Respiratory Systems and Homeostasis
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Questions and Answers

What does FEV1 measure?

  • Total lung capacity during maximal inspiration
  • Volume inspired in 1 second during forced inspiration
  • Volume expired in 1 second during forced expiration (correct)
  • Total lung capacity during maximal expiration

    • What ratio is used as a marker of pulmonary function?

  • Ratio of total volume expired to volume expired in 1 second (correct)
  • Ratio of inspiratory reserve volume to tidal volume
  • Ratio of total lung capacity to residual volume
  • Ratio of volume inspired to volume expired

    • What type of behavior acts to minimize disruption to set points?

  • Reactive behavior
  • Negative feedback behavior
  • Positive feedback behavior
  • Feedforward behavior (correct)

    • What does a ratio of total volume expired to volume expired in 1 second indicate?

    <p>Pulmonary function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feedback mechanism cancels the change in a variable?

    <p>Negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level of total volume expired is a medical emergency indicated?

    <p>Above 6.5MM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of negative feedback mechanisms in the body?

    <p>To cancel the change in a variable and maintain homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is responsible for excitable signaling in the body?

    <p>Neural cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

    <p>Protection and temperature regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of plasma K+ levels in the body?

    <p>3.5-4.5 mM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CO2 in the body?

    <p>To prevent acidosis by being eliminated from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid compartment in the body contains the highest volume of water?

    <p>Intracellular fluid (ICF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of muscle cells in the body?

    <p>To contract and generate force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system in the body is responsible for gas exchange?

    <p>Respiratory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the nervous system in controlling breathing?

    <p>Sensing and responding to changes in blood CO2 and O2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for minute ventilation?

    <p>Minute ventilation = Tidal Volume $\times$ Respiratory Rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

    <p>TLC = Vital Capacity + Residual Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) assess?

    <p>Pulmonary function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical anatomical dead space volume?

    <p>150ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for calculating partial pressures driving gas diffusion across alveolar membranes?

    <p>Partial pressure = Concentration $\times$ Gas constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in restrictive lung diseases?

    <p>TLC &lt; 80% of normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of obstructive and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) on forced vital capacity (FVC)?

    <p>Reduce FVC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical vital lung capacity for men compared to women?

    <p>Men typically have larger vital lung capacities than women: ~ female &lt; 4 L # male &gt; 4 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes does the right lung have compared to the left lung?

    <p>The right lung has 3 lobes, but the left lung has 2 lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does gas exchange take place in the respiratory system?

    <p>Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many tiny alveoli air sacs are present in the lungs?

    <p>Lungs contain about 500 million tiny alveoli air sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What maximizes gas exchange in the alveoli?

    <p>The alveolar epithelium maximises gas exchange: ~ large surface area (100 – 140 m^2) ~ a thin cellular membrane (0.5 µm)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the primary bronchi divide into?

    <p>Primary bronchi divide to form secondary, tertiary bronchi etc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size difference between vital lung capacities of men and women?

    <p>The difference in vital lung capacities between men and women is about 1.5 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of alveolar epithelial Type II cells?

    <p>Secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main stimulus for inspiration?

    <p>High blood CO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for transpulmonary pressure (Ptp)?

    <p>$P_{tp} = P_{alv} - P_{ip}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical tidal volume (Vt) at rest?

    <p>500 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pons in the respiratory system?

    <p>Enables voluntary control and smooths the transition between breathing in and out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to airway resistance when the diameter of the airway is increased?

    <p>Airway resistance is reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for minute ventilation?

    <p>$ ext{Minute ventilation} = ext{Tidal volume} imes ext{Respiratory rate}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate difference in vital lung capacities between men and women?

    <p>1.5 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes does the right lung have?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do terminal bronchioles divide into?

    <p>Respiratory bronchioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does gas exchange take place in the respiratory system?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate width of alveoli air sacs?

    <p>250 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What maximizes gas exchange in the alveoli?

    <p>Large surface area and thin cellular membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many tiny alveoli air sacs are present in the lungs?

    <p>About 500 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily responsible for maintaining high oxygen levels and low carbon dioxide levels at respiratory surfaces?

    <p>Physical ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main stimulus for inspiration?

    <p>High blood CO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of alveolar epithelial Type II cells?

    <p>Secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the direction of air flow into and out of the alveoli?

    <p>Alveolar pressure relative to atmospheric pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical tidal volume at rest for an adult?

    <p>$500$ ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measure indicates the maximum volume of air a person can expel from the lungs after first filling them to maximum capacity?

    <p>Vital capacity (VC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pons in the respiratory system?

    <p>Enabling voluntary control and smoothing the transition between breathing in and out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of glucagon in blood sugar regulation?

    <p>Stimulating the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does fat bypass the liver to enter circulation?

    <p>Intestinal lymphatics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Control the passage of ingested substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is non-fat, water-soluble foodstuff absorbed by the body?

    <p>Via the liver through portal venous blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of insulin in controlling blood glucose levels?

    <p>Increases glucose uptake into the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when glucose is produced from amino acids?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glucagon in controlling blood glucose levels?

    <p>Stimulates the release of glucose from glycogen stored in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate normal range for blood glucose levels post meal?

    <p>~140-160 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in the renal system?

    <p>Filtration of metabolic wastes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit aiding filtration in the kidneys?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What represents a bundle of interconnecting capillaries in the renal corpuscle?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the movement in the renal corpuscle via, emptying via an efferent arteriole?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of movement during glomerular filtration?

    <p>Bulk flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a substance is moved from the tubular lumen into the peritubular capillaries?

    <p>Tubular reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for renal clearance?

    <p>$ ext{Mass of substance excreted per unit time} / ext{plasma concentration of substance}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the renal pelvis in the renal system?

    <p>Collection of filtrate from the collecting ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System and Gas Exchange

    • Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is 4L, determined by Vital Capacity (VC) and Residual Volume (RV).
    • Minute ventilation is the total amount of air inspired per minute, calculated as Tidal Volume x Respiratory Rate.
    • Anatomical dead space is typically 150ml, affecting alveolar ventilation.
    • Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) assesses pulmonary function, with >80% indicating healthy lungs.
    • Acid-base disorders can result from insufficient or excess breathing, leading to respiratory acidosis or alkalosis.
    • Restrictive lung diseases result in TLC < 80% of normal, seen in respiratory distress syndromes and pulmonary fibrosis.
    • Obstructive and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) reduce forced vital capacity (FVC), seen in asthma, cystic fibrosis, emphysema, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
    • Lung cancer, emphysema, and bronchitis are often due to smoking.
    • The circulatory system delivers oxygen to tissues and removes carbon dioxide.
    • Partial pressures drive the diffusion of gases across alveolar membranes, with O2 and CO2 diffusing rapidly down their gradients.
    • Adult hemoglobin has 4 protein subunits and carries oxygen to tissues, with O2 pick-up in the lungs and O2 release to cells in tissues.
    • Myoglobin, with high O2 affinity, stores oxygen for muscle use during anaerobic metabolism.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of pulmonary function testing and the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) with this quiz. Explore the relationship between FEV1 and vital capacity, and understand its significance as a marker of pulmonary function. Challenge yourself to identify healthy and emergency FEV1 levels, and grasp the concept of feedback mechanisms in maintaining pulmonary homeostasis.

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