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Questions and Answers
What does a high level of Alpha-Fetoprotein indicate in fetal assessment?
Which condition is typically indicated by low Alpha-Fetoprotein levels?
What is the main purpose of fetoscopy during fetal assessment?
What is a consequence of Rh sensitization during pregnancy?
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What does the presence of fetal fibronectin in the amniotic fluid suggest?
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Which procedure involves collecting amniotic fluid for analyzing fetal conditions?
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Which of the following is NOT typically assessed in chromosome analysis of fetal cells?
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What are common examples of inborn errors of metabolism that may be assessed during monitoring?
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What is a common indication for measuring maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)?
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What condition is associated with high levels of alpha-fetoprotein in maternal serum?
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What is the primary purpose of performing an amniocentesis?
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What is assessed through Doppler umbilical velocimetry?
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Which finding would indicate oligohydramnios during amniotic fluid volume assessment?
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What is an abnormal finding in a nonstress test?
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What is an essential factor that indicates risk for fetal anomalies?
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At which gestational week is the placenta typically graded as Grade 2?
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What is the purpose of administering Rho(D) immunoglobulin to Rh negative women?
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Which of the following is NOT a complication associated with the percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS) procedure?
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In the assessment of fetal health, what does a score of 8-10 indicate?
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What is a common reason for using amnioscopy during pregnancy?
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Which of the following tests is part of the blood studies performed during PUBS?
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What fetal assessment technique involves removal of blood from the fetal umbilical cord?
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What is one significant risk of amniocentesis?
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What does a measurement of 1 cm in vertical diameter of a pocket of amniotic fluid indicate?
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Study Notes
Fetal Age and Assessments
- Fetal age is calculated based on gestational weeks, important for evaluating fetal development.
- Doppler umbilical velocimetry measures blood flow velocity in uterine and fetal vessels; low velocity indicates poor neonatal outcomes.
Placental Grading
- Placenta grading helps assess maturity:
- Grade 0: 12–24 weeks AOG
- Grade 1: 30–32 weeks AOG
- Grade 2: 36 weeks AOG
- Grade 3: 38 weeks AOG
Nonstress Testing (NST)
- NST evaluates fetal heart rate (FHR) response to movements and contractions.
- Conducted in semi-Fowler's or left lateral position.
- Normal result: REACTIVE NST with 2–4 accelerations in 10 minutes.
- Abnormal result: NON-REACTIVE NST with no accelerations.
Amniotic Fluid Volume Assessment
- Assessed by measuring the largest pockets of amniotic fluid.
- Normal average fluid index: 12–15 cm (28–40 weeks).
- Hydramnios: >20-24 cm fluid index.
- Oligohydramnios: <5-6 cm fluid index.
Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)
- Alpha-fetoprotein is produced by the fetal liver and found in maternal serum.
- High AFP indicates neural tube defects, while low levels suggest Down syndrome.
- Recommended for mothers aged 35 and older or those with previous chromosomal anomalies.
Chromosome Analysis
- Skin cells in amniotic fluid can be cultured and karyotyped to examine chromosomal conditions.
Fetal Fibronectin
- A glycoprotein in amniotic fluid aiding placental attachment.
- Presence in vaginal or cervical fluid before 20 weeks may indicate risk of preterm labor.
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
- Includes conditions like cystinosis (cystine crystals in urine) and maple syrup urine disease (amino acid disorders).
Fetoscopy
- Visual inspection technique using a fetoscope for fetal well-being evaluation.
- Indicates conditions like spinal column intactness and allows biopsy sampling.
- Fetal tones are assessed, such as the fetus extending and flexing limbs or spine.
Amniotic Fluid Measurement in Fetoscopy
- Amniotic space volume is classified:
- 8-10: Healthy fetus
- 6: Suspicious, need for further evaluation
- 4: Fetus in jeopardy
Complications of Fetoscopy
- Risks include needle puncture, bleeding, infection, premature labor, and fetal distress.
Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling (PUBS)
- Procedure involves withdrawing blood from the fetal umbilical cord around 17 weeks.
- Blood studies include CBC, Direct Coomb's test, blood gases, and karyotyping.
Amnioscopy
- Visual assessment of amniotic fluid via amnioscope to check for meconium staining.
- Complication risk includes rupture of membranes.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts related to fetal age, Doppler umbilical velocimetry, and placental grading. Participants will learn about the significance of measuring blood cell velocity in fetal and uterine vessels, and how it can indicate neonatal outcomes. Test your knowledge on these vital topics in fetal health.
