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What is the fate of most oogonia and oocytes?
What is the fate of most oogonia and oocytes?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the female reproductive system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the female reproductive system?
What is the function of the tunica albuginea in the ovary?
What is the function of the tunica albuginea in the ovary?
What is the function of the hilum in the ovary?
What is the function of the hilum in the ovary?
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Where do primordial germ cells (PGCs) first appear?
Where do primordial germ cells (PGCs) first appear?
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What type of epithelium covers the surface of the ovary?
What type of epithelium covers the surface of the ovary?
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What is the name of the process by which most oogonia and oocytes degenerate?
What is the name of the process by which most oogonia and oocytes degenerate?
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What is the difference between the cortex and medulla of the ovary?
What is the difference between the cortex and medulla of the ovary?
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What is the main function of the zona pellucida?
What is the main function of the zona pellucida?
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Which of the following structures is NOT directly involved in steroidogenesis?
Which of the following structures is NOT directly involved in steroidogenesis?
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During follicular development, when is the zona pellucida first seen?
During follicular development, when is the zona pellucida first seen?
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What is the most important factor in determining the size of a preovulatory follicle?
What is the most important factor in determining the size of a preovulatory follicle?
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Which of the following is the correct order of follicular development?
Which of the following is the correct order of follicular development?
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The theca interna and granulosa cells work together to produce estradiol through what mechanism?
The theca interna and granulosa cells work together to produce estradiol through what mechanism?
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What is the function of interstitial endocrine cells?
What is the function of interstitial endocrine cells?
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What is the fluid-filled space within a developing follicle called?
What is the fluid-filled space within a developing follicle called?
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Which of the following is NOT a sign of atresia?
Which of the following is NOT a sign of atresia?
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What is the direct effect of a surge in LH during ovulation?
What is the direct effect of a surge in LH during ovulation?
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What is the name given to the group of granulosa cells that surround the oocyte immediately before ovulation?
What is the name given to the group of granulosa cells that surround the oocyte immediately before ovulation?
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Which of the following is true regarding the ovulatory differences in species?
Which of the following is true regarding the ovulatory differences in species?
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What is the primary function of the corpus hemorrhagicum?
What is the primary function of the corpus hemorrhagicum?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the tunica serosa (visceral peritoneum) of the female reproductive system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the tunica serosa (visceral peritoneum) of the female reproductive system?
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What is the site of fertilization in the female reproductive tract?
What is the site of fertilization in the female reproductive tract?
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Which of the following cells are NOT present in the lamina propria of the endometrium?
Which of the following cells are NOT present in the lamina propria of the endometrium?
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In ruminants, what is the function of caruncles in the endometrium?
In ruminants, what is the function of caruncles in the endometrium?
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Which layer of the myometrium is responsible for the spiral arrangement of blood vessels?
Which layer of the myometrium is responsible for the spiral arrangement of blood vessels?
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Which of the following is a correct statement about the muscularis layer of the uterine tube?
Which of the following is a correct statement about the muscularis layer of the uterine tube?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the epithelium lining the uterine glands?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the epithelium lining the uterine glands?
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What is the correct order of the three main regions of the uterus, starting from the most proximal region?
What is the correct order of the three main regions of the uterus, starting from the most proximal region?
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What is the primary function of the cervical canal?
What is the primary function of the cervical canal?
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Which layer of the cervix contains highly folded tunica mucosa?
Which layer of the cervix contains highly folded tunica mucosa?
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What type of epithelium is found in the tunica mucosa of the vagina?
What type of epithelium is found in the tunica mucosa of the vagina?
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Which component of the cervix is responsible for secreting the mucous plug?
Which component of the cervix is responsible for secreting the mucous plug?
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What characterizes the tunica muscularis of the vagina?
What characterizes the tunica muscularis of the vagina?
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What occurs during ovulation in relation to oocytes?
What occurs during ovulation in relation to oocytes?
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What is the role of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
What is the role of the corpus luteum after ovulation?
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Which structure is responsible for the secretion of hormones post-ovulation?
Which structure is responsible for the secretion of hormones post-ovulation?
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Which segment of the uterine tube is the first to capture the ovulated oocyte?
Which segment of the uterine tube is the first to capture the ovulated oocyte?
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What distinguishes the two types of epithelial cells found in the uterine tube?
What distinguishes the two types of epithelial cells found in the uterine tube?
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What is the result of luteinization?
What is the result of luteinization?
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What happens to the secondary oocyte shortly after ovulation?
What happens to the secondary oocyte shortly after ovulation?
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What characterizes atretic follicles?
What characterizes atretic follicles?
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Study Notes
Female Reproductive System 1
- The reproductive system, particularly the female system, is a complex process, with specialized functions like producing ova, transporting sperm, and supporting internal fertilization and gestation.
- The system consists of the ovary, uterine/Fallopian tube, uterus, and vagina/vestibule.
- Ovaries produce ova (eggs), which are transported through the uterine/Fallopian tube into the uterus.
- The uterus is the site of internal fertilization and gestation, ensuring the development of the embryo or fetus.
- The system also has an endocrine function, secreting hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
Developmental Anatomy
- Primordial germ cells (PGCs) first appear in the yolk sac endoderm during embryonic development (approximately 17 days in dogs, and 19 days in cattle).
- PGCs migrate through the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut following sympathetic nerve fibers.
- PGCs eventually populate the indifferent gonadal ridge, prior to differentiation into ovaries or testes, through gonad development.
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
- Mitosis results in two identical diploid (2n) daughter cells from one diploid cell.
- Meiosis results in four haploid (1n) daughter cells from one diploid cell.
- In females, meiosis typically produces one mature ovum (egg) and three polar bodies.
Ovulation
- Oogonia, which become primary oocytes, undergo mitosis before birth.
- Most oocytes undergo atresia (natural process where germ cells die and degenerate).
- After puberty, meiosis resumes, and a primary oocyte develops into a secondary oocyte. The secondary oocyte arrests at metaphase II.
- Ovulation occurs when the secondary oocyte is released from the ovary, and the process of meiosis resumes once fertilization occurs.
Ovary Structure
- The ovary has three main regions: cortex, medulla, and hilum/hilus.
- The cortex contains follicles and corpora lutea.
- The medulla contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.
- The hilum/hilus is a ligament-like structure connecting the ovary to the rest of the reproductive tract, carrying nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
Follicle Formation and Development
- Different types of follicles develop, including primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary/antral follicles.
- Stages of follicular development involve primordial follicles becoming activated, growing, maturing, developing a dominant follicle, and eventually ovulating or undergoing atresia (degeneration).
Zona Pellucida
- The zona pellucida is a glycoprotein extracellular matrix secreted by follicular epithelial cells and oocytes.
- It appears in secondary follicles and plays a role in fertilization control and embryo protection prior to implantation.
Corpus Hemorrhagicum
- A temporary structure that forms in the ovary after ovulation.
- It consists of a collection of blood from the ruptured follicle.
Species Ovulatory Differences
- Cats require copulatory stimulus for ovulation, while other species ovulate spontaneously.
Uterine Tube (Oviduct)
- The uterine tube is a complex structure divided into three sections: infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus.
- Cilia (hair-like structures) and smooth muscle contractions transport oocytes, sperm, and the fertilized zygote to the uterus.
Uterus
- The uterus has three major parts: horns, a body, and a cervix.
- The uterus exhibits different morphologies depending on the species, including duplex, bipartite, bicornuate, and simplex types.
- The uterine wall consists of three distinct layers: endometrium (inner layer), myometrium (middle layer), and perimetrium (outer layer).
Cervix
- The cervix has three main parts: internal uterine ostium, external uterine ostium, and cervical canal.
- The cervix is often a highly folded structure.
- It has a simple columnar epithelium that produces a mucous plug.
Vagina/Vestibule
- The vagina and vestibule have three main layers: tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa/adventitia
- The vaginal epithelium consists of stratified squamous cells;
- The lamina propria contains lymphatic nodules (lymphatic tissues).
- The muscularis contains a dense circular and thin longitudinal smooth muscle layer;
- Serosa/ adventitia are present at the cranial/caudal end, respectively,.
Vulva
- The vulva is the external portion of the female genitalia, covered by skin that contains apocrine and sebaceous glands.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the female reproductive system with this quiz. It covers topics such as the development of oocytes, ovarian structure, and hormone production. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and physiology.
