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Questions and Answers
What changes occur to the ovaries after puberty in terms of their external features?
What changes occur to the ovaries after puberty in terms of their external features?
- The surface becomes uneven and changes in color from pink to grey. (correct)
- The surface remains smooth and greyish pink.
- The ovaries increase in size without changing color.
- There is a decrease in vascular supply, making the surface paler.
Which arteries provide blood supply to the ovaries?
Which arteries provide blood supply to the ovaries?
- Internal iliac artery and ovarian vein.
- Common femoral artery and external iliac artery.
- Renal artery and inferior mesenteric artery.
- Ovarian artery and uterine artery. (correct)
What is the venous drainage system of the ovaries?
What is the venous drainage system of the ovaries?
- Veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava.
- Veins converge at the uterine artery before entering the pelvic cavity.
- Veins from the ovaries merge with the renal veins.
- Veins emerge at the hilus forming a pampiniform plexus. (correct)
The sympathetic nerve supply to the ovaries is primarily responsible for which function?
The sympathetic nerve supply to the ovaries is primarily responsible for which function?
What anatomical feature differentiates the two poles of the ovaries?
What anatomical feature differentiates the two poles of the ovaries?
What characterizes reteroversion and reteroflexion in relation to the uterus?
What characterizes reteroversion and reteroflexion in relation to the uterus?
Which description fits the anterior wall of the vagina in its nulliparous state?
Which description fits the anterior wall of the vagina in its nulliparous state?
Which structure is directly involved in enclosing the clitoris?
Which structure is directly involved in enclosing the clitoris?
What is the shape of the upper third of the vaginal lumen?
What is the shape of the upper third of the vaginal lumen?
Which of the following correctly describes the role of the glans of the clitoris?
Which of the following correctly describes the role of the glans of the clitoris?
What type of tissue composes the bulb of the vestibule?
What type of tissue composes the bulb of the vestibule?
Which structure serves as a fatty eminence over the pubic symphysis?
Which structure serves as a fatty eminence over the pubic symphysis?
In terms of position, how does the cervix tilt in the adult nulliparous state?
In terms of position, how does the cervix tilt in the adult nulliparous state?
What is the primary function of the vestibular glands of Bartholin?
What is the primary function of the vestibular glands of Bartholin?
What is a common misconception about the hymen?
What is a common misconception about the hymen?
What condition does an imperforate hymen describe?
What condition does an imperforate hymen describe?
Which of the following statements about episiotomy is true?
Which of the following statements about episiotomy is true?
What is the primary anatomical location of the mammary glands in females?
What is the primary anatomical location of the mammary glands in females?
What is the significance of the axillary tail of Spence in mammary gland anatomy?
What is the significance of the axillary tail of Spence in mammary gland anatomy?
Which of the following accurately describes the mammary glands in males?
Which of the following accurately describes the mammary glands in males?
What does a vaginal smear test typically examine?
What does a vaginal smear test typically examine?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the areola?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the areola?
What anatomical feature becomes weak in elderly females, contributing to breast sagging?
What anatomical feature becomes weak in elderly females, contributing to breast sagging?
In which area is the majority of breast cancers likely to develop?
In which area is the majority of breast cancers likely to develop?
What is the primary role of lactiferous ducts in the mammary gland?
What is the primary role of lactiferous ducts in the mammary gland?
What does peau d'orange refer to in clinical anatomy?
What does peau d'orange refer to in clinical anatomy?
Which structure in the breast may become approximately fixed to the chest wall due to advanced carcinoma?
Which structure in the breast may become approximately fixed to the chest wall due to advanced carcinoma?
What structure connects the breast to the dermis of the skin?
What structure connects the breast to the dermis of the skin?
What happens to the lactiferous ducts during breastfeeding?
What happens to the lactiferous ducts during breastfeeding?
What is a function of the perineal body in the pelvic floor?
What is a function of the perineal body in the pelvic floor?
Which structure connects the upper pole of the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall?
Which structure connects the upper pole of the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall?
What might occur if the perineal body is damaged during childbirth?
What might occur if the perineal body is damaged during childbirth?
Where does the right ovarian vein drain into?
Where does the right ovarian vein drain into?
Which lymph nodes are responsible for draining the round ligament of the uterus?
Which lymph nodes are responsible for draining the round ligament of the uterus?
Which spinal segments provide the sympathetic fibers for the inferior hypogastric plexus?
Which spinal segments provide the sympathetic fibers for the inferior hypogastric plexus?
What is the potential outcome of uterine prolapse?
What is the potential outcome of uterine prolapse?
Which activity is associated with parasympathetic fibers in the inferior hypogastric plexus?
Which activity is associated with parasympathetic fibers in the inferior hypogastric plexus?
What is the primary function of the ovaries?
What is the primary function of the ovaries?
Which part of the uterine tube is situated closest to the uterus?
Which part of the uterine tube is situated closest to the uterus?
What condition describes the inflammation of the uterine tube?
What condition describes the inflammation of the uterine tube?
Which is NOT considered an applied condition related to the uterine tubes?
Which is NOT considered an applied condition related to the uterine tubes?
What anatomical feature facilitates the transport of ova into the uterine tube?
What anatomical feature facilitates the transport of ova into the uterine tube?
The condition where the ovaries are displaced to the pouch of Douglas is known as what?
The condition where the ovaries are displaced to the pouch of Douglas is known as what?
Which part of the uterus is primarily involved in the bending of the reproductive axis, referred to as anteflexion?
Which part of the uterus is primarily involved in the bending of the reproductive axis, referred to as anteflexion?
Which nerve supply corresponds to the medial part of the uterine tube?
Which nerve supply corresponds to the medial part of the uterine tube?
Flashcards
What are Ovaries?
What are Ovaries?
The female gonads, where oocytes are formed and matured.
Where are the Ovaries located?
Where are the Ovaries located?
The ovaries are located in the ovarian fossa, situated on the lateral pelvic wall.
What is the Arterial supply to the ovaries?
What is the Arterial supply to the ovaries?
The ovarian artery, arising from the abdominal aorta, and the uterine artery provide blood supply to the ovaries.
Describe the Venous drainage of the ovaries.
Describe the Venous drainage of the ovaries.
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What is the Lymphatic drainage of the ovaries?
What is the Lymphatic drainage of the ovaries?
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Reteroversion/Reteroflexion
Reteroversion/Reteroflexion
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Ectopic Pregnancy
Ectopic Pregnancy
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Tubectomy/Tubal Ligation
Tubectomy/Tubal Ligation
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Gross Anatomy of Vagina
Gross Anatomy of Vagina
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Anteversion
Anteversion
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Mons Pubis
Mons Pubis
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Labia Majora
Labia Majora
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Labia Minora
Labia Minora
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What is Ovarian Prolapse?
What is Ovarian Prolapse?
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What are Ovarian Cysts?
What are Ovarian Cysts?
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What are the Uterine Tubes?
What are the Uterine Tubes?
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What are the Four Parts of the Fallopian Tubes?
What are the Four Parts of the Fallopian Tubes?
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What is Tubal Pregnancy?
What is Tubal Pregnancy?
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What is Pyosalpinx?
What is Pyosalpinx?
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What is Salpingitis?
What is Salpingitis?
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What is the hymen?
What is the hymen?
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What is a per vaginal examination?
What is a per vaginal examination?
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What is a vaginal smear?
What is a vaginal smear?
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What is imperforate hymen?
What is imperforate hymen?
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What is dyspareunia?
What is dyspareunia?
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What is an episiotomy?
What is an episiotomy?
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What is the nipple?
What is the nipple?
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What is the axillary tail of Spence?
What is the axillary tail of Spence?
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What is the perineal body?
What is the perineal body?
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What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
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Describe the venous drainage of the uterus.
Describe the venous drainage of the uterus.
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Explain the nerve supply of the uterus.
Explain the nerve supply of the uterus.
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Where do the lymph vessels from the uterus drain?
Where do the lymph vessels from the uterus drain?
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What is uterine prolapse, and what causes it?
What is uterine prolapse, and what causes it?
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What are the other lymphatic drainage sites for the uterus?
What are the other lymphatic drainage sites for the uterus?
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What is the arterial supply to the uterus?
What is the arterial supply to the uterus?
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What is the areola?
What is the areola?
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What are Cooper's ligaments?
What are Cooper's ligaments?
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How is the internal structure of the mammary gland organized?
How is the internal structure of the mammary gland organized?
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What is the function of the lactiferous ducts in the mammary gland?
What is the function of the lactiferous ducts in the mammary gland?
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What is "Peau d'orange"?
What is "Peau d'orange"?
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How can breast cancer progress?
How can breast cancer progress?
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Where do most breast cancers develop?
Where do most breast cancers develop?
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Why is lymphatic drainage relevant to understanding breast cancer?
Why is lymphatic drainage relevant to understanding breast cancer?
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How is the breast's lymphatic drainage relevant?
How is the breast's lymphatic drainage relevant?
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How is the breast's lymphatic drainage relevant?
How is the breast's lymphatic drainage relevant?
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Study Notes
Female Reproductive System Overview
- The female reproductive tract is located within the pelvic cavity and perineum.
- During pregnancy, the tract extends into the abdomen.
- Learning outcomes include describing the gross anatomy of the ovary, fallopian tube, and uterus, applied anatomy pertaining to clinical conditions, the gross anatomy of the vagina and external genitalia, and the anatomy of the mammary gland.
Ovaries
- Ovaries are the female gonads.
- Oocytes are produced within the ovaries.
- The ovaries are situated within the ovarian fossa on the lateral pelvic wall.
- Young girls' ovaries prior to ovulation exhibit smooth, grayish-pink surfaces.
- Post-puberty, the ovarian surface becomes uneven and the color changes to gray.
- Each ovary has two poles: a tubal pole superiorly and a uterine pole inferiorly.
- Two borders exist: a mesovarian (anterior) and a free (posterior) border.
- Two surfaces are present: a lateral and a medial surface.
- Arterial supply is by the ovarian artery originating from the abdominal aorta.
- Venous drainage occurs at the hilum, forming a pampiniform plexus around the artery.
- Lymphatic drainage occurs through lateral and pre-aortic nodes.
- Nerve supply includes afferent pain fibers and vasomotor sympathetic nerves (T10, T11), and vasodilator parasympathetic nerves (S2, S3, S4).
- Functions include oocyte production and hormone secretion (estrogen and progesterone).
- Common applied anatomy issues include ovarian prolapse (displaced to Douglas pouch), ovarian cysts (from arrested follicular development), and Krukenberg's tumor.
Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes)
- Also known as fallopian tubes.
- Paired tortuous ducts that transport ova from the ovaries to the uterine cavity.
- Approximately 10 cm in length.
- Located in the upper free margin of the broad ligament of the uterus.
- Transport facilitated by longitudinal grooves on ovarian fimbria, ciliary beat-induced suction, and peristalsis of the tubal musculature.
- Two openings: uterine ostium (internal) and pelvic/abdominal ostium (external).
- Four parts: pars uterina (intramural), isthmus, ampulla, and infundibulum (with fimbriae).
- Blood supply via ovarian and uterine arteries.
- Nerve supply via sympathetic (T10-L2) and parasympathetic (vagus and pelvic splanchnic) nerves.
- Potential applied anatomy concerns: tubal pregnancy (ectopic pregnancy), pyosalpinx (pus-filled tube), salpingitis (inflammation), sterility (tubal blockage), and tubectomy (ligation of both tubes).
Uterus
- Pear-shaped, hollow, thick-walled organ.
- Located within the true pelvis, between the bladder and rectum.
- Covered with peritoneum (except anteriorly).
- Consists of two parts: the corpus (upper 2/3) and the cervix (lower 1/3).
- Positions: anteflexion (body bent forward), anteversion (cervix tilted forward), retroversion (body tilted backward), and retroflexion (body flexed backward).
- The broad ligament has subdivisions:
- Mesovarium (attaches ovary to posterior ligament layers)
- Ovarian ligament (connects ovary's lower pole to uterine lateral angle)
- Mesosalpinx (connects uterine tube to ovary's ovarian ligament)
- Mesometrium (area below the ovarian ligament).
- Infundibulopelvic ligament (supports the ovary)
Vagina
- Female organ of copulation.
- Forms the lower part of the birth canal.
- Extends upward and backward from the vestibule to the vaginal part of the cervix.
- Position: angled upward and backward at about 45 degrees relative to the uterus.
- Size: anterior wall ~8 cm; posterior wall ~10 cm
- Lumen: lower third is H-shaped, middle third is slit-like, upper third is rounded.
- In the adult nulliparous (has never given birth) state, the cervix tilts forward relative to the axis of the vagina (anteversion).
External Female Genitalia
- The mons pubis is a fatty, hairy eminence over the pubic symphysis.
- Labia majora are longitudinal folds of skin enclosing the pudendal cleft.
- The inner surface of the labia majora is smooth with sebaceous glands.
- Labia minora are smaller folds between labia majora.
- The clitoris is a homologue of the male penis.
- It has two corpora cavernosa and a glans, but no corpus spongiosum.
- The clitoris is highly sensitive and plays a crucial role in sexual response.
- The vestibule is the area enclosed by the labia minora.
- The orifices of the vagina, urethra, and ducts of the vestibular (Bartholin's) glands are located within the vestibule.
- The hymen is a membrane partially covering the vaginal orifice in virgins.
- Common applied anatomy topics include: per vaginal examination, vaginal smear (diagnosing vaginitis and vulvitis), cysts of the vestibular gland, imperforate hymen, dyspareunia, and episiotomy.
Mammary Gland
- Modified sweat gland derived from the skin's epithelium.
- Rudimentary in males; well-developed in females post-puberty.
- Located in the superficial fascia of the anterior chest wall, spanning from the 2nd to 6th ribs along the mid-clavicular line.
- Usually extending to the level of the 4th rib horizontally from the margin of the sternum to the mid-axillary line.
- Contains 15–20 lobes separated by fibrous connective tissue.
- Each lobe drains into a lactiferous duct.
- These ducts converge at the nipple's summit, where they form lactiferous sinuses.
- The nipple is conical, and the areola is pigmented skin around it with modified sebaceous glands (Montgomery tubercles). These enlarge during pregnancy to lubricate the breast during feeding.
- Cooper's ligaments attach the breast to the dermis of the overlying skin.
- Applied anatomy concerns include: peau d'orange (a breast appearance indicative of underlying lymphatic edema), advanced breast carcinoma (tumors spreading through surrounding tissue, fixation to chest wall, and nipple retraction), the absence of breast (amastia), extra breasts along the milk line (polymastia), and gynecomastia (benign breast enlargement in males).
- Lymphatic drainage of the breast occurs to various axillary, internal, and parasternal nodes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the female reproductive system with this quiz that covers the ovaries, vagina, clitoris, and associated structures. You'll explore anatomical changes post-puberty, blood supply, venous drainage, and nerve functions. Ideal for students studying anatomy or healthcare professionals.
