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What is responsible for determining the biological sex in a fetus?
What is responsible for determining the biological sex in a fetus?
What is the function of the yolk sac in fetal development?
What is the function of the yolk sac in fetal development?
Provides nutrition and gas exchange
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for birth defects?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for birth defects?
Breathing movements in the fetus are evident by week 11-14.
Breathing movements in the fetus are evident by week 11-14.
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The lungs are fully developed by week 23-26.
The lungs are fully developed by week 23-26.
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Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for medication abortion?
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for medication abortion?
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What is the purpose of Leopold Maneuvers?
What is the purpose of Leopold Maneuvers?
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Which of the following is a probable sign of pregnancy?
Which of the following is a probable sign of pregnancy?
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Naegele's Rule uses the first day of the last menstrual period, subtracts ______ months, and adds 7 days to estimate the due date.
Naegele's Rule uses the first day of the last menstrual period, subtracts ______ months, and adds 7 days to estimate the due date.
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A small amount of protein in a urinalysis during the first trimester of pregnancy is considered normal.
A small amount of protein in a urinalysis during the first trimester of pregnancy is considered normal.
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Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of true labor?
Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of true labor?
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A glucose challenge screening is used to assess for gestational diabetes mellitus and involves fasting for 8 hours prior to the test.
A glucose challenge screening is used to assess for gestational diabetes mellitus and involves fasting for 8 hours prior to the test.
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Which of the following is a nonmodifiable risk factor for pregnancy complications?
Which of the following is a nonmodifiable risk factor for pregnancy complications?
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Which of the following types of spontaneous abortion involves the complete expulsion of all products of conception?
Which of the following types of spontaneous abortion involves the complete expulsion of all products of conception?
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What is the main characteristic of a missed abortion?
What is the main characteristic of a missed abortion?
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Which of the following factors is NOT typically associated with an ectopic pregnancy?
Which of the following factors is NOT typically associated with an ectopic pregnancy?
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Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta implants near or covering the cervix.
Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta implants near or covering the cervix.
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What is the primary cause of oligohydramnios?
What is the primary cause of oligohydramnios?
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The most common cause of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy is Graves' disease.
The most common cause of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy is Graves' disease.
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing gestational diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing gestational diabetes mellitus?
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Which of the following is NOT a special consideration for managing gestational diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following is NOT a special consideration for managing gestational diabetes mellitus?
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What is the primary clinical manifestation of HELLP syndrome?
What is the primary clinical manifestation of HELLP syndrome?
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The main reason magnesium sulfate is administered in HELLP syndrome is to treat seizures.
The main reason magnesium sulfate is administered in HELLP syndrome is to treat seizures.
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended health promotion practice for women with gestational hypertension?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended health promotion practice for women with gestational hypertension?
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The primary cause of oligohydramnios is chronic uteroplacental ischemia.
The primary cause of oligohydramnios is chronic uteroplacental ischemia.
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A complete molar pregnancy is associated with a higher risk for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.
A complete molar pregnancy is associated with a higher risk for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.
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Which of the following is NOT a priority nursing care intervention for a client with a history of cervical insufficiency?
Which of the following is NOT a priority nursing care intervention for a client with a history of cervical insufficiency?
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What is the primary cause of preeclampsia with severe features?
What is the primary cause of preeclampsia with severe features?
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Antenatal testing during pregnancy for clients with gestational diabetes mellitus should include nonstress testing.
Antenatal testing during pregnancy for clients with gestational diabetes mellitus should include nonstress testing.
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Dehydration in hyperemesis gravidarum can manifest as a rapid heart rate, but not confusion.
Dehydration in hyperemesis gravidarum can manifest as a rapid heart rate, but not confusion.
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Increased risk for blood clots in pregnancy is often associated with increased blood volume.
Increased risk for blood clots in pregnancy is often associated with increased blood volume.
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In a molar pregnancy, the initial manifestations are often indistinguishable from a viable pregnancy, including a positive pregnancy test.
In a molar pregnancy, the initial manifestations are often indistinguishable from a viable pregnancy, including a positive pregnancy test.
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Study Notes
Fetal Lifespan
- DNA determines fetal sex; sex chromosomes are included in DNA.
- Fetal circulation: Umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus, while umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated blood and waste from the fetus to the placenta.
- Yolk sac provides nutrition and facilitates gas exchange for the embryo.
- Risk factors for birth defects include exposure to teratogens, certain medications, chemicals, radiation, cannabis, illicit drugs, alcohol and infections like rubella.
Fetal Development
- Weeks 11-14: Fetal breathing movements begin.
- Weeks 23-26: Surfactant production for lung development starts.
- Weeks 38-40: Full lung development occurs.
- Week 6: Heart starts developing and pumping blood.
- Weeks 31-34: Kidney development is complete.
- Testes descend into the scrotum by week 6.
Findings in Full-Term Infants
- Findings specific to a full-term infant are not provided in the document.
Contraindications for Medication Abortion
- Contraindications for medication abortion include IUD in place, ectopic pregnancy, anticoagulant therapy, and hemodynamic instability.
Potential Pregnancy Contraindications
- Conditions like severe kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension have a high risk factor for maternal cardiac event (40%-100%) during pregnancy.
Risk Factors for Spontaneous Abortion
- Spontaneous abortion can be complete or incomplete, inevitable, threatened, or missed.
- Conditions like complete- cramping/bleeding, incomplete- some conception products remain, inevitable- no passage of pregnancy yet, expected, threatened- cramping/bleeding, cervix remains closed, missed- embryo/fetus has no sign of life.
Findings Consistent with a 32-Week Infant
- Findings specific to a 32-week infant are not provided in the document.
Presumptive Signs of Pregnancy
- Presumptive signs (suspected signs) felt by the client include amenorrhea, breast tenderness, and fatigue.
Third Trimester Body Changes
- Normal body changes during the third trimester of pregnancy include hemorrhoids, swollen feet, insomnia, belly tightening, and bleeding which might be a manifestation of preterm labor.
Fetal Anatomy Ultrasound
- Client should have a full bladder for fetal anatomy ultrasound.
Leopold Maneuvers
- Leopold maneuvers are used by healthcare providers to determine the position of the fetus in the uterus.
Fetal Kick Counting
- Regular fetal kick counts (over 2-3 hours, same time every day) should be greater than 10.
Third Trimester Findings
- Third trimester normal findings include hemorrhoids, swollen feet, insomnia, belly tightening and bleeding a sign of preterm labor.
Cardiovascular Changes in Pregnancy
- Maternal heart rate is 20% higher than baseline during pregnancy.
Respiratory Changes in Pregnancy
- Respiratory changes during pregnancy are not further detailed.
Hormones Active During Pregnancy
- hCG: Confirms pregnancy, produced by corpus luteum, until placenta takes over.
- Progesterone: Maintains uterine health, prevents contractions, aids in blood vessel growth.
- Estrogen: Promotes blood vessel and uterine lining health, supports fetal organ development.
- Prolactin: Stimulates breast growth and production of breast milk.
Normal Fetal Heart Rate
- Normal fetal heart rate is between 110 and 160 bpm.
Probable Signs of Pregnancy
- Probable signs of pregnancy include positive pregnancy tests, ballottement, softening of uterus and cervix, and blue discoloration.
Naegele's Rule
- Naegele's Rule calculates the estimated date of birth by subtracting three months from the first day of the last menstrual period and adding seven days.
First Trimester Laboratory Tests
- Urinalysis may show a small amount of protein, which is considered normal.
Manifestations of True Labor
- Manifestations of true labor include increasing contractions in intensity, leakage of vaginal fluid and blood-tinged vaginal mucus.
Glucose Challenge Screening
- NPO after ingesting glucose drink, results typically observed in 1 hour; expected range is less than 140.
High-Risk Pregnancy Risks
- Risks for complications during pregnancy are not explicitly listed.
Prenatal Care for High-Risk Pregnancy
- Optimal prenatal care involves communication between the nurse, provider, client, and support people.
Alcohol and Drug Use During Pregnancy
- No alcohol or drugs are recommended during pregnancy.
Prenatal Testing
- Clients should choose which tests to perform during prenatal care according to their needs.
GTPAL
- G = Gravida (total pregnancies)
- T = Term births
- P = Preterm births
- A = Abortions
- L = Living children
Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure
- Age over 35, history of high blood pressure, history of infertility, and history of spontaneous abortion.
Non-Stress Test (NST)
- NST is a non-invasive method to assess fetal well-being via external monitoring.
- An increase in fetal heart rate of 15 beats per minute for at least 15 seconds is the expected outcome.
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) Test
- A blood test used to identify fetal risks for birth defects during pregnancy.
Risk Factors for PPROM
- Amniotic fluid infection, polyhydramnios, overdistended uterus (multiple gestation pregnancies).
Nonmodifiable Risk Factors for Pregnancy Complications
- Nonmodifiable risk factors for pregnancy complications include age, genetics, race, and presence of chronic illnesses.
Types of Spontaneous Abortion
- Threatened abortion: Products of conception are threatened with expulsion due to cramping and bleeding; the embryo is still viable and the cervix remains closed.
- Complete abortion: All products of conception are expelled.
- Incomplete abortion: A partial passing of products of conception.
- Inevitable abortion: Products of conception have not passed through dilated cervix; abortion is unavoidable.
- Missed abortion: Vaginal bleeding and possible passage of products of conception; the cervix is closed but there is no fetal cardiac activity.
- Septic abortion: Products of conception are retained and become infected.
Ectopic Pregnancy Complications
- Age > 35, endometriosis, and PID, smoking are conditions that can adversely affect the fallopian tube and increase the risk of complications during an ectopic pregnancy.
Risk Factors for Thrombophilia
- Inherited factors: Factor V Leiden
- Acquired factors: SLE or other autoimmune diseases
Pathophysiology for Increased Risk of Blood Clots
- Increased blood volume during pregnancy.
Risk Factors for Molar Pregnancy
- Age < 15 or > 35, history of molar pregnancy, history of infertility, and history of spontaneous abortion.
Risk Factors for Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy
- Monitor for tachycardia and hypotension.
Risk Factors for Placental Abruption
- Polyhydramnios, smoking, cocaine use, and age > 35, hypertension.
Common Cause of Spontaneous Abortion
- Fetal chromosomal abnormalities; the exact cause is unknown in many cases.
Findings Consistent with Molar Pregnancy
- Initial manifestations of viable pregnancy are considered indicative of a molar pregnancy and may include unexpectedly high hCG levels.
Spontaneous Abortion Diagnosis
- Ultrasound is used to diagnose if the fetus is viable and to check for a heartbeat.
Placenta Previa Diagnosis
- A CBC, coagulation studies and ultrasound are used to diagnose placenta previa; it's important that a digital exam is avoided.
Acute Placental Abruption Management
- Initiate IV and monitor vital signs, FHR, and position patient on their side.
Molar Pregnancy Post-Surgery Teaching
- Potential complications, contraception during treatment, and contacting the doctor for heavy vaginal bleeding should be included in patient teaching.
Cervical Insufficiency Medical Management
- Progesterone is used to prevent premature delivery.
Client with Thrombophilia Care Plan
- Anticoagulation (low molecular weight heparin), weekly non-stress tests (NST) at 36 weeks.
Complete Molar Pregnancy Education
- Future pregnancies should be monitored closely, and the client is at risk for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.
Cervical Insufficiency Nursing Care Priorities
- Emotional support and preparation for possible cerclage placement.
Eclampsia Related Pregnancy Changes
- Unexpected placental implantation, lower blood flow to the placenta, and dysfunction of the cerebral vasculature.
Preeclampsia with Severe Features Primary Cause
- The exact primary cause is not detailed but it's related to preeclampsia.
HELLP Syndrome Clinical Manifestations
- HELLP syndrome is a severe form of preeclampsia and clinical manifestations are not explicit.
Magnesium Sulfate in HELLP Syndrome
- Magnesium sulfate is given to treat HELLP syndrome, likely for seizure prophylaxis reasons.
Client Health Promotion for Gestational Hypertension
- Refrain from smoking/alcohol/sugar/ high foods, good nutrition, exercising, and gaining appropriate weight, limiting caffeine, not taking supplements without consultation, and attending all prenatal visits.
Chronic Uteroplacental Ischemia
- High blood pressure issues can relate to chronic uteroplacental ischemia.
Causes of Hyperthyroidism
- Autoimmune (Graves' disease) is the most common, followed by thyroiditis, and goiter.
Pregestational vs Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Risks
- Pregestational type 1: Genetic/Familial (as risk factors).
- Gestational: BMI > 25, GDM history in family, A1C 5.7% - 6.4%, and previous large-for-gestational-age infant.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum Causes
- Elevated hCG, estradiol increase, or nausea associated with motion.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Considerations
- Special considerations for gestational diabetes Mellitus are not detailed.
###Gestational Diabetes Laboratory Testing
- Hemoglobin A1C is monitored every two months during pregnancy.
###Dehydration in Hyperemesis Gravidarum Symptoms
- Dry/furrowed tongue, dry skin, dizziness, dark or strong-smelling urine, headaches, rapid heart rate, and confusion.
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Description
This quiz covers crucial aspects of fetal lifespan, including fetal sex determination, circulation, and stages of development from conception to birth. Additionally, it highlights the risk factors for birth defects and important milestones in organ development. Test your knowledge on essential topics related to fetal health and development!
