Chapter 22 | Reproductive
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Questions and Answers

During fertilization, if an ovum is fertilized by a sperm containing a Y chromosome, the resulting zygote will develop into:

  • An intersex individual
  • A genetic female
  • A genetic male (correct)
  • A genetic female with an extra Y chromosome

    • What is the outcome if fertilization occurs with an X-containing sperm?

  • An XYY pattern and a genetic male
  • An XY pattern and a genetic male
  • An XXYY pattern and a genetic female
  • An XX pattern and a genetic female (correct)

    • What happens during the two-stage meiotic division in females?

  • Two cells survive as mature ova
  • Only one cell survives as the mature ovum (correct)
  • No cells survive as mature ova
  • All four cells survive as mature ova

    • In males, how many sperms are formed as a result of meiotic division?

    <p>Four sperms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic development of gonads in both sexes until the sixth week of development?

    <p>Identical structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic females, what happens to the medulla and cortex during development?

    <p>Medulla regresses and cortex develops into an ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of male hormones in early development?

    <p>Affecting sexual behavior and gonadotropin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the activation of gonads in adolescence?

    <p>Gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to ovarian function in human females after a number of years?

    <p>Regresses and leads to menopause</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of male gonadal function with advancing age?

    <p>Persistence in producing viable gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are secreted by both male and female gonads?

    <p>Androgens and estrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pattern of hormone secretion from the ovaries compared to males?

    <p>Large amounts of estrogens and small amounts of androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of circulating estrogen in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Granulosa cells of the ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells secrete androgens that are later converted to estrogen in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Theca interna cells of the follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when the ovum is extruded from the distended follicle?

    <p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when the follicle ruptures at the time of ovulation?

    <p>Corpus hemorrhagicum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause fleeting lower abdominal pain known as 'mittelschmerz'?

    <p>Peritoneal irritation due to minor bleeding from the follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are necessary for the production of estrogen in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Theca interna cells of the follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium become thinner?

    <p>Proliferative phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the vasospasm in the walls of spiral arteries during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Prostaglandin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cycle prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum?

    <p>Secretory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the glands to secrete a clear fluid during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Corpus luteum maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor contributing to the variations in the length of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Length of the proliferative phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the spiral arteries during the menstrual cycle that leads to spotty hemorrhages?

    <p>'They spasm and degenerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant origin of menstrual blood?

    <p>Arterial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component lyses clots in menstrual blood?

    <p>Fibrinolysin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered an abnormal amount of blood loss during menstruation?

    <p>80 mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of anovulatory cycles?

    <p>Absence of progesterone effects on endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can affect the amount of menstrual flow?

    <p>Thickness of the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the presence of anovulatory cycles most common?

    <p>Both before menopause and after menarche</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of leptin in the reproductive development process?

    <p>Leptin stimulates the secretion of GnRH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does leptin treatment affect immature female mice?

    <p>It induces precocious puberty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the absence of leptin have on ob/ob mice?

    <p>It renders them infertile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed link between body weight and puberty according to the text?

    <p>Leptin is a critical factor for puberty initiation based on body weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are strenuous athletics and anorexia nervosa related to menstruation according to the text?

    <p>They cause weight loss and cessation of menstruation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed neural mechanism's role in reproductive development before puberty?

    <p>It prevents the normal pulsatile release of GnRH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of acrosin in the fertilization process?

    <p>Facilitates penetration through the zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After fertilization, what physiological change prevents the fertilization of the ovum by more than one sperm?

    <p>Membrane potential reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protein responsible for mediating fusion between sperm and the ovum membrane?

    <p>Fertilin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells are responsible for secreting estrogen and progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Corpus luteum cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the blastocyst that has moved into the uterus?

    <p>Initiates development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?

    <p>Begins to degenerate and is replaced by scar tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protective mechanism that prevents fertilization by multiple sperms on a long-term basis?

    <p>Structural change in zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is essential for the growth of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event occurs within 3 days after fertilization, as described in the text?

    <p>Blastocyst reaching 8- or 16-cell stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the corpus luteum about 4 days before the next menses if pregnancy does not occur?

    <p>Begins to degenerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In human females, what replaces the degenerating corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?

    <p>Scar tissue forming a corpus albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event marks the initiation of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Proliferation of granulosa and theca cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom experienced by menopausal women due to the loss of ovarian function?

    <p>Hot flushes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone secretion coincides with the occurrence of hot flushes in menopausal women?

    <p>Luteinizing hormone (LH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of LH secretion in relation to the occurrence of hot flushes?

    <p>LH triggers an estrogen-sensitive event in the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can hot flushes continue intermittently in menopausal women?

    <p>Up to 40 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may prevent the occurrence of hot flushes when early menopause is induced?

    <p>Estrogen treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to male reproductive function, what term is sometimes used to describe a decline in testicular function with age?

    <p>'Andropause'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reasonably reliable indicator of the time of ovulation in women?

    <p>Basal body temperature change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does ovulation normally occur in relation to the peak of the LH surge?

    <p>9 hours before</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the ovum fertilizable after being extruded from the follicle?

    <p>48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of the rise in basal body temperature around the time of ovulation?

    <p>Rise in progesterone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for causing the growth of the proliferative endometrium?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the process of ovulation in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Increase in LH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of breastfeeding on ovulation and ovarian function?

    <p>Inhibits ovulation and decreases ovarian function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does prolactin affect the menstrual cycles of women who breastfeed?

    <p>Prolactin inhibits GnRH secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of breastfeeding on a woman's chances of becoming pregnant again during the suckling period?

    <p>5-10% chance of becoming pregnant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial fluid secreted after childbirth, and how does it compare to milk?

    <p>Colostrum with same protein and lactose but no fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does estrogen administration impact lactation in women who do not wish to breastfeed?

    <p>Stops lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does breastfeeding have on a woman's menstrual cycle post-delivery?

    <p>Results in amenorrhea for 6 weeks post-delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does prolactin secretion affect ovulation during breastfeeding?

    <p>Inhibits ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

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