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Questions and Answers
Which microorganism is associated with the production of Tetracycline?
Which microorganism is associated with the production of Tetracycline?
What type of organic acid is produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii?
What type of organic acid is produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii?
Which of the following microorganisms is used for the production of Penicillin?
Which of the following microorganisms is used for the production of Penicillin?
Biosurfactants are important for which of the following processes?
Biosurfactants are important for which of the following processes?
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What is the primary role of a fermenter in the fermentation process?
What is the primary role of a fermenter in the fermentation process?
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Which antibiotic is produced by Streptomyces erythreus?
Which antibiotic is produced by Streptomyces erythreus?
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Which of the following characteristics is essential for microorganisms used in industrial fermentation?
Which of the following characteristics is essential for microorganisms used in industrial fermentation?
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Why are laboratory fermentation vessels usually covered with cotton wool?
Why are laboratory fermentation vessels usually covered with cotton wool?
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What is a key advantage of fermenters designed for industrial use?
What is a key advantage of fermenters designed for industrial use?
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Which condition is desirable for optimal productivity of industrial microorganisms?
Which condition is desirable for optimal productivity of industrial microorganisms?
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What surfactant is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What surfactant is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
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Which microorganism is NOT involved in the production of food-related products?
Which microorganism is NOT involved in the production of food-related products?
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What is the main focus of the shotgun method in isolating microorganisms?
What is the main focus of the shotgun method in isolating microorganisms?
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What is a key characteristic screened for during the secondary screening of microorganisms?
What is a key characteristic screened for during the secondary screening of microorganisms?
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Which microorganism is known for producing α-amylase?
Which microorganism is known for producing α-amylase?
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From which environment can samples be collected to search for oil-degrading microorganisms?
From which environment can samples be collected to search for oil-degrading microorganisms?
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Which biosurfactant is associated with Candida species?
Which biosurfactant is associated with Candida species?
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What is one of the primary goals of the isolation and screening process for industrially important microorganisms?
What is one of the primary goals of the isolation and screening process for industrially important microorganisms?
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What is a primary method for preserving microorganisms in culture collections?
What is a primary method for preserving microorganisms in culture collections?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of culture preservation mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a method of culture preservation mentioned?
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Why are molasses often preferred over pure glucose and sucrose for fermentation?
Why are molasses often preferred over pure glucose and sucrose for fermentation?
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What is the role of carbon in microbial fermentation?
What is the role of carbon in microbial fermentation?
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Which of the following is a method used for strain improvement in microorganisms?
Which of the following is a method used for strain improvement in microorganisms?
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What is the primary use of the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)?
What is the primary use of the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)?
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What characterizes the cryopreservation method?
What characterizes the cryopreservation method?
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Which components are majorly found in molasses?
Which components are majorly found in molasses?
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What is the primary carbon source contained in hydro molasses?
What is the primary carbon source contained in hydro molasses?
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Which component of malt extract is a disaccharide?
Which component of malt extract is a disaccharide?
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What happens if malt extract is over-heated during sterilization?
What happens if malt extract is over-heated during sterilization?
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Which microorganism is capable of utilizing lactose as a carbon source?
Which microorganism is capable of utilizing lactose as a carbon source?
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What is a primary or supplementary source of carbon in antibiotic production?
What is a primary or supplementary source of carbon in antibiotic production?
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What is a common source of cellulose used in solid-state fermentation?
What is a common source of cellulose used in solid-state fermentation?
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Which nitrogen source is typically used by industrial microbes?
Which nitrogen source is typically used by industrial microbes?
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Why are long chained alkanes and alcohols not considered cost-effective for industrial scale production?
Why are long chained alkanes and alcohols not considered cost-effective for industrial scale production?
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What is a major reason fungi sporulation requires solid-substrate fermentation?
What is a major reason fungi sporulation requires solid-substrate fermentation?
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Which of the following is a disadvantage of solid-substrate fermentation?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of solid-substrate fermentation?
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What is the first step in the solid-substrate fermentation process?
What is the first step in the solid-substrate fermentation process?
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Which environmental parameter does NOT influence solid-substrate fermentation?
Which environmental parameter does NOT influence solid-substrate fermentation?
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What happens if too much water is added during solid-substrate fermentation?
What happens if too much water is added during solid-substrate fermentation?
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Which of the following is true about solid-substrate fermentation?
Which of the following is true about solid-substrate fermentation?
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What is a consequence of a low moisture level in solid-substrate fermentation?
What is a consequence of a low moisture level in solid-substrate fermentation?
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Which of the following statements about solid-substrate fermentation is correct?
Which of the following statements about solid-substrate fermentation is correct?
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Study Notes
Fermentation Technology
- Fermentation is a chemical process where organic macromolecules, like glucose, break down to form desired products
- Examples of products created via fermentation include antibiotics, wine, yogurt, and beer
- Industrial fermentation requires a fermenter to provide a suitable environment for microorganisms to create desired products and biomass
- The performance of a fermenter depends on physical and chemical factors
- Lab fermentations can be conducted in bottles or flasks, often shaking to aid aeration
- Cotton wool is used to prevent contamination in lab settings. However, this can limit gas exchange and increase evaporation loss
- Large-scale industrial fermenters hold thousands of liters
Industrially Important Microorganisms
- Industrial microorganisms must grow vigorously and rapidly
- They must not produce toxic or undesirable products, particularly when meant for human consumption
- Physiological and genetic stability are essential
- They should effectively utilize cheap and readily available carbon sources
- Optimal productivity is preferred at low pH and high temperatures where competition is minimal
- Resistance to predators, such as bacteriophages, is desirable
Examples of Microorganisms and Their Products
- Penicillium chrysogenum: Penicillin (antibiotic production)
- Penicillium griseofulvum: Penicillin (anti-fungal)
- Bacillus polymyxa: Polymyxin B (anti-Gram-negative bacterial)
- Streptomyces erythreus: Erythromycin (anti-Gram-positive bacterial)
- Streptomyces fradiae: Neomycin (broad spectrum antimicrobial)
- Streptomyces griseus: Streptomycin (anti-Gram-negative bacterial, broad spectrum antimicrobial)
- Streptomyces rimosus: Tetracycline (broad spectrum antimicrobial)
- Streptomyces mediterranei: Rifamycin (anti-tuberculosis)
Organic Acids Production
- Lactobacillus delbrueckii: Lactic acid
- Acetobacter (with ethanol solution): Acetic acid
- Rhizopus nigricans (in sugar-based medium): Fumaric acid
- Aspergillus niger (in molasses-based medium): Citric acid
- Aspergillus niger (in glucose-mineral salts medium): Gluconic acid
Biosurfactant Production
- Biosurfactants are chemicals used in emulsification, solubilization, and phase dispersion
- They are produced by bacteria, yeasts, and fungi
- Examples include sophorolipids, rhamnolipids, surfactin, and emulsan
Other Microorganisms Used in Industry
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast): Bread, beer, cheese, wine, spirits
- Acetobacter species: Vinegar
- Brevibacterium lactofermentum: Lysine (amino acid)
- Bacillus subtilis: α-amylase
- Pseudomonas denitrificans: Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
- Salmonella typhi: Vaccine production
Isolation and Screening
- Microorganisms are isolated using shotgun and objective methods
- These methods involve obtaining samples from various environments like biofilms, free living organisms, plants, animals, water, sewage, soil, etc.
- Identification targets specific microorganisms
- Screening is a process for identifying microorganisms with desired properties or products
Preservation of Cultures
- Cultures are preserved in collections (e.g., UKNCC, ATCC) for future research
- Methods of preservation include cryopreservation, freeze-drying, and adsorption onto glass beads
Strain Improvement
- Genetic manipulations, including DNA recombination, mutagenesis, and genetic engineering, can enhance or improve industrial microorganisms to increase desirable product yield
Media Formulation
- Carbon sources, nitrogen sources, vitamins, growth factors, and other components determine media formulation
- Molasses, hydro molasses, simple sugars, plant oils, and starches are common carbon sources
- Yeast, filamentous fungi, and actinomycetes are often cultured using malt extract as a carbon source
- Malt extract is a type of syrup made from aqueous extract of malted barley.
- Other sources include: sulphite waste liquor, cellulose.
Fermentation Types
- Fermentation processes are often categorized as aseptic/non-aseptic & aerobic/anaerobic
- Solid-state and submerged fermentations are two major types
Solid-State Fermentation
- A method involving microorganisms growing on solid organic matter with little or no free water
- Substrates typically include legumes, bran, cereals, and other lignocellulosic materials such as straw and wood
- This method offers advantages like inexpensive media, reduced need for sterile conditions, and potential for higher tolerance of the substrate to temperature fluctuations and water-activity changes.
- Applications include cheese, mushroom, and enzyme production, amongst other products.
Bioreactors
- Various types of bioreactors are used (e.g., rotating drum, tray, bed reactors) depending on the specific fermentation process
Wine Production
- Alcoholic fermentation of fruit juices (primarily grapes) produces wine
- Microbes play a crucial role in flavor and aroma development
Ethanol Production
- Ethanol is often produced using Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ferment sugars from various sources, including sucrose, starch, and other simple sugars from diary and plant products
- Hydrolyzed starch from cereal grains and plants are other substrates
Downstream Processing
- Involves separating the final products from other substances produced during fermentation
- Steps include releasing intracellular products, solid-liquid separation, concentration, chromatographic purification, and formulation
Water
- Water is essential for most fermentation processes.
- Water quality should meet specific standards
- Removing impurities and controlling water activity are necessary
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of fermentation technology and the essential microorganisms that play a pivotal role in the industrial process. Understand the factors affecting fermenter performance and the characteristics of industrially important microorganisms. This quiz will test your knowledge on the applications and principles of fermentation.
