Financial Management Reporting Chapter V
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Questions and Answers

What is the maximum mobilization advance that can be granted to contractors?

  • 5% of the contract value
  • 15% of the contract value
  • 20% of the contract value
  • 10% of the contract value (correct)

Under what condition can legal expenses be reimbursed to a Railway servant?

  • For any suit filed in a Court of Law
  • If the suit is related to official duties and prior approval is granted (correct)
  • Only if the Railway servant takes personal leave
  • If the suit is in favor of the Railway Administration

What is the maximum daily fee allowed for engaging counsel in the Supreme Court without prior approval?

  • Rs.1,050/- per day (correct)
  • Rs.1,200/- per day
  • Rs.900/- per day
  • Rs.1,000/- per day

What is the maximum amount that can be written off due to irrecoverable dues to the Railways?

<p>Rs.2 lakh (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following advances can exceed the set limit in special circumstances?

<p>Advances for accelerating progress of work (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for watching the progress of expenditure and keeping aggregate charges within the amount of the Grant or Appropriation?

<p>The Railway Board (A), Individual railway administrations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required when several officers are authorized to incur expenditure against a lump sum allotment?

<p>The higher authority must supervise the overall expenditure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the authority to incur expenditure carry with it?

<p>Responsibility for control of expenditure within limits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can lead to modifications in detailed estimates of revenue expenditure?

<p>Allotments sanctioned by the Railway Board (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct regarding the powers delegated by the Railway Board?

<p>Delegated authorities must follow various codes, rules, and regulations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the General Manager and the Railway Board regarding budget estimates?

<p>The General Manager submits revised and budget estimates based on detailed estimates from heads of departments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must accompany the exercise of authority for incurrence of expenditure?

<p>Responsibility for overseeing financial propriety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'adjustments' refer to in the context of Railway Administration?

<p>Transactions among multiple accounting units and administrations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of staff expenditures, which components are directly accounted for as cash outgo?

<p>Net amounts payable to the staff after recoveries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should financial statements of the railway be prepared in accordance with?

<p>The Indian Railway Code for the Accounts Department (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How must the assessment of cash and adjustment portions of expenditures be conducted?

<p>In accordance with established guidelines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the Analysis of Working section?

<p>Statements of Rolling Stock and Revenue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical step for verifying the reasonableness of expenditure bifurcation?

<p>Comparing with previous year figures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information should be noted regarding exceptional events?

<p>Damages caused by natural disasters and coping measures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of fuel expenditures, when is Exchequer Control primarily applied?

<p>At the stage of fuel purchases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What powers do General Managers of Indian Railways possess?

<p>To sanction expenditure and delegate powers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of expenditures do staff payments represent in the Railway's revenue accounting?

<p>Easily ascertainable commitments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of statements are included in the Appendices section?

<p>Statements of accidents and staff costs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What recent change was made to the Railway Rates Tribunal?

<p>It was merged with the Railway Claims Tribunal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of staff expenditure is shown as adjustments?

<p>Recoveries made through payrolls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of railway working is primarily used for compiling statistics?

<p>Detailed Statements of Operating Statistics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cash outgo for fuel encompass at the final heads?

<p>Tax payments and handling charges (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measures are often taken to improve comfort for lower class passengers?

<p>Upgrading existing facilities and services (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could potentially affect the estimation of cash payments for staff expenditures?

<p>Past actual payments and relevant factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to note fluctuations in operating results?

<p>To identify causes of revenue changes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of statistical statements are included in Section III?

<p>Operating Statistics and Revenue Statements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum honorarium that a Gazetted Railway servant can accept for acting as an arbitrator in a dispute involving the Railway Administration?

<p>Rs. 20,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the annual honorarium limit for Non-gazetted Railway employees?

<p>Rs. 15,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum reward amount that can be granted to persons other than Railway employees for exemplary work in accident prevention?

<p>Rs. 50,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum amount that can be sanctioned for training courses outside India for Zonal Railways in one year?

<p>Rs. 1 crore (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum value of expenditure on deputation training for Production Units in a year?

<p>Rs. 8 lakh (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum individual reward that can be granted in other cases not involving Railway employees?

<p>Rs. 25,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who must concur for the grant of honorarium to Non-gazetted Railway employees?

<p>The Chief Financial Adviser (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For what specific type of case is there no limit on the honorarium received by a Railway servant?

<p>Disciplinary enquiries against Railway Officers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional requisite is noted for granting rewards above Rs. 50,000?

<p>Must have been re-delegated to DRMs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Board’s Letter in terms of honorarium limits?

<p>It sets specific limits and regulations for different categories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of maintaining a continuous watch on revenue realization as discussed in the Railway Budget?

<p>To track actual revenues against budgeted expectations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the monthly statement of approximate gross revenue prepared by the Railways primarily structured?

<p>On the basis of estimated apportionment between various Zonal Railways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the budgetary control mentioned for the Railways expenditure?

<p>To confirm expenditure aligns with Parliamentary approval (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential for comparing gross revenue figures presented in the Railways' monthly statements?

<p>The proportionate budgeted revenue for the same period (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern when there is a shortfall in revenue from any traffic segment as outlined in the budgetary approach?

<p>To promptly inform the concerned departments for rectification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Railway Budget management, which statement correctly reflects the governance of capital expenditure?

<p>It is regulated by strict compliance with the Demands for Grants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tool is primarily used to compare revenue performance between expected projections and actual collections for the Railways?

<p>Monthly financial reviews on an apportioned basis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is primarily responsible for the consolidation of Monthly Financial Reviews?

<p>Chief Accounts Officer (A), Financial Adviser (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must occur before liability can be incurred if provision for it does not exist?

<p>Funds should be re-appropriated or newly allotted. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action should the Accounts Officer take regarding potential savings?

<p>Withdraw funds from the sub-head immediately. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which funds are mentioned for separate allotments to railway administrations?

<p>Capital Fund, Safety Fund, Development Fund (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When re-appropriations are needed, what should the Accounts Officer ensure?

<p>They are carried out promptly and effectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required when there is a change in expenditure progress under a head?

<p>Immediate steps must be taken to arrange for additional appropriation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of allotments given to railway administrations?

<p>They are issued in lump sum for various funds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation can provisional liquidation of liabilities occur?

<p>When prior funds are assured by the spending authority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of programmes detail the distribution of funds over works for which they are intended?

<p>Works, Machinery and Rolling Stock Programmes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required prior to creating a permanent or temporary post in the railway system?

<p>Previous sanction from a higher authority (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario may allow Medical Officers to receive fees while holding positions that normally prohibit private practice?

<p>Upon approval from the Railway Board (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum cap for grants of rewards to non-gazetted Railway employees for exemplary work to avert accidents?

<p>Rs. 30,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions requires prior sanction from a higher authority before it can be executed?

<p>Permitting a Railway employee to undertake work for outside companies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum individual reward that can be granted for inventions to Railway employees who transfer patent rights to Indian Railways?

<p>Rs. 50,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be included in the financial statements of the railway?

<p>Both capital and revenue transactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is primarily analyzed in the 'Analysis of Working' section?

<p>Statistical statements related to railway operations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measures are typically taken to enhance comfort for lower class passengers?

<p>Ensuring better sanitation and hygiene facilities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of exceptional events must be documented in the financial statements?

<p>Damages caused by natural disasters (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial step in preparing the Appendices section of railway accounts?

<p>Providing statements on staff numbers and accident costs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change made by the Finance Act 2017 regarding tribunals?

<p>Merger of Railway Rates Tribunal with Railway Claims Tribunal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which powers are specifically granted to the General Managers of Indian Railways regarding expenditure?

<p>Sanctioning expenditures with prior approval of the Principal Financial Adviser (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which section would you find detailed statements of revenue, earnings, and operating statistics?

<p>Section III - Analysis of Working (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information is essential to capture regarding fluctuations in operating results?

<p>Causes contributing to the fluctuations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the financial statements reflect about the previous year's performance?

<p>Variations in gross receipts and expenditures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the quarterly reviews for ending June, September, and December include in terms of explanations?

<p>Meaningful reasons for variations and remarks on progress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form should be used for preparing the review of expenditure by works?

<p>Form F. 526 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the budget expenditure review, what should be indicated in column 12?

<p>Meaningful remarks on the progress of expenditure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should 'commitments' refer to in the context of the expenditure review?

<p>Expenditure that has not yet been paid or included (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'probable outlay' imply in the expenditure context?

<p>Estimated future expenses necessary to complete a project (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is expected to be recorded in column 7 of the expenditure review?

<p>Total commitments to be paid in the following year (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the expenditure review reflects the balance of budget allocation?

<p>Column 11 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of remarks should be recorded in consultation with spending authorities?

<p>Brief remarks on the rate of progress of expenditure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'balance of commitments' indicate in the review form?

<p>The total expenditures planned but not yet incurred (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following must be done at the end of each quarter regarding the budget?

<p>Send detailed accounts to the Board as per guidelines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Railway Board's Expenditure Control

The Railway Board is responsible for managing the overall expenditure within the budget approved by Parliament and the President.

Individual Railway Administration's Expenditure Control

Each railway administration controls its allocated funds and must stay within the budget.

Sub-Major Head Expenditure Oversight

When multiple officers share a lump sum budget (sub-major head), the higher authority is responsible for overseeing their spending.

Delegated Expenditure Authority

The Ministry of Railways delegates spending authority to subordinate officials.

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Responsibility for Expenditure Control

With authority to spend comes the responsibility to spend within the allocated limit.

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Revenue Expenditure Estimates

Detailed estimates of operating costs are created by General Managers and sent to the Railway Board.

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Budget Modification

Detailed estimates given to the Railway Board may be adjusted according to the approved budget or by the GM, if needed.

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Contract Expenditure Limit

Consultancy services exceeding Rs. 10 crore are subject to specific approval.

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Contractor Advance Limits

Mobilization advances, machinery advances, and progress advances are restricted to specific percentages of the contract value or other limits based on purchase price/ specific amounts.

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Legal Expense Reimbursement Restrictions

Railway servant legal expenses are restricted if initiated without authorization or if not due to official duty. Appeals to Supreme Court also need special authorization.

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Legal Counsel Fee Restrictions

Railway counsels' fees exceeding standard Ministry fees or those for specific locations (Supreme Court, High Courts) are restricted.

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Railway Amount Write-Off Restrictions

Railway write-offs of amounts due (except wharfage, demurrage, and storage charges) more than Rs.2 lakh require higher approval, primarily for non-Railway employees.

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Railway Financial Statements

Statements of capital and revenue transactions of the railway.

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Analysis of Railway Working

Statistical reports on various aspects of railway operation, used for annual statistics.

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Gross Receipts

Total income earned by the railway in a given period.

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Operating Results

Outcome of operating the railway (profit or loss).

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Exceptional Events

Uncommon events, like floods or accidents, significantly impacting the railway's finances.

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Departmental Expenditure

Cost incurred in operating various railway sections and departments.

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Railway Rates Tribunal

Railway body for deciding rates and pricing issues.

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General Managers' Powers

Authority levels for General Managers in approving expenditures in Indian Railways.

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Section IV-Appendices

Supplementary materials that provide supporting documents to the financial statements and provide more crucial details.

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Indian Railway Code

Set of guidelines for the Indian Railways.

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Accounting Adjustments

Transactions between different accounting units (e.g., railway administrations) within a railway system or between railways and non-railways.

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Maintenance Store Issue

Transferring maintenance supplies from stores suspense account to final accounting head (related to maintenance).

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Railway Paying Authority

A railway administration that handles payments for supplies to other railways or non-railway entities.

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Cash vs. Adjustment Expenditure

Careful separation required between cash payments and adjustments in accounting for expenditure.

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Staff Revenue Expenditure

Railway revenue expenditure primarily categorized under 'Staff', 'Fuel & Stores', and 'Miscellaneous'.

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Staff Payment Adjustments

Recoveries from staff payrolls/settlement bills are recorded as adjustments, excluding cash payments for exceptions.

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Fuel Exchequer Control

Fuel purchases (coal and diesel) are controlled at the purchase stage under 'Stores Suspense' for railways.

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Fuel Cash Outgo

Cash disbursement for fuel-related items (tax, electricity, handling charges) is tracked separately under the final accounting head.

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Financial Year Comparison

Comparing current expenditure figures (cash and adjustment) with the previous year's helps evaluate the reasonableness of the breakdown.

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Honorarium limit for Gazetted Railway servants (arbitration)

Gazetted Railway servants cannot accept honorariums exceeding Rs.20,000 per case for arbitration work where the Railway is involved, and Rs.5,000 per year for other cases, except in vigilance/CBI cases, where the limit is set by the Board.

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Honorarium limit for Non-Gazetted Railway employees

Non-gazetted Railway employees cannot receive honorariums exceeding Rs.15,000 in each case. For recurring honorariums, the limit applies to the total yearly amount.

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Reward limits for non-railway employees

Rewards for non-railway employees are restricted to Rs.25,000 per case. Exemplary accident prevention or passenger rescue may grant rewards of up to Rs.50,000, and delegated to DRMs up to Rs.10,000.

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Gazetted officer resignation acceptance

Railway authorities can accept the resignation of a gazetted officer, as per DoPT directives.

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Railway servant deputation (out of India)

Railway departments have the power to allow the deputation of their employees from within India.

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Training course expenditure approval (Zonal Railways)

Zonal Railways can't spend more than Rs. 1 crore annually on training course expenses.

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Training course expenditure approval (Production Units)

Production Units can't spend more than Rs. 8 lakhs annually on training course expenses.

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Types of cases where honorarium limits apply

Honorarium limits apply to arbitration cases, cases involving vigilance / CBI, and other types of cases.

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Recurring honorarium limit

For recurring honorariums, the total amount paid in a financial year cannot exceed the limit.

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Delegation of reward power

Railway authorities can delegate power to grant rewards up to a certain amount to Divisional Railway Managers.

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Railway Budget: Control & Management

The Railway Budget acts as a tool for Parliamentary Financial Control, expenditure control, and overall management of Indian Railways. It sets financial targets that guide performance objectives.

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Gross Revenue Monitoring

The Indian Railways uses various monitoring tools like 10-day revenue statements and monthly financial reviews to track revenue generation against budgetary expectations.

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Revenue Shortfall: Reporting

Any shortfall in traffic revenue must be promptly communicated to the relevant departments for immediate action to address the issue.

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Expenditure Control: Voting by Parliament

All Railway expenditure, excluding that charged on the Consolidated Fund of India, is approved by Parliament through the Demands for Grants.

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Revenue & Capital Expenditure: Budgetary Control

The budget ensures that expenditure is aligned with Parliament's approval and stays within the allocated limits for specific purposes.

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Expenditure Control: Authority & Responsibility

Specific authorities are responsible for controlling expenditure under different major heads of the grant, as outlined in Annexure I to Chapter III.

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Monthly Revenue Statement: Zonal Railways

A monthly statement of estimated revenue, allocated to various Zonal Railways, is sent to the Railway Board for comparing actual performance with the budget.

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Monthly Financial Review

A consolidated report summarizing the financial performance of each railway division, workshop, or construction unit, compiled into a comprehensive report for the entire railway.

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Re-appropriation

The process of shifting funds from one budget item (sub-head) to another, usually to address unforeseen expenses or allocate savings.

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Spending Authority

The individuals or groups authorized to make decisions about spending the allocated funds.

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Works, Machinery and Rolling Stock Programmes

A detailed plan outlining the allocation of funds for capital expenditure on construction, equipment, and rolling stock for the entire railway.

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Capital Expenditure

Spending on acquiring, constructing, or upgrading long-term assets, such as tracks, stations, and locomotives.

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Depreciation Reserve Fund

A fund set aside to cover the gradual wear and tear of railway assets over their lifespan.

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Development Fund

A fund dedicated to financing improvements and expansions to the railway network.

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Railway Safety Fund

A fund specifically allocated for enhancing safety measures on the railway network.

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Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh

A national fund aimed at improving the safety and security of Indian Railways.

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Delegation Caveats

Restrictions and approvals required for various aspects of Railway operations, ensuring financial oversight and adherence to regulations.

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Prior Sanction for Establishment Matters

Higher authorities must approve creation or revival of posts, salary adjustments exceeding rules, private work authorization, and additional post allowance.

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Reward Limits

Different limits apply for granting rewards based on the recipient's role and the nature of the achievement. For example, non-gazetted employees have a lower limit for rewards.

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Ex-gratia Payment for Inventions

Payments exceeding Rs. 50,000 for invention-related rewards are subject to specific approval, requiring successful patenting and transfer of rights to Indian Railways.

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Delegation of Reward Power to DRMs

The power to grant rewards exceeding Rs. 7,500 in certain cases can be delegated to Divisional Railway Managers.

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Form No.F.-526

A form used to review expenditure on railway works, outlining the budget, actual expenditure, and commitments for the year.

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Expenditure Review for Period Ending

Quarterly reviews of expenditure are conducted for the periods ending June, September, and December. These are sent to the Railway Board with explanations for any variations in spending.

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What is the purpose of column 12 in Form F-526?

Column 12 in Form F-526 is for recording meaningful explanations for variations in expenditure and remarks on the rate of progress. This information should be consulted with spending authorities.

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What are the sub-heads in Form F-526?

The form includes the following sub-heads: description of the work, sanctioned amount, expenditure to the end of the previous year, budget allotment for the year, expenditure during the current year, commitments, and total expenditure.

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Probable Outlay to Complete the Work

This refers to the estimated amount needed to complete the remaining work for a project.

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Throw Forward

This refers to the amount of expenditure that is carried over to the next year because the work is not completed by the end of the current year.

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Balance of Allotment Available

This refers to the remaining budget allocation after deducting all expenses and commitments.

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Remarks on Further Estimated Expenditure and Commitments

This refers to a section in which officials provide comments and predictions regarding future spending.

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Signature and Designation

A space provided for the signature and designation of the authorized official who approves the expenditure review.

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What is Section II of a railway report?

Section II is a set of financial statements showing capital and revenue transactions of the railway. These statements are prepared according to the Indian Railway Code for the Accounts Department, Part I.

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What's included in Section III of a railway report?

Section III contains statistical statements about the railway's operations. It includes data on rolling stock, revenue (earnings and expenditure), and operational statistics. This information is used for the annual statistical summaries published by the Railway Board.

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What's the purpose of Section IV of a railway report?

Section IV contains supplementary information, including statements about staff numbers and costs, accidents, and other relevant details that support the main financial and operational reports.

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What are General Managers' powers in Indian Railways?

General Managers in Indian Railways have authority to approve expenditures and delegate their powers to subordinates, but they need prior approval from higher authorities for certain activities.

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What does 'gross receipts' refer to in a railway context?

Gross receipts refer to the total income earned by a railway, encompassing all revenue sources, during a specific period.

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What are 'exceptional events' for a railway?

Exceptional events are unusual occurrences like floods, accidents, or other unforeseen situations that significantly impact the railway's operations and finances.

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What does 'departmental expenditure' mean?

Departmental expenditure refers to the costs incurred by different departments or divisions of a railway to operate their respective functions.

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What is the importance of 'operating results'?

Operating results indicate the financial performance of the railway – whether it made a profit or incurred a loss from its operations.

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What is the significance of 'major works' in a railway report?

Major works refer to large construction projects or significant upgrades undertaken or completed during a reporting period, affecting the railway's infrastructure and operations.

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What are 'steps to improve facilities'? (Railway context)

These are initiatives taken by the railway to enhance the comfort and convenience of passengers, especially lower class passengers, by improving amenities and services.

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Study Notes

Chapter V: Budgetary and Expenditure Control Financial/Management Reporting

  • Budget is a crucial instrument for Parliamentary financial control and expenditure control.
  • Gross revenue figures are tracked continuously and monthly.
  • Monthly statements of approximate gross revenue are sent to the Railway Board.
  • Revenue and capital expenditure are reviewed.
  • Expenditure is monitored against allocated grants.
  • Exchequer control is crucial for budgetary management.
  • Implementation and limitations of Exchequer Control are examined.
  • Assessment of cash outgo is part of the financial control.
  • Reports on Railway's performance are prepared annually.
  • Budgetary and expenditure control, financial management reporting systems and related documents are outlined.
  • Annexures provide further detail on railway-related entities and regulatory bodies.
  • Financial reports are prepared for monitoring expenditure against allocated funds.
  • The review of expenditure is compiled monthly.
  • Review of capital expenditure and suspense grants are key components of the budgetary procedure.

Budgetary and Expenditure Control

  • Budgetary control is a crucial aspect of the management and administration of the Railway.
  • Parliamentary approval is necessary for most expenditures.
  • Monthly reports are compiled to compare actual expenditure with budget allocations.
  • Any shortfall in revenue is immediately addressed.

Revenue and Capital Expenditure

  • Monthly statement of approximate receipt and expenditure is prepared.
  • Review of revenue and capital expenditure is part of the financial reporting process.
  • Financial statements detail the distribution of resources.
  • Revenue allocation registers track allocated funds to different departments
  • Proper management of revenue and capital expenditure is critical for effective financial reporting.

Exchequer Control

  • Exchequer control is vital for tracking and limiting spending to approved amounts.
  • Financial reports are crucial to maintaining budgetary control.
  • Detailed analyses of expenditure by various heads are regularly reviewed.

Other Topics

  • The documents detail the handling of several types of grants for different operations.
  • The documents detail the processes for generating various financial reports.
  • The processes for handling capital suspense grants are described.
  • Monthly reviews of suspense and other expenditure are conducted.

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Explore the essentials of budgetary and expenditure control in financial management reporting. This quiz covers tracking revenue, monitoring expenditures, and the implications of Exchequer control, specifically in the context of railway financial management. Dive into key concepts and related documents to enhance your understanding.

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