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Questions and Answers
What are the primary reproductive organs in the female genital system of cows?
What are the primary reproductive organs in the female genital system of cows?
Which part of the female genital tract is derived from the urogenital sinus?
Which part of the female genital tract is derived from the urogenital sinus?
Which structure is NOT found in the ovary of a cow?
Which structure is NOT found in the ovary of a cow?
Which function is associated with the ovaries?
Which function is associated with the ovaries?
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How does the shape of a cow's ovary differ from that of a mare's ovary?
How does the shape of a cow's ovary differ from that of a mare's ovary?
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What is the relationship of the bladder to the reproductive tract in cows?
What is the relationship of the bladder to the reproductive tract in cows?
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What hormonal function do the ovaries perform apart from producing ova?
What hormonal function do the ovaries perform apart from producing ova?
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Which characteristic distinguishes the Graafian follicle from the Corpus Luteum?
Which characteristic distinguishes the Graafian follicle from the Corpus Luteum?
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What is the primary function of the cervix during estrus?
What is the primary function of the cervix during estrus?
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Why is the cervix of a cow considered a landmark during rectal examinations?
Why is the cervix of a cow considered a landmark during rectal examinations?
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What type of mucus is secreted during estrus, and what is its characteristic?
What type of mucus is secreted during estrus, and what is its characteristic?
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What is a significant difference between the cervical canal of the cow and the mare?
What is a significant difference between the cervical canal of the cow and the mare?
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Why is the cervical mucus said to have a bactericidal effect?
Why is the cervical mucus said to have a bactericidal effect?
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What best describes the dilation of the cervix in cows compared to mares?
What best describes the dilation of the cervix in cows compared to mares?
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What is the importance of the cervical plug formed during pregnancy?
What is the importance of the cervical plug formed during pregnancy?
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How does the portio vaginalis uteri differ between cows and mares?
How does the portio vaginalis uteri differ between cows and mares?
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What is the primary function of the vagina in most animals?
What is the primary function of the vagina in most animals?
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Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the vagina?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the vagina?
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What are the two parts into which the vagina is divided?
What are the two parts into which the vagina is divided?
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Which animal is known to have a suburethral diverticulum?
Which animal is known to have a suburethral diverticulum?
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What anatomical position aids in protecting the vulva from fecal contamination?
What anatomical position aids in protecting the vulva from fecal contamination?
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What can lead to pneumovagina in animals?
What can lead to pneumovagina in animals?
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Which reproductive structure is attached to the sub-lumbar region via the broad ligament?
Which reproductive structure is attached to the sub-lumbar region via the broad ligament?
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Which animal has a more prominent clitoris?
Which animal has a more prominent clitoris?
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What is a distinguishing feature of the Graafian Follicle compared to the Corpus Luteum?
What is a distinguishing feature of the Graafian Follicle compared to the Corpus Luteum?
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Which function is NOT associated with the uterine tube?
Which function is NOT associated with the uterine tube?
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What specific characteristic of the uterus of a mare helps prevent retention of placenta?
What specific characteristic of the uterus of a mare helps prevent retention of placenta?
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How do the uterine horns differ between cows and mares?
How do the uterine horns differ between cows and mares?
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What is a potential reason for the higher incidence of salpingitis in cows compared to mares?
What is a potential reason for the higher incidence of salpingitis in cows compared to mares?
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Which statement about the ovarian structures is incorrect?
Which statement about the ovarian structures is incorrect?
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What role does the endometrium play in the uterus of a cow?
What role does the endometrium play in the uterus of a cow?
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Which of the following is a unique feature of the uterus in mares compared to cows?
Which of the following is a unique feature of the uterus in mares compared to cows?
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Study Notes
Female Reproductive Organs
- Primary Sex Organs: Ovaries (glandular part)
- Secondary Sex Organs: Oviducts, Uterus, Cervix, Vagina, External Genitalia (tubular part)
- Accessory Sex Organs: Udder (mammary glands)
Location of Female Reproductive Tract
- Dorsal: Rectum located above the reproductive system
- Ventral: Bladder located below the reproductive tract, connected at the urethral opening on the vaginal floor
Embryonic Origins of Female Genital Tract
- Ovaries & Oviducts: Developed from Genital Ridge
- Uterine Horns & Body, Cervix, Vagina, & Vulva: Developed from Müllerian Ducts and Urogenital Sinus
Cow & Mare Ovary: Major Differences
- Shape: Cow - Almond, Mare - Kidney
- Size: Cow - 3 x 2 x 1.5 cm, Mare - 6 x 4 x 4 cm
- Germinal Epithelium: Cow - Covers Entire Surface, Mare - Only Ovulation Fossa
- Tunica Albugenia: Cow - Thin, Mare - Thick (easily palpated during rectal exam)
- Medulla: Cow - Central, Mare - Peripheral (used for support)
- Cortex: Cow - Peripheral (functional), Mare - Central
- Ovulation Fossa: Cow - Absent, Mare - Present
- Graafian Follicle: Cow - 1.5-2 cm, Mare - 4-6 cm (only at ovulation fossa)
- Corpus Luteum: Cow - 2.5 cm, Mare - Larger Size (tends to grow centrally)
Ovary: Functions
- Exocrine: Production of Ova
- Endocrine: Production of hormones (estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin, inhibin, relaxin)
Distinguishing Graafian Follicles from Corpus Luteum
- Graafian Follicle: Slightly protruding, no neck or line, thin wall, convex, fluctuated, size less than 2 cm
- Corpus Luteum: More prominent, has neck and line, irregular shape, liver-like texture (hepatized), usually more than 2 cm
Oviduct
- Opening into Uterine Horn: Cow - Gradual, Mare - Abrupt
- Uterine Papilla: Cow - Without, Mare - With
Oviduct: Functions
- Ovum Pick-up: Using fimbria
- Passage for sperm, ova, and zygote
- Fertilization: Primary site
- Nutrition: For zygote
- Sperm Capacitation:
Uterus: Cow vs Mare
- Uterine Horns: Cow - Rolled downward, ram-horn shape (30-40 cm), Mare - T or Y shape
- Body: Cow - Short (~3 cm), Mare - Long (10-15 cm)
- Endometrium: Cow - Contains caruncles (80-120 arranged in 4 rows), Mare - Smooth (longitudinal folds), no caruncles
- Type of Uterus: Cow - Bicornuate, Mare - Bipartiate
Important Notes about Mare:
- Uterine wash: Possible in mare, contraindicated in cow
- Smooth Endometrium: Leads to easy abortion and rare retention of placenta. Fetal membrane slip (FMS) is absent because the type of placenta in pregnant mares is simple diffuse, resulting in a complete attachment between the uterus and placenta. Any detachment may cause abortion.
Uterus: Functions
- Transportation: Of semen and fertilized ovum
- Nutrition: Morula before implantation (uterine milk)
- Implantation: Site
- Placentation: Site
- Parturition: Uterine contractions assist in the process
Uterine Muscle Contractions
- Circular Muscles Only: Negative pressure created, aiding in semen suction during estrus
- Circular & Longitudinal Muscles: Expel fetus during parturition
Cervix: Cow vs Mare
- Consistency: Cow - Firmer (more connective tissue), Mare - Less Firm (softer, less connective tissue)
- Cervical Canal: Cow - Tortuous, Mare - Nearly Straight
- Types of Folds: Cow - Circular (3-5 annular rings) and longitudinal folds, Mare - Only longitudinal folds
- Portio Vaginalis Uteri: Cow - Not prominent, Mare - More prominent (~5 cm or more)
- Fornix: Cow - Dorsal, Mare - Annular
- Dilation: Cow - Difficult (more muscular, more collagen), Mare - Easily dilated manually
Important Notes About the Cervix
- Landmark during Rectal Palpation: Due to its firm consistency (Cow)
- Collagen Content: Cow - High, Mare - Lower
-
Cervical Mucus:
- Highly viscous & static (highest viscosity): forms a cervical plug (due to progesterone)
- Highly viscous & movable (less viscosity): Estral mucous (due to estrogen)
- Watery: Pathological condition (Cervicitis)
Cervix: Functions
- Close Uterine Lumen: Only open during estrus and parturition
- Pass Sperm: During estrus
-
Sperm Selection:
- Bactericidal effect: of cervical mucus
- Ultra-channels: Prevent passage of abnormal sperm
- Sperm Vitality and Capacitation:
- Cervical Plug Formation: In pregnancy, seals off the canal
Vagina: Cow vs Mare
- Rectovaginal Pouch: Cow - Covers nearly half the dorsal surface, Mare - Covers nearly the whole dorsal surface
- Coitus (Semen Deposition): Cow - Intravaginal (dorsal fornix), Mare - Intrauterine (urethral opening of penis opens just in front of external os of cervix)
Vagina: Divisions
- Vagina Proper: From external uterine orifice to external urethral orifice
- Vestibule: From external urethral orifice to vulva
Suburethral Diverticulum
- Present in: Cow, Sow, She-camel
- Absent in: Mare
Vulva
- Well-developed, closed, vertically located
- Protects against fecal contamination
- Obliquely position: Can lead to pneumovagina due to fecal accumulation, gas-producing bacteria, inflammation, and air suction
Clitoris
- Mare: More prominent
- Cow: Less prominent
Broad Ligament
- Attaches the uterus to the sub-lumbar region and pelvic cavity
- Composed of:
- Mesovarium: Supports the ovary
- Mesosalpinx: Supports the oviduct
- Mesometrium: Supports the uterus
Clinical Importance of Broad Ligament
- Diagnosis of uterine torsion
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Description
This quiz explores the anatomy and embryonic development of female reproductive organs, specifically in cows and mares. Test your knowledge of the primary, secondary, and accessory sex organs, as well as their differences and locations within the reproductive tract.
