the system to reboot, and restart.
      • Hoistway Door Rescue: Access the elevator shaft and release the car door.
      • Technical Rescue Through the Top of the Car: A dangerous last resort, only to be undertaken by experienced personnel.

    Elevator Power Supply

    • Most elevators run off two separate power sources: one for the mechanics and one for the lights and fans.
    • This allows firefighters to reset the main power system while maintaining the lights and ventilation for the trapped occupants.

    Hoistway Doors

    • Hoistway doors are the externally visible doors that open to the elevator shaft.
    • The car door is the internal door that travels with the elevator car.
    • Various types of hoistway doors exist, each with different opening mechanisms.
    • The drop key can release the latch mechanism on a hoistway door to allow access to the elevator car.

    Top Hatch Rescue

    This is a very dangerous rescue option that should only be used as a last resort.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge on firefighter tools, ladder safety, and forcible entry techniques. This quiz covers essential guidelines and equipment used by firefighters to ensure safety and efficiency in emergency situations. Perfect for those training in firefighting or emergency response.

    More Like This

    Firefighter Safety and Prevention Quiz
    12 questions

    Firefighter Safety and Prevention Quiz

    ViewableNovaculite avatar
    ViewableNovaculite
    Firefighter Safety and Risk Management
    12 questions

    Firefighter Safety and Risk Management

    ViewableNovaculite avatar
    ViewableNovaculite
    Firefighter Safety and Equipment Quiz
    12 questions

    Firefighter Safety and Equipment Quiz

    ViewableNovaculite avatar
    ViewableNovaculite
    Firefighter Safety and Rehabilitation Quiz
    12 questions

    Firefighter Safety and Rehabilitation Quiz

    ViewableNovaculite avatar
    ViewableNovaculite
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser