Chapter 22 | Reproductive

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During fertilization, if an ovum is fertilized by a sperm containing a Y chromosome, the resulting zygote will develop into:

An intersex individual

A genetic female

A genetic male (correct)

A genetic female with an extra Y chromosome

What is the outcome if fertilization occurs with an X-containing sperm?

An XYY pattern and a genetic male

An XY pattern and a genetic male

An XXYY pattern and a genetic female

An XX pattern and a genetic female (correct)

What happens during the two-stage meiotic division in females?

Two cells survive as mature ova

Only one cell survives as the mature ovum (correct)

No cells survive as mature ova

All four cells survive as mature ova

In males, how many sperms are formed as a result of meiotic division?

Four sperms Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic development of gonads in both sexes until the sixth week of development?

Identical structures Signup and view all the answers

In genetic females, what happens to the medulla and cortex during development?

Medulla regresses and cortex develops into an ovary Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of male hormones in early development?

Affecting sexual behavior and gonadotropin secretion Signup and view all the answers

What causes the activation of gonads in adolescence?

Gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary Signup and view all the answers

What happens to ovarian function in human females after a number of years?

Regresses and leads to menopause Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of male gonadal function with advancing age?

Persistence in producing viable gametes Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones are secreted by both male and female gonads?

Androgens and estrogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the pattern of hormone secretion from the ovaries compared to males?

Large amounts of estrogens and small amounts of androgens Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of circulating estrogen in the female reproductive system?

Granulosa cells of the ovaries Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells secrete androgens that are later converted to estrogen in the female reproductive system?

Theca interna cells of the follicle Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when the ovum is extruded from the distended follicle?

Ovulation Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when the follicle ruptures at the time of ovulation?

Corpus hemorrhagicum Signup and view all the answers

What may cause fleeting lower abdominal pain known as 'mittelschmerz'?

Peritoneal irritation due to minor bleeding from the follicle Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are necessary for the production of estrogen in the female reproductive system?

Theca interna cells of the follicle Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium become thinner?

Proliferative phase Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the vasospasm in the walls of spiral arteries during the menstrual cycle?

Prostaglandin release Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cycle prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum?

Secretory phase Signup and view all the answers

What causes the glands to secrete a clear fluid during the menstrual cycle?

Corpus luteum maturation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor contributing to the variations in the length of the menstrual cycle?

Length of the proliferative phase Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the spiral arteries during the menstrual cycle that leads to spotty hemorrhages?

'They spasm and degenerate Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant origin of menstrual blood?

Arterial Signup and view all the answers

Which component lyses clots in menstrual blood?

Fibrinolysin Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an abnormal amount of blood loss during menstruation?

80 mL Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of anovulatory cycles?

Absence of progesterone effects on endometrium Signup and view all the answers

What factors can affect the amount of menstrual flow?

Thickness of the endometrium Signup and view all the answers

When is the presence of anovulatory cycles most common?

Both before menopause and after menarche Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of leptin in the reproductive development process?

Leptin stimulates the secretion of GnRH. Signup and view all the answers

How does leptin treatment affect immature female mice?

It induces precocious puberty. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the absence of leptin have on ob/ob mice?

It renders them infertile. Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed link between body weight and puberty according to the text?

Leptin is a critical factor for puberty initiation based on body weight. Signup and view all the answers

How are strenuous athletics and anorexia nervosa related to menstruation according to the text?

They cause weight loss and cessation of menstruation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed neural mechanism's role in reproductive development before puberty?

It prevents the normal pulsatile release of GnRH. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of acrosin in the fertilization process?

Facilitates penetration through the zona pellucida Signup and view all the answers

After fertilization, what physiological change prevents the fertilization of the ovum by more than one sperm?

Membrane potential reduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the protein responsible for mediating fusion between sperm and the ovum membrane?

Fertilin Signup and view all the answers

What cells are responsible for secreting estrogen and progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

Corpus luteum cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the blastocyst that has moved into the uterus?

Initiates development Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?

Begins to degenerate and is replaced by scar tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the protective mechanism that prevents fertilization by multiple sperms on a long-term basis?

Structural change in zona pellucida Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential for the growth of the corpus luteum in the menstrual cycle?

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) Signup and view all the answers

What event occurs within 3 days after fertilization, as described in the text?

Blastocyst reaching 8- or 16-cell stage Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the corpus luteum about 4 days before the next menses if pregnancy does not occur?

Begins to degenerate Signup and view all the answers

In human females, what replaces the degenerating corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?

Scar tissue forming a corpus albicans Signup and view all the answers

Which event marks the initiation of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

Proliferation of granulosa and theca cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom experienced by menopausal women due to the loss of ovarian function?

Hot flushes Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone secretion coincides with the occurrence of hot flushes in menopausal women?

Luteinizing hormone (LH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of LH secretion in relation to the occurrence of hot flushes?

LH triggers an estrogen-sensitive event in the hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

How long can hot flushes continue intermittently in menopausal women?

Up to 40 years Signup and view all the answers

What may prevent the occurrence of hot flushes when early menopause is induced?

Estrogen treatment Signup and view all the answers

In relation to male reproductive function, what term is sometimes used to describe a decline in testicular function with age?

'Andropause' Signup and view all the answers

What is a reasonably reliable indicator of the time of ovulation in women?

Basal body temperature change Signup and view all the answers

When does ovulation normally occur in relation to the peak of the LH surge?

9 hours before Signup and view all the answers

How long is the ovum fertilizable after being extruded from the follicle?

48 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of the rise in basal body temperature around the time of ovulation?

Rise in progesterone levels Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for causing the growth of the proliferative endometrium?

Estrogen Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the process of ovulation in the female reproductive system?

Increase in LH secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of breastfeeding on ovulation and ovarian function?

Inhibits ovulation and decreases ovarian function Signup and view all the answers

How does prolactin affect the menstrual cycles of women who breastfeed?

Prolactin inhibits GnRH secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of breastfeeding on a woman's chances of becoming pregnant again during the suckling period?

5-10% chance of becoming pregnant Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial fluid secreted after childbirth, and how does it compare to milk?

Colostrum with same protein and lactose but no fat Signup and view all the answers

How does estrogen administration impact lactation in women who do not wish to breastfeed?

Stops lactation Signup and view all the answers

What effect does breastfeeding have on a woman's menstrual cycle post-delivery?

Results in amenorrhea for 6 weeks post-delivery Signup and view all the answers

How does prolactin secretion affect ovulation during breastfeeding?

Inhibits ovulation Signup and view all the answers