Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which theory focuses on the role of social environment in determining criminal behavior?
Which theory focuses on the role of social environment in determining criminal behavior?
What is emphasized by sociological positivism in the study of crime?
What is emphasized by sociological positivism in the study of crime?
What is the primary function of the welfare state in relation to capitalism?
What is the primary function of the welfare state in relation to capitalism?
What does the concept of anomie refer to in a sociological context?
What does the concept of anomie refer to in a sociological context?
Signup and view all the answers
According to Merton's adaptation to societal goals, which of the following is NOT one of the five ways individuals adapt?
According to Merton's adaptation to societal goals, which of the following is NOT one of the five ways individuals adapt?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a misconception about the welfare state?
Which of the following is NOT a misconception about the welfare state?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following theories suggests crime varies with time and place?
Which of the following theories suggests crime varies with time and place?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the welfare state address the insecurities generated by market capitalism?
How does the welfare state address the insecurities generated by market capitalism?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does public education play within the context of the welfare state?
What role does public education play within the context of the welfare state?
Signup and view all the answers
In what way does the welfare state function as a response to urban and industrial market societies?
In what way does the welfare state function as a response to urban and industrial market societies?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the welfare state contribute to profit generation for private companies?
How does the welfare state contribute to profit generation for private companies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key reason some individuals may view welfare recipients as undeserving?
What is a key reason some individuals may view welfare recipients as undeserving?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman argue regarding government intervention in the economy?
What did Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman argue regarding government intervention in the economy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which political leaders are associated with the rise of neoliberalism in the late 1970s and early 1980s?
Which political leaders are associated with the rise of neoliberalism in the late 1970s and early 1980s?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a consequence of the transition from the welfare state to the penal state?
What is a consequence of the transition from the welfare state to the penal state?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one characteristic of neoliberalism's approach to crime and deviancy?
What is one characteristic of neoliberalism's approach to crime and deviancy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following concepts best describes the increase in punitiveness within the penal state?
Which of the following concepts best describes the increase in punitiveness within the penal state?
Signup and view all the answers
How did neoliberal policies affect the welfare state?
How did neoliberal policies affect the welfare state?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a significant impact of the emergence of the penal state in relation to marginalized populations?
What was a significant impact of the emergence of the penal state in relation to marginalized populations?
Signup and view all the answers
What challenge do criminologists face due to the shift towards a penal state?
What challenge do criminologists face due to the shift towards a penal state?
Signup and view all the answers
What was a consequence of economic stagnation and rising inflation in relation to crime policies?
What was a consequence of economic stagnation and rising inflation in relation to crime policies?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant contribution of feminist criminology?
What is a significant contribution of feminist criminology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which theorists are mentioned as challenging mainstream criminology's patriarchal assumptions?
Which theorists are mentioned as challenging mainstream criminology's patriarchal assumptions?
Signup and view all the answers
What thesis did Adler and Simon propose regarding women's social inequality?
What thesis did Adler and Simon propose regarding women's social inequality?
Signup and view all the answers
How are women offenders characterized according to Carol Smart?
How are women offenders characterized according to Carol Smart?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key area of interest within contemporary feminist scholarship?
What is a key area of interest within contemporary feminist scholarship?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the 'pathways that lead to crime' refer to?
What does the 'pathways that lead to crime' refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Kathleen Daly contribute to feminist criminology?
What did Kathleen Daly contribute to feminist criminology?
Signup and view all the answers
What criticism did Carol Smart have about feminist criminology?
What criticism did Carol Smart have about feminist criminology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor is commonly found among female criminals according to empirical studies?
Which factor is commonly found among female criminals according to empirical studies?
Signup and view all the answers
What concept does capitalism promote according to radical criminology?
What concept does capitalism promote according to radical criminology?
Signup and view all the answers
According to radical criminology, what drives the criminalization of behaviors among marginalized populations?
According to radical criminology, what drives the criminalization of behaviors among marginalized populations?
Signup and view all the answers
What does Chambliss argue about the bourgeoisie and proletariat in contemporary capitalism?
What does Chambliss argue about the bourgeoisie and proletariat in contemporary capitalism?
Signup and view all the answers
What critique involves the assumption that crime serves a functional purpose in sustaining class domination?
What critique involves the assumption that crime serves a functional purpose in sustaining class domination?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant critique of radical criminology regarding its portrayal of crime?
What is a significant critique of radical criminology regarding its portrayal of crime?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does radical criminology suggest the law plays in society?
What role does radical criminology suggest the law plays in society?
Signup and view all the answers
What outcome is implied when punitive measures increase under capitalism according to radical criminology?
What outcome is implied when punitive measures increase under capitalism according to radical criminology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes the primary concern of radical criminology?
Which of the following describes the primary concern of radical criminology?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a feature of crimes committed against marginalized groups according to radical criminology?
Which of the following is a feature of crimes committed against marginalized groups according to radical criminology?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential societal impact of the focus on egoism promoted by capitalism?
What is a potential societal impact of the focus on egoism promoted by capitalism?
Signup and view all the answers
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Final Exam - Criminological Theory
- Exam covers all readings, PowerPoints, and notes.
- Videos included: 13th, Thelma and Louise, The Joker, Capturing the Friedman's.
Unit 1 - Characteristics of Late Modernity
- Late modernity is a period of rapid social, economic, and technological change, marked by interconnectedness and uncertainty.
- The nation-state is weakened by globalization and localizing forces.
- Criminology shifts from welfare state narratives to a penal state, characterized by retribution, tough-on-crime policies, privatization of security, reduced social investment, and increased punitiveness (mass incarceration).
- A key feature is the globalization of surveillance, expanding mass surveillance across national borders.
Unit 1 - Challenges of Globalization in Crime Control
- Globalization increases interaction among people, companies and governments globally.
- This has led to new forms of crime, such as cybercrime, transnational crime, and terrorism, that challenge traditional criminal justice systems.
- Criminal justice systems face challenges as crimes increasingly transcend borders.
- Nation-states face diminished ability to control economic, social, and political systems due to global competition.
Unit 1 - The Welfare State
- The welfare state manages resources and provides basic economic security for citizens.
- Ways in which the state ensures capitalism survives by organizing the relationship between the social and the economic.
- It offers programs like unemployment benefits, healthcare, housing, and pensions.
- The welfare state emerged as a functional response to the problems of urban, industrial, market societies, and the risks and insecurities of unregulated market capitalism.
Unit 1 - Welfare State: Misconceptions & Conceptions
- Misconceptions: welfare state often reduced to "welfare for the poor". Welfare recipients are stereotyped as unproductive scroungers, and the poor are undeserving.
- Conceptions: The welfare state provides social insurance and services, and it has a role in shaping labor policies and promoting market growth.
Unit 2 - Tension Between Conflict & Consensus Theories
- Consensus theories (Durkheim): crime reflects societal norms and behaviors that are considered unacceptable. Society functions through cooperation.
- Conflict theories (Marx): crime is connected to power differentials between groups. Those with power maintain their dominance. Society functions through competition.
Unit 2 - Labeling Theory
- Labeling theory is a "hinge" theory between consensus and conflict theories.
- It argues that labeling an individual 'deviant' or 'criminal' can influence that individual's identity and create a cycle of deviancy.
- Labels can significantly affect how society and those individuals view each other and their behaviors.
Unit 2 - Marxism: Key Concepts
- Surplus value is the difference between the value of a commodity at sale and the value of manufacturing it.
- Mode of production (capitalism) is the social relationships involved in producing the material necessities and amenities of life.
- The superstructure (state, law, religion) is a reflection of material structures and power hierarchies.
- Critiques of capitalism form foundational points for Marxist Criminology and are connected under 'radical criminology', 'left realism', and 'feminist criminology'.
Unit 3 - Classical School of Criminology
- Widely believed that criminology started with the classical school.
- Classical school: Human behavior is rational and people make choices about crime after weighing costs and benefits.
- It assumes free will, deterrence through punishment, and utilitarianism (maximizing happiness or utility).
Unit 3 - Contemporary Classicism
- Rationality (calculating costs and benefits) underlies all decision-making, including criminal ones.
- Certainty and swiftness of punishment influence individuals to choose not to commit criminal acts.
Unit 3 - Contemporary Classicism - Positivism
- Positivism is a scientific approach that studies social causes of crime and deviance.
- Positivists aim to reduce crime by addressing the root causes.
- It is grounded in scientific methodology such as quantitative investigation and social observation.
Unit 3 - Contemporary Classicism - Rational Choice Theories
- Assumes criminal acts result from a conscious calculation of costs and benefits.
- Routine activity theory and situational crime prevention aim to reduce crime by changing situations and opportunities.
Unit 4 - Early Sociological Positivists
- These theories look at the role of social organizations and institutions in encouraging patterns of crime.
- Theories such Adolphe Quetelet and Gabriel Tarde examine societal factors, such as population density, season, and climate, that influence crime rates.
- Examining the influence of poverty, class, and neighborhood differences on crime.
Unit 4 - Socio-Structural Theories
- This approach emphasizes social structure, such as social institutions, patterns of interaction, and differences between social groups, in explaining crime.
- Emile Durkheim's anomie theory focuses on the strain and lack of regulation related to social and cultural norms.
Unit 4 - Socio-Structural Theories: Strain Theories
- Robert Merton's strain theory examines society's norms, cultural values, and the means people have to achieve them.
- The strain is felt by groups who are blocked (or feel blocked) from social goals due to unequal access to resources and opportunities.
Unit 4 - Socio-Structural Theories: Social Disorganization Theory
- Social disorganization theory suggests that crime is a result of breakdown of social structures, such as the family, schools, and local institutions, within a particular community.
Unit 4 - Socio-Structural Theories: Social Learning Theories
- Differential association theory (Sutherland) posits that crime is learned through social interaction with others engaged in crime.
- Differential reinforcement theory (Akers) builds on Sutherland's idea, emphasizing social learning from interactions and reinforcements/punishments.
Unit 4 - Sociological Positivism
- Sociological positivism emphasizes the study of social patterns and forces as factors that shape crime and deviance, including social disorganization, strain, culture, labeling, routine activities, social bonds and differential association.
- Positivist approaches generally reject the individualistic causes of crime and focus more on social and environmental factors.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Prepare for your criminological theory exam covering all readings, PowerPoints, and notes. This exam includes analyses of films such as '13th', 'Thelma and Louise', 'The Joker', and 'Capturing the Friedmans', integrated into the broader context of late modernity and globalization's impact on crime. Test your understanding of contemporary criminological concepts and challenges.
