Final Review

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of a Good Samaritan law?

To protect healthcare providers from liability in emergency situations (correct)

To require bystanders to provide assistance in emergency situations

To establish the standard of care for healthcare providers

To define the scope of practice for emergency medical technicians

What is the term for a patient who poses a danger to themselves or others?

Gravely disabled

5150

Involuntary commitment

Danger to self (correct)

What is the name of the valve that separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery?

Aortic valve

Bicuspid valve

Tricuspid valve

Pulmonic valve (correct)

What is the protocol for reporting suspected child abuse in San Diego County?

Mandatory reporter S-411 Signup and view all the answers

When do coronary arteries receive their blood supply?

During diastole Signup and view all the answers

During the primary survey, what is the primary focus of the airway assessment?

Maintaining open and clear airways Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the secondary survey?

Conducting a thorough head-to-toe examination Signup and view all the answers

What should you prioritize when assessing a patient with a traumatic injury?

Identifying the primary concerns based on injury location Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the ongoing assessment?

Reassessing vital signs and interventions Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the BSI (Body Substance Isolation) components?

Personal and personnel safety Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an OPA adjunct?

Maintain the airway Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical oxygen flow rate for a nasal cannula?

2-6 lpm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of myocardial infarction?

Chest discomfort Signup and view all the answers

What is the indication for administering nitroglycerine?

Angina pectoris Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of hypoglycemia?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of hyperglycemia?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of a stroke?

ALOC Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for a TIA?

Provide supportive care Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for seizures?

Protect the airway Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for placenta previa?

Control bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a full thickness burn?

White leathery skin that is hard to the touch and no pain Signup and view all the answers

What is a concerning sign or symptom in a geriatric patient?

Generalized weakness that is unprovoked Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of a drowning?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of imminent delivery?

Vaginal bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a type of fracture that occurs when a bone is partially broken, but not completely broken?

Greenstick fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of SIDS?

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a Pit Viper?

Triangular head Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical burn criterion?

Circumferential burns Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of moderate hypothermia?

Stupor develops Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for a venomous snake bite?

Leaving the affected extremity at or below heart level Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of severe hypothermia?

V-fib Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Decompression Illness Type 1?

Pain, itching, and swelling Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following patients may be placed under a 5150 hold?

A patient who is gravely disabled Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

Separates the right atrium from the right ventricle Signup and view all the answers

During the primary survey, what is the primary focus of the general impression?

Making a general assessment of the patient's overall condition Signup and view all the answers

During which part of the cardiac cycle do coronary arteries receive their blood supply?

During diastole Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of informed consent in a medical setting?

To ensure the patient is aware of the risks and benefits of a treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the BSI (Body Substance Isolation) components?

Personal safety, environment, and number of patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the secondary survey?

To gather detailed information about the patient's condition Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the pulmonic valve?

To separate the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery Signup and view all the answers

When assessing a patient for a traumatic injury, what should be prioritized based on the location of the injury?

The primary concerns Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the ongoing assessment?

To identify any changes in the patient's condition Signup and view all the answers

What type of fracture occurs when a bone is partially broken, but not completely broken?

Greenstick fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of a geriatric patient who has experienced a syncopal episode?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of a drowning?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a full thickness burn?

White leathery skin that is hard to the touch Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a sudden and unexplained death of an infant?

SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) Signup and view all the answers

What is the APGAR score used to assess in a newborn?

Overall health and well-being Signup and view all the answers

What is the oxygen flow rate for a non-rebreather mask?

10-15 lpm Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs and symptoms of a myocardial infarction?

Chest discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of Henry's Law on the human body?

It causes nitrogen gas to build up in the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

What is the indication for administering nitroglycerine?

Angina pectoris Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Croup?

Low grade fever Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?

ALOC, pale, cool skin, and low blood sugar Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of burns?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke?

ALOC, slurred speech, and unresponsive Signup and view all the answers

What is Kyphosis?

A type of spinal curvature Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for a TIA?

Supportive care and monitoring Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Hot zone' in Haz Mat protocol?

The area where the hazardous material is located Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of placenta previa?

Painless vaginal bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the most helpful question to ask the elderly during a patient assessment?

How do you feel this week compared to last week? Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for an ectopic pregnancy?

Surgical intervention Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to control venous bleeding?

Direct pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the third stage of labor?

Placental delivery Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of implied consent in a medical setting?

To allow medical treatment without explicit consent Signup and view all the answers

What is a 5150 hold used for?

To detain a patient who poses a danger to themselves or others Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the bicuspid valve?

To separate the left atrium from the left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Good Samaritan law?

To encourage bystanders to assist in emergency situations Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a patient who is gravely disabled?

Gravely disabled Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of a basilar skull fracture?

Bleeding from the ears or nose Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of increasing intracranial pressure?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is Cushing's Triad?

Hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular respirations Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of an epidural bleed?

Loss of consciousness, then a lucid interval, followed by loss of consciousness Signup and view all the answers

What is the GCS score used to assess?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a BRIM?

Breathing Response In altered Mental status Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about a child's anatomy compared to an adult's?

Pliable ribs and chest muscles Signup and view all the answers

Why do children experience hypotension only after a certain percentage of blood loss?

Because they have a smaller blood volume Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the Rule of Nines for adults and pediatrics?

The percentage of body surface area affected Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a patient with Emphysema?

They are usually thin and have a pink color to their skin Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of Pulmonary Embolism?

Acute onset of unexplained shortness of breath Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an NPA adjunct?

To maintain the airway Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of heat cramps?

Loss of sodium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of heat loss in the body?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a patient with Pulmonary Edema?

They have a history of heart disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of angina pectoris?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of heat stroke?

Hot, dry skin Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of Tension Pneumothorax?

Tracheal deviation Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical oxygen flow rate for a bag valve mask?

10-25 lpm Signup and view all the answers

What is a type of shock caused by a fluid issue?

Hypovolemic shock Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of diabetic ketoacidosis?

Blood sugar > 600 Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to prevent the spread of infection?

Appropriate PPE based on the situation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for a seizure?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a complication of placenta previa?

Hemorrhagic shock Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for a TIA?

Relieve symptoms within 24 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to control venous bleeding?

Direct pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of a stroke?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for hyperglycemia?

Administer insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a person who is required to report suspected child abuse?

Mandatory reporter Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a patient who is gravely disabled and may be placed under a 5150?

Gravely disabled Signup and view all the answers

What is the valve that separates the left ventricle from the aorta?

Aortic valve Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a patient who does not want to be resuscitated in the event of a medical emergency?

DNR Signup and view all the answers

What is the compression to ventilation ratio for BLS CPR?

30:2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the general impression during the primary survey?

To form an overall impression of the patient's condition Signup and view all the answers

What is assessed during the primary survey?

Airway, breathing, circulation, and disability Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the BSI (Body Substance Isolation) components?

Personal safety, environmental factors, and mechanism of injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the ongoing assessment?

To reassess vitals and interventions Signup and view all the answers

What should be prioritized when assessing a patient with a traumatic injury?

The location of the injury Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a child's anatomy that increases the risk of trauma or illness?

Pliable ribs and chest muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for chemical burns?

Flush with copious amounts of water Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of heat stroke?

ALOC and hot skin Signup and view all the answers

What is the method of heat transfer that occurs when there is a direct transfer of heat from one object to another?

Conduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the proportion of blood volume loss that can lead to hypotension in a child?

30% blood loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the rule used to estimate the percentage of total body surface area (TBSA) affected by a burn?

Rule of Nines Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a lucid interval in a patient with a head injury?

It is a sign of an epidural bleed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the GCS score?

Assessing verbal and motor responses Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of increasing intracranial pressure?

Irregular respirations Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of raccoon eyes in a patient with a head injury?

It is a sign of a basilar skull fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is Cushing's Triad?

Bradycardia, hypertension, and irregular respirations Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of knowing the terms prone, supine, recumbent, distal, and proximal?

To describe a patient's anatomical position Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of hypovolemic shock in a pediatric patient?

Listlessness and pale skin Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a Pit Viper?

Triangular head and rattles Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical burn criterion?

Full thickness burns to hands, face, feet, or genitalia Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of moderate hypothermia?

Stupor develops and shivering ceases Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for a venomous snake bite?

Immobilization of the affected extremity and no constricting band Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Decompression Illness Type 1?

Pain, itching, and swelling Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Medical Emergencies and Response

Abandonment and Negligence

Abandonment: leaving a patient without adequate care or supervision
Assault and/or battery: intentional physical contact or threat
Negligence: failure to provide adequate care or supervision

Good Samaritan law: protection from liability for those who provide aid in emergency situations
Duty to act: responsibility to provide aid in emergency situations
Scope of practice: boundaries of medical care and treatment
Informed/expressed consent: patient's informed agreement to treatment
Implied consent: presumed consent to treatment in emergency situations
DNR (Do not resuscitate): order to withhold CPR and other life-saving measures

Mental Health and Emergency Response

"5150" patient: individual who is a danger to self or others, or gravely disabled
Danger to self: suicidal or self-harming behavior
Danger to others: violent or threatening behavior
Gravely disabled: unable to provide for own basic needs

Suspected Child Abuse

Mandatory reporter: healthcare provider's obligation to report suspected child abuse
San Diego County protocol S-411: procedure for reporting suspected child abuse

BLS CPR Guidelines

Compression to ventilation ratios: 30:2 for adult, 30:3 for child, 30:30 for infant
Hand placement: center of chest, one hand on top of the other
FBAO (foreign body airway obstruction): complete and incomplete obstruction
Pulse checks: checking for pulse in cardiac arrest
Defibrillation use: use of AED or manual defibrillator

Anatomy of the Heart

Superior and Inferior Vena Cavae: major blood vessels
Right atrium: upper chamber of heart
Tricuspid valve: valve between right atrium and ventricle
Right ventricle: lower chamber of heart
Pulmonic valve: valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Pulmonary artery: artery carrying oxygen-depleted blood to lungs
Lungs (alveoli): site of oxygen exchange
Pulmonary vein: vein carrying oxygen-rich blood to heart
Left atrium: upper chamber of heart
Bicuspid valve: valve between left atrium and ventricle
Left ventricle: lower chamber of heart
Aortic valve: valve between left ventricle and aorta
Aorta: major artery carrying oxygen-rich blood to body
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins: blood vessels of varying sizes

Coronary Arteries

Receive blood supply: during diastole, when heart is at rest

Oxygen Adjuncts

OPA (oro-pharyngeal airway): maintains airway
NPA (nasal-pharyngeal airway): maintains airway
Nasal cannula: low-flow oxygen delivery (2-6 LPM)
Non-rebreather mask: high-flow oxygen delivery (10-15 LPM)
Bag Valve Mask: assisting ventilations (10-25 LPM)

Medical Conditions and Treatment

Myocardial infarction (heart attack): chest discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea/vomiting
Angina pectoris: chest discomfort, provoked by exertion, relieved by rest
Nitroglycerine: indication, contraindication, side effects, dose
Metered Dose inhaler: indication, contraindication, side effects, dose
Oral glucose: indication, contraindication, side effects, dose
Hypoglycemia: ALOC/unresponsive, pale/cold skin, labored respirations, low blood sugar
Hyperglycemia: altered, warm/dry skin, Kussmaul respirations, fruity odor, polyuria/polydypsia
Diabetic ketoacidosis: symptoms same as hyperglycemia, but blood sugar above 600
Stroke (CVA): ALOC, slurred speech, unresponsive, severe headache, new onset of seizures
TIA: slurred speech, facial droop, hemiparesis, blurred vision, symptoms relieved within 24 hours
Charcoal (activated charcoal): indication, contraindication, side effects, dose
Seizures: tonic/clonic type movement, "gazing off into space", may be febrile, protect airway, provide oxygen
Status epilepticus: life-threatening seizure, manage airway and breathing
Poisoning: absorption, ingestion, injection, inhalation
Placenta previa: painless vaginal bleeding, occurs in third trimester, may see signs of hemorrhagic shock
Abruptio placentae: constant abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, pain in lower back, constant uterine contraction
Ectopic pregnancy: acute onset of lower quadrant abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, hypotension
Spontaneous abortion: vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, may present with expulsion of tissue
Pre-eclampsia: hypertension, sudden weight gain, swelling, persistent headache, persistent vomiting
Eclamptic seizure: symptoms as above, but patient begins to seize

Labor and Delivery

Stages of labor: first stage (dilation), second stage (expulsion), third stage (placental)
Breech presentation: baby's feet/buttocks are positioned to come out first
Limb presentation: baby's arm/leg is positioned to come out first
Prolapsed cord: umbilical cord comes out before baby
Multiple births: more than one baby is being born

Trauma and Shock

Compensated shock: tachycardia, tachypnea, restless, good BP
Decompensated shock: tachycardia, tachypnea, altered/agitated, poor BP
Control of venous bleeding: direct pressure, bandage, treat for shock
Control of arterial bleeding: direct pressure, tourniquet, PASG

Haz Mat and OSHA

Hazardous material: substance that poses a risk to health or environment
OSHA trained Haz Mat: first responder awareness level
Hot zone: area where hazardous material is present
Warm zone: area where hazardous material is suspected
Cold zone: area where hazardous material is not present

Pediatrics

APGAR: assessment of newborn's overall health
Pediatric assessment triangle: appearance, breathing, circulation
Suspected SIDS patient: provide oxygen, manage airway, may be febrile
Croup: low-grade fever, seal-bark cough
Epiglottitis: stridor, drooling, high-grade fever

Geriatrics

Most helpful questions to ask the elderly: how do you feel this week compared to last week?
Syncopal episode: dehydration, GI bleed, MI, stroke
New onset of confusion or ALOC: possible stroke
Sharp, tearing, ripping abdominal pain: AAA
Generalized weakness: unprovoked, various causes
Unprovoked shortness of breath: PE

Burns

Superficial burns: red/pink skin, no blisters
Partial thickness burns: red/pink skin, blisters
Full thickness burns: white/leathery skin, no pain
Electrical burns: cardiac arrhythmias, significant burns
Circumferential burns: dangerous, requires urgent attention### Trauma and Medical Emergencies
Facial injuries:
- Airway compromise
Neck injuries:
- Airway compromise
- Breathing compromise
- Neuro compromise
Chest injuries:
- Breathing compromise
- Bleeding compromise
Abdominal injuries:
- Bleeding compromise
- Sepsis
Pelvic injuries:
- Bleeding compromise
Extremities:
- Femurs bleeding compromise
- Threat to limb
Back:
- Bleeding compromise
- Breathing compromise
- Neuro compromise

Respiratory Conditions

Emphysema (COPD):
- Thin individuals
- Pink skin color
- Pursed lip breathing
- Wheezing or diminished lung sounds
- Dry cough
Chronic Bronchitis:
- Heavy individuals
- Bluish skin color
- Excessive sputum production
- Rhonchi or diminished lung sounds
Pulmonary Embolism:
- Acute onset of unexplained shortness of breath
- Recent history of surgery, sedentary lifestyle, or birth control pill
Pneumonia:
- Fever
- Productive cough
- Diminished or rhonchi lung sounds
- Green or yellow sputum production
Asthma:
- Acute onset of shortness of breath
- History of asthma
- Wheezing lung sounds
Pneumothorax:
- Shortness of breath
- Pinpoint pain
- Diminished lung sounds

Shock

Types of shock:
- Hypovolemic (fluid issue)
- Obstructive (obstruction)
- Cardiogenic (pump issue)
- Distributive (vessel issue)
- Anaphylaxis
- Septic
Signs and symptoms:
- Hypotension
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnea
- Pale or cool skin
- Delayed capillary refill

Pediatrics

Anatomy:
- Pliable ribs and chest muscles
- Weak abdominal muscles
- Smaller airways
- Larger tongue
- Proportionally larger skin surface area
- Proportionally larger head (especially the occiput)
- Smaller blood volume
High metabolic rate:
- Burns through oxygen and sugar
- Hypotension after 30% blood loss
- Rate-dependent

Stroke and Neurological Emergencies

Signs and symptoms of stroke:
- ALOC
- Slurred speech
- Unresponsive
- Severe headache
- Hemiparesis
- Blurred vision
- Nausea and vomiting
Signs and symptoms of TIA:
- Slurred speech
- Facial droop
- Hemiparesis
- Blurred vision
- Symptoms relieved within 24 hours

Pregnancy and Childbirth

Placenta Previa:
- Painless vaginal bleeding
- Occurs in third trimester
- May see excessive bleeding
Abruptio Placentae:
- Constant abdominal pain
- Vaginal bleeding
- Pain in the lower back
- Constant uterine contractions
- Tender abdomen
Ectopic pregnancy:
- Acute onset of lower quadrant abdominal pain
- Should pain
- Vaginal bleeding
- Hypotension
Pre-eclampsia:
- Hypertension
- Sudden weight gain
- Swelling of face, fingers, legs, or feet
- Persistent headache
- Persistent vomiting
Eclamptic seizure:
- Symptoms as above
- Seizures
- LIFE-THREATENING FOR MOM AND BABY

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Description

This quiz covers key terms and concepts related to medical law and ethics, including abandonment, assault and battery, negligence, Good Samaritan law, and more.