EMBRYOLOGY-3

The process of a sperm cell fertilizing an egg cell.

The space surrounding the egg cell, between the zona pellucida and the plasma membrane.

A protein layer surrounding the egg cell, acting as a barrier to sperm.

An enzyme released by the sperm's acrosome, aiding in the breakdown of the egg's outer layer.

The sperm's head structure containing enzymes vital for fertilization.

A key protein on the zona pellucida, binding to specific sperm proteins, ensuring species compatibility.

The process of the sperm cell fusing with the egg cell membrane and the head, mid piece and tail entering the cytoplasm.

The condition where multiple sperm cells penetrate the egg.

Specialized receptors on the egg membrane that bind to IZUMO antigens on the sperm head.

Antigens located on the spermatozoa's head that bind to JUNO receptors on the egg membrane.

The process of preventing multiple sperm from fertilizing the egg.

A rapid electrical change in the egg's membrane potential, lasting only a few minutes, to prevent sperm attachment.

A long-lasting block to polyspermy involving changes in calcium levels, cortical granule release, and zona pellucida hardening.

A fertilized oocyte with two pronuclei (one from the sperm and one from the egg).

The process where the female nucleus completes meiosis II, resulting in a second polar body.

The activation of the egg's metabolic processes, including mRNA recruitment and increased respiration.

The process where the sperm cell's genetic material (DNA) becomes less tightly packed, allowing for the formation of the male pronucleus.

The fusion of the male and female pronuclei, restoring the zygote to its normal diploid number of chromosomes (23 from each parent).

The process of repeated cell division in the zygote, increasing the number of cells without increasing the overall size. This is like dividing a cake but keeping the total amount of cake the same.

The outer blastomeres (cells) in the morula, which will eventually contribute to the trophoblast, an essential part of the placenta.

The inner blastomeres (cells) in the morula, which will eventually give rise to the embryo itself, the baby you see!

The process by which blastomeres tightly connect to each other, increasing cell-cell contact. This is like a team of people holding hands tightly together.

The stage of development characterized by the formation of 16 blastomeres, a solid ball of cells.

The outer layer of cells in a blastocyst that will contribute to the formation of the placenta.

The inner group of cells in a blastocyst that will develop into the embryo itself.

The fluid-filled cavity that forms within the blastocyst, separating the inner cell mass from the trophoblast.

A protein produced by the trophoblast that helps suppress the mother's immune system, preventing rejection of the embryo.

The stage in early embryonic development where the embryo starts relying on its own genetic information for growth.

A condition where cells within the early embryo have different genetic material due to errors in chromosome division during cleavage.

The outer layer of the trophoblast facing the inner cell mass.

The epiblast is the dorsal layer of the bilaminar germ disc and develops into the amniotic cavity. The hypoblast is the ventral layer and develops into the yolk sac.

The amniotic cavity forms within the epiblast and is filled with amniotic fluid, protecting the developing embryo.

The yolk sac is a membrane-bound sac that develops from the hypoblast. It plays a role in transferring nutrients and gases to the embryo in some species.

The parietal endoderm is a layer of cells that lines the yolk sac. It's formed by the proliferation of hypoblast cells.

The extraembryonic mesoderm is a layer of tissue derived from the parietal endoderm. It supports the amniotic sac, yolk sac, and chorionic villi.

The chorion is the outer shell of the blastocyst, comprised of the extraembryonic mesoderm and the cytotrophoblast. It plays a role in the formation of the placenta.

The extraembryonic coelom (or chorionic cavity) is a fluid-filled cavity that develops within the chorion, surrounding the amniotic sac and yolk sac.

The body stalk is a cord of tissue connecting the embryo to the chorion through the yolk sac and amniotic sac. It serves as the starting point for blood vessel formation.

The outer layer of the trophoblast, highly invasive, erodes the endometrium creating a passage for the blastocyst, comes into contact with maternal blood vessels and is filled with maternal blood.

The inner part of the trophoblast, less invasive, contributes to the formation of the placenta.

The process by which the trophoblast erodes the endometrium to allow the implantation of the blastocyst.

The space within the syncytiotrophoblast filled with maternal blood, providing nutrients to the developing embryo.

A hormone produced by the corpus luteum, vital for regulating endometrial functions and the proteolytic activity of the trophoblast.

A hormone produced by the trophoblast, maintains the functionality of the corpus luteum, detectable in maternal blood by day 8 and urine by day 10.

The changes happening in the lamina propria of the endometrium, involving the secretion of interleukins, growth factors.

The process by which the maternal immune system tolerates the presence of the embryo, a semi-foreign entity.