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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a Good Samaritan law?

  • To protect healthcare providers from liability in emergency situations (correct)
  • To require bystanders to provide assistance in emergency situations
  • To establish the standard of care for healthcare providers
  • To define the scope of practice for emergency medical technicians
  • What is the term for a patient who poses a danger to themselves or others?

  • Gravely disabled
  • 5150
  • Involuntary commitment
  • Danger to self (correct)
  • What is the name of the valve that separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery?

  • Aortic valve
  • Bicuspid valve
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Pulmonic valve (correct)
  • What is the protocol for reporting suspected child abuse in San Diego County?

    <p>Mandatory reporter S-411</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do coronary arteries receive their blood supply?

    <p>During diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the primary survey, what is the primary focus of the airway assessment?

    <p>Maintaining open and clear airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the secondary survey?

    <p>Conducting a thorough head-to-toe examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you prioritize when assessing a patient with a traumatic injury?

    <p>Identifying the primary concerns based on injury location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the ongoing assessment?

    <p>Reassessing vital signs and interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the BSI (Body Substance Isolation) components?

    <p>Personal and personnel safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an OPA adjunct?

    <p>Maintain the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical oxygen flow rate for a nasal cannula?

    <p>2-6 lpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of myocardial infarction?

    <p>Chest discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for administering nitroglycerine?

    <p>Angina pectoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of hypoglycemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of hyperglycemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of a stroke?

    <p>ALOC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for a TIA?

    <p>Provide supportive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for seizures?

    <p>Protect the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for placenta previa?

    <p>Control bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a full thickness burn?

    <p>White leathery skin that is hard to the touch and no pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concerning sign or symptom in a geriatric patient?

    <p>Generalized weakness that is unprovoked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of a drowning?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of imminent delivery?

    <p>Vaginal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a type of fracture that occurs when a bone is partially broken, but not completely broken?

    <p>Greenstick fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of SIDS?

    <p>Sudden Infant Death Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a Pit Viper?

    <p>Triangular head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical burn criterion?

    <p>Circumferential burns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of moderate hypothermia?

    <p>Stupor develops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for a venomous snake bite?

    <p>Leaving the affected extremity at or below heart level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of severe hypothermia?

    <p>V-fib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Decompression Illness Type 1?

    <p>Pain, itching, and swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following patients may be placed under a 5150 hold?

    <p>A patient who is gravely disabled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

    <p>Separates the right atrium from the right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the primary survey, what is the primary focus of the general impression?

    <p>Making a general assessment of the patient's overall condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which part of the cardiac cycle do coronary arteries receive their blood supply?

    <p>During diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of informed consent in a medical setting?

    <p>To ensure the patient is aware of the risks and benefits of a treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the BSI (Body Substance Isolation) components?

    <p>Personal safety, environment, and number of patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the secondary survey?

    <p>To gather detailed information about the patient's condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the pulmonic valve?

    <p>To separate the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When assessing a patient for a traumatic injury, what should be prioritized based on the location of the injury?

    <p>The primary concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the ongoing assessment?

    <p>To identify any changes in the patient's condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fracture occurs when a bone is partially broken, but not completely broken?

    <p>Greenstick fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of a geriatric patient who has experienced a syncopal episode?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of a drowning?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a full thickness burn?

    <p>White leathery skin that is hard to the touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a sudden and unexplained death of an infant?

    <p>SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the APGAR score used to assess in a newborn?

    <p>Overall health and well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the oxygen flow rate for a non-rebreather mask?

    <p>10-15 lpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs and symptoms of a myocardial infarction?

    <p>Chest discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of Henry's Law on the human body?

    <p>It causes nitrogen gas to build up in the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for administering nitroglycerine?

    <p>Angina pectoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Croup?

    <p>Low grade fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?

    <p>ALOC, pale, cool skin, and low blood sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of burns?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke?

    <p>ALOC, slurred speech, and unresponsive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Kyphosis?

    <p>A type of spinal curvature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for a TIA?

    <p>Supportive care and monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'Hot zone' in Haz Mat protocol?

    <p>The area where the hazardous material is located</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of placenta previa?

    <p>Painless vaginal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most helpful question to ask the elderly during a patient assessment?

    <p>How do you feel this week compared to last week?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for an ectopic pregnancy?

    <p>Surgical intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best way to control venous bleeding?

    <p>Direct pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the third stage of labor?

    <p>Placental delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of implied consent in a medical setting?

    <p>To allow medical treatment without explicit consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 5150 hold used for?

    <p>To detain a patient who poses a danger to themselves or others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the bicuspid valve?

    <p>To separate the left atrium from the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Good Samaritan law?

    <p>To encourage bystanders to assist in emergency situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a patient who is gravely disabled?

    <p>Gravely disabled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of a basilar skull fracture?

    <p>Bleeding from the ears or nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of increasing intracranial pressure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Cushing's Triad?

    <p>Hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular respirations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of an epidural bleed?

    <p>Loss of consciousness, then a lucid interval, followed by loss of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the GCS score used to assess?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a BRIM?

    <p>Breathing Response In altered Mental status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about a child's anatomy compared to an adult's?

    <p>Pliable ribs and chest muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do children experience hypotension only after a certain percentage of blood loss?

    <p>Because they have a smaller blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the Rule of Nines for adults and pediatrics?

    <p>The percentage of body surface area affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a patient with Emphysema?

    <p>They are usually thin and have a pink color to their skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Pulmonary Embolism?

    <p>Acute onset of unexplained shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of an NPA adjunct?

    <p>To maintain the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of heat cramps?

    <p>Loss of sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of heat loss in the body?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a patient with Pulmonary Edema?

    <p>They have a history of heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of angina pectoris?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of heat stroke?

    <p>Hot, dry skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of Tension Pneumothorax?

    <p>Tracheal deviation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical oxygen flow rate for a bag valve mask?

    <p>10-25 lpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of shock caused by a fluid issue?

    <p>Hypovolemic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Blood sugar &gt; 600</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best way to prevent the spread of infection?

    <p>Appropriate PPE based on the situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for a seizure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of placenta previa?

    <p>Hemorrhagic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for a TIA?

    <p>Relieve symptoms within 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best way to control venous bleeding?

    <p>Direct pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of a stroke?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for hyperglycemia?

    <p>Administer insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a person who is required to report suspected child abuse?

    <p>Mandatory reporter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a patient who is gravely disabled and may be placed under a 5150?

    <p>Gravely disabled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the valve that separates the left ventricle from the aorta?

    <p>Aortic valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a patient who does not want to be resuscitated in the event of a medical emergency?

    <p>DNR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the compression to ventilation ratio for BLS CPR?

    <p>30:2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the general impression during the primary survey?

    <p>To form an overall impression of the patient's condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is assessed during the primary survey?

    <p>Airway, breathing, circulation, and disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the BSI (Body Substance Isolation) components?

    <p>Personal safety, environmental factors, and mechanism of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the ongoing assessment?

    <p>To reassess vitals and interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be prioritized when assessing a patient with a traumatic injury?

    <p>The location of the injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a child's anatomy that increases the risk of trauma or illness?

    <p>Pliable ribs and chest muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for chemical burns?

    <p>Flush with copious amounts of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of heat stroke?

    <p>ALOC and hot skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of heat transfer that occurs when there is a direct transfer of heat from one object to another?

    <p>Conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proportion of blood volume loss that can lead to hypotension in a child?

    <p>30% blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule used to estimate the percentage of total body surface area (TBSA) affected by a burn?

    <p>Rule of Nines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a lucid interval in a patient with a head injury?

    <p>It is a sign of an epidural bleed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the GCS score?

    <p>Assessing verbal and motor responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of increasing intracranial pressure?

    <p>Irregular respirations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of raccoon eyes in a patient with a head injury?

    <p>It is a sign of a basilar skull fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Cushing's Triad?

    <p>Bradycardia, hypertension, and irregular respirations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of knowing the terms prone, supine, recumbent, distal, and proximal?

    <p>To describe a patient's anatomical position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of hypovolemic shock in a pediatric patient?

    <p>Listlessness and pale skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a Pit Viper?

    <p>Triangular head and rattles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical burn criterion?

    <p>Full thickness burns to hands, face, feet, or genitalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of moderate hypothermia?

    <p>Stupor develops and shivering ceases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for a venomous snake bite?

    <p>Immobilization of the affected extremity and no constricting band</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Decompression Illness Type 1?

    <p>Pain, itching, and swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Medical Emergencies and Response

    Abandonment and Negligence

    • Abandonment: leaving a patient without adequate care or supervision
    • Assault and/or battery: intentional physical contact or threat
    • Negligence: failure to provide adequate care or supervision
    • Good Samaritan law: protection from liability for those who provide aid in emergency situations
    • Duty to act: responsibility to provide aid in emergency situations
    • Scope of practice: boundaries of medical care and treatment
    • Informed/expressed consent: patient's informed agreement to treatment
    • Implied consent: presumed consent to treatment in emergency situations
    • DNR (Do not resuscitate): order to withhold CPR and other life-saving measures

    Mental Health and Emergency Response

    • "5150" patient: individual who is a danger to self or others, or gravely disabled
    • Danger to self: suicidal or self-harming behavior
    • Danger to others: violent or threatening behavior
    • Gravely disabled: unable to provide for own basic needs

    Suspected Child Abuse

    • Mandatory reporter: healthcare provider's obligation to report suspected child abuse
    • San Diego County protocol S-411: procedure for reporting suspected child abuse

    BLS CPR Guidelines

    • Compression to ventilation ratios: 30:2 for adult, 30:3 for child, 30:30 for infant
    • Hand placement: center of chest, one hand on top of the other
    • FBAO (foreign body airway obstruction): complete and incomplete obstruction
    • Pulse checks: checking for pulse in cardiac arrest
    • Defibrillation use: use of AED or manual defibrillator

    Anatomy of the Heart

    • Superior and Inferior Vena Cavae: major blood vessels
    • Right atrium: upper chamber of heart
    • Tricuspid valve: valve between right atrium and ventricle
    • Right ventricle: lower chamber of heart
    • Pulmonic valve: valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
    • Pulmonary artery: artery carrying oxygen-depleted blood to lungs
    • Lungs (alveoli): site of oxygen exchange
    • Pulmonary vein: vein carrying oxygen-rich blood to heart
    • Left atrium: upper chamber of heart
    • Bicuspid valve: valve between left atrium and ventricle
    • Left ventricle: lower chamber of heart
    • Aortic valve: valve between left ventricle and aorta
    • Aorta: major artery carrying oxygen-rich blood to body
    • Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins: blood vessels of varying sizes

    Coronary Arteries

    • Receive blood supply: during diastole, when heart is at rest

    Oxygen Adjuncts

    • OPA (oro-pharyngeal airway): maintains airway
    • NPA (nasal-pharyngeal airway): maintains airway
    • Nasal cannula: low-flow oxygen delivery (2-6 LPM)
    • Non-rebreather mask: high-flow oxygen delivery (10-15 LPM)
    • Bag Valve Mask: assisting ventilations (10-25 LPM)

    Medical Conditions and Treatment

    • Myocardial infarction (heart attack): chest discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea/vomiting
    • Angina pectoris: chest discomfort, provoked by exertion, relieved by rest
    • Nitroglycerine: indication, contraindication, side effects, dose
    • Metered Dose inhaler: indication, contraindication, side effects, dose
    • Oral glucose: indication, contraindication, side effects, dose
    • Hypoglycemia: ALOC/unresponsive, pale/cold skin, labored respirations, low blood sugar
    • Hyperglycemia: altered, warm/dry skin, Kussmaul respirations, fruity odor, polyuria/polydypsia
    • Diabetic ketoacidosis: symptoms same as hyperglycemia, but blood sugar above 600
    • Stroke (CVA): ALOC, slurred speech, unresponsive, severe headache, new onset of seizures
    • TIA: slurred speech, facial droop, hemiparesis, blurred vision, symptoms relieved within 24 hours
    • Charcoal (activated charcoal): indication, contraindication, side effects, dose
    • Seizures: tonic/clonic type movement, "gazing off into space", may be febrile, protect airway, provide oxygen
    • Status epilepticus: life-threatening seizure, manage airway and breathing
    • Poisoning: absorption, ingestion, injection, inhalation
    • Placenta previa: painless vaginal bleeding, occurs in third trimester, may see signs of hemorrhagic shock
    • Abruptio placentae: constant abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, pain in lower back, constant uterine contraction
    • Ectopic pregnancy: acute onset of lower quadrant abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, hypotension
    • Spontaneous abortion: vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, may present with expulsion of tissue
    • Pre-eclampsia: hypertension, sudden weight gain, swelling, persistent headache, persistent vomiting
    • Eclamptic seizure: symptoms as above, but patient begins to seize

    Labor and Delivery

    • Stages of labor: first stage (dilation), second stage (expulsion), third stage (placental)
    • Breech presentation: baby's feet/buttocks are positioned to come out first
    • Limb presentation: baby's arm/leg is positioned to come out first
    • Prolapsed cord: umbilical cord comes out before baby
    • Multiple births: more than one baby is being born

    Trauma and Shock

    • Compensated shock: tachycardia, tachypnea, restless, good BP
    • Decompensated shock: tachycardia, tachypnea, altered/agitated, poor BP
    • Control of venous bleeding: direct pressure, bandage, treat for shock
    • Control of arterial bleeding: direct pressure, tourniquet, PASG

    Haz Mat and OSHA

    • Hazardous material: substance that poses a risk to health or environment
    • OSHA trained Haz Mat: first responder awareness level
    • Hot zone: area where hazardous material is present
    • Warm zone: area where hazardous material is suspected
    • Cold zone: area where hazardous material is not present

    Pediatrics

    • APGAR: assessment of newborn's overall health
    • Pediatric assessment triangle: appearance, breathing, circulation
    • Suspected SIDS patient: provide oxygen, manage airway, may be febrile
    • Croup: low-grade fever, seal-bark cough
    • Epiglottitis: stridor, drooling, high-grade fever

    Geriatrics

    • Most helpful questions to ask the elderly: how do you feel this week compared to last week?
    • Syncopal episode: dehydration, GI bleed, MI, stroke
    • New onset of confusion or ALOC: possible stroke
    • Sharp, tearing, ripping abdominal pain: AAA
    • Generalized weakness: unprovoked, various causes
    • Unprovoked shortness of breath: PE

    Burns

    • Superficial burns: red/pink skin, no blisters
    • Partial thickness burns: red/pink skin, blisters
    • Full thickness burns: white/leathery skin, no pain
    • Electrical burns: cardiac arrhythmias, significant burns
    • Circumferential burns: dangerous, requires urgent attention### Trauma and Medical Emergencies
    • Facial injuries:
      • Airway compromise
    • Neck injuries:
      • Airway compromise
      • Breathing compromise
      • Neuro compromise
    • Chest injuries:
      • Breathing compromise
      • Bleeding compromise
    • Abdominal injuries:
      • Bleeding compromise
      • Sepsis
    • Pelvic injuries:
      • Bleeding compromise
    • Extremities:
      • Femurs bleeding compromise
      • Threat to limb
    • Back:
      • Bleeding compromise
      • Breathing compromise
      • Neuro compromise

    Respiratory Conditions

    • Emphysema (COPD):
      • Thin individuals
      • Pink skin color
      • Pursed lip breathing
      • Wheezing or diminished lung sounds
      • Dry cough
    • Chronic Bronchitis:
      • Heavy individuals
      • Bluish skin color
      • Excessive sputum production
      • Rhonchi or diminished lung sounds
    • Pulmonary Embolism:
      • Acute onset of unexplained shortness of breath
      • Recent history of surgery, sedentary lifestyle, or birth control pill
    • Pneumonia:
      • Fever
      • Productive cough
      • Diminished or rhonchi lung sounds
      • Green or yellow sputum production
    • Asthma:
      • Acute onset of shortness of breath
      • History of asthma
      • Wheezing lung sounds
    • Pneumothorax:
      • Shortness of breath
      • Pinpoint pain
      • Diminished lung sounds

    Shock

    • Types of shock:
      • Hypovolemic (fluid issue)
      • Obstructive (obstruction)
      • Cardiogenic (pump issue)
      • Distributive (vessel issue)
      • Anaphylaxis
      • Septic
    • Signs and symptoms:
      • Hypotension
      • Tachycardia
      • Tachypnea
      • Pale or cool skin
      • Delayed capillary refill

    Pediatrics

    • Anatomy:
      • Pliable ribs and chest muscles
      • Weak abdominal muscles
      • Smaller airways
      • Larger tongue
      • Proportionally larger skin surface area
      • Proportionally larger head (especially the occiput)
      • Smaller blood volume
    • High metabolic rate:
      • Burns through oxygen and sugar
      • Hypotension after 30% blood loss
      • Rate-dependent

    Stroke and Neurological Emergencies

    • Signs and symptoms of stroke:
      • ALOC
      • Slurred speech
      • Unresponsive
      • Severe headache
      • Hemiparesis
      • Blurred vision
      • Nausea and vomiting
    • Signs and symptoms of TIA:
      • Slurred speech
      • Facial droop
      • Hemiparesis
      • Blurred vision
      • Symptoms relieved within 24 hours

    Pregnancy and Childbirth

    • Placenta Previa:
      • Painless vaginal bleeding
      • Occurs in third trimester
      • May see excessive bleeding
    • Abruptio Placentae:
      • Constant abdominal pain
      • Vaginal bleeding
      • Pain in the lower back
      • Constant uterine contractions
      • Tender abdomen
    • Ectopic pregnancy:
      • Acute onset of lower quadrant abdominal pain
      • Should pain
      • Vaginal bleeding
      • Hypotension
    • Pre-eclampsia:
      • Hypertension
      • Sudden weight gain
      • Swelling of face, fingers, legs, or feet
      • Persistent headache
      • Persistent vomiting
    • Eclamptic seizure:
      • Symptoms as above
      • Seizures
      • LIFE-THREATENING FOR MOM AND BABY

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    This quiz covers key terms and concepts related to medical law and ethics, including abandonment, assault and battery, negligence, Good Samaritan law, and more.

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