Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the female breasts?
What is the primary function of the female breasts?
- Producing milk for nourishing the newborn (correct)
- Producing hormones
- Facilitating airflow during respiration
- Providing structural support to the chest
Which of the following structures connects the nipple to the lobules of the mammary gland?
Which of the following structures connects the nipple to the lobules of the mammary gland?
- Pectoralis major
- Lactiferous duct (correct)
- Montgomery's glands
- Cooper's ligaments
Where is the nipple located in relation to the ribs?
Where is the nipple located in relation to the ribs?
- Aligned with the fifth rib
- Directly on the second rib
- Just below the fourth rib (correct)
- Between the first and second ribs
What is the axillary tail of Spence?
What is the axillary tail of Spence?
Which muscle lies underneath the breast tissue?
Which muscle lies underneath the breast tissue?
What type of tissue predominantly covers the breast?
What type of tissue predominantly covers the breast?
What do Montgomery's glands produce?
What do Montgomery's glands produce?
How far do the breasts extend in terms of rib levels?
How far do the breasts extend in terms of rib levels?
What is the average time it takes for breast development to progress from stage 2 to stage 5?
What is the average time it takes for breast development to progress from stage 2 to stage 5?
At what stage of breast development does menarche typically occur?
At what stage of breast development does menarche typically occur?
Which event typically happens about 2 years after the onset of thelarche?
Which event typically happens about 2 years after the onset of thelarche?
How does breast tissue change after menopause?
How does breast tissue change after menopause?
Which statement about gynecomastia is true?
Which statement about gynecomastia is true?
What physical change occurs in the breasts during pregnancy?
What physical change occurs in the breasts during pregnancy?
When does lactation commonly begin postpartum?
When does lactation commonly begin postpartum?
What happens to breast size and elasticity in older females?
What happens to breast size and elasticity in older females?
What is colostrum, and when is it produced during pregnancy?
What is colostrum, and when is it produced during pregnancy?
What is the typical age range for the appearance of pubic hair in girls?
What is the typical age range for the appearance of pubic hair in girls?
What condition is characterized by a benign proliferation of male breast tissue due to an increase in estrogen compared to testosterone?
What condition is characterized by a benign proliferation of male breast tissue due to an increase in estrogen compared to testosterone?
What is a frequently observed first warning sign of male breast cancer?
What is a frequently observed first warning sign of male breast cancer?
What stage of diagnosis is crucial for determining the survival of males with breast cancer?
What stage of diagnosis is crucial for determining the survival of males with breast cancer?
In older men, how does gynecomastia typically present?
In older men, how does gynecomastia typically present?
Which of the following factors is NOT associated with the development of gynecomastia?
Which of the following factors is NOT associated with the development of gynecomastia?
What is the purpose of hormone therapy in perimenopausal women?
What is the purpose of hormone therapy in perimenopausal women?
Which age group is recommended for mammography screening every 2 to 3 years?
Which age group is recommended for mammography screening every 2 to 3 years?
What should be considered when determining breast cancer screening for individuals?
What should be considered when determining breast cancer screening for individuals?
Which tool calculates individual risk estimates for breast cancer that includes factors like age at menarche?
Which tool calculates individual risk estimates for breast cancer that includes factors like age at menarche?
What risk factors should be accounted for in breast cancer screening according to health assessments?
What risk factors should be accounted for in breast cancer screening according to health assessments?
What is NOT routinely recommended for Canadian women not at increased risk for breast cancer?
What is NOT routinely recommended for Canadian women not at increased risk for breast cancer?
What is a key feature of the Pedigree Assessment Tool (PAT)?
What is a key feature of the Pedigree Assessment Tool (PAT)?
Which factor is known to be a common risk for breast cancer despite a lack of identifiable risk factors?
Which factor is known to be a common risk for breast cancer despite a lack of identifiable risk factors?
What counseling aspect is important when discussing hormone therapy with patients?
What counseling aspect is important when discussing hormone therapy with patients?
What is the five-year net survival rate for breast cancer in Canada?
What is the five-year net survival rate for breast cancer in Canada?
What factor plays a crucial role in the decision-making process for breast cancer screening?
What factor plays a crucial role in the decision-making process for breast cancer screening?
Which of the following is true regarding breast cancer risk among females?
Which of the following is true regarding breast cancer risk among females?
What does the Canadian Cancer Society emphasize for women regarding breast health?
What does the Canadian Cancer Society emphasize for women regarding breast health?
What percentage of female breast cancers are diagnosed at either stage I or II in Canada?
What percentage of female breast cancers are diagnosed at either stage I or II in Canada?
Which of the following is an unmodifiable risk factor for breast cancer?
Which of the following is an unmodifiable risk factor for breast cancer?
What is the approximate lifetime risk of breast cancer in Canada?
What is the approximate lifetime risk of breast cancer in Canada?
Which modifiable risk factor could contribute to obesity, a known risk for breast cancer?
Which modifiable risk factor could contribute to obesity, a known risk for breast cancer?
What common barrier did Haitian immigrant women face regarding breast screening in Montreal?
What common barrier did Haitian immigrant women face regarding breast screening in Montreal?
Which of the following is considered a possible risk factor for breast cancer?
Which of the following is considered a possible risk factor for breast cancer?
What is the 5-year survival rate for breast cancer patients in Canada?
What is the 5-year survival rate for breast cancer patients in Canada?
Which of the following practices is mentioned as a way to promote a safe environment during health consultations?
Which of the following practices is mentioned as a way to promote a safe environment during health consultations?
Which lifestyle factor might specifically increase the risk of breast cancer according to the discussed content?
Which lifestyle factor might specifically increase the risk of breast cancer according to the discussed content?
Which psychological aspect related to breasts is highlighted in the discussion?
Which psychological aspect related to breasts is highlighted in the discussion?
What role do social determinants play in breast cancer disparities?
What role do social determinants play in breast cancer disparities?
What factor is listed as a risk related to breast density?
What factor is listed as a risk related to breast density?
Which demographic is specifically mentioned as facing barriers to breast cancer screening?
Which demographic is specifically mentioned as facing barriers to breast cancer screening?
What physical change in the breasts is most likely to occur during pregnancy?
What physical change in the breasts is most likely to occur during pregnancy?
What is the typical progression of milk production postpartum?
What is the typical progression of milk production postpartum?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with older females' breast tissue?
Which characteristic is NOT associated with older females' breast tissue?
What condition would most likely be indicated by nipple soreness that lasts longer than expected?
What condition would most likely be indicated by nipple soreness that lasts longer than expected?
Which of the following palpation patterns is NOT used when examining the breast?
Which of the following palpation patterns is NOT used when examining the breast?
What indicates a potentially serious concern during a breast examination?
What indicates a potentially serious concern during a breast examination?
Which factor increases breast cancer risk in females older than 50 years?
Which factor increases breast cancer risk in females older than 50 years?
What is the recommended action for nipple soreness during breastfeeding?
What is the recommended action for nipple soreness during breastfeeding?
What change occurs in the breasts during the first trimester of pregnancy?
What change occurs in the breasts during the first trimester of pregnancy?
What appearance do breasts have in older females upon inspection?
What appearance do breasts have in older females upon inspection?
What describes a normal examination finding in a female breast during palpation?
What describes a normal examination finding in a female breast during palpation?
What symptoms indicate breast inflammation in non-lactating, non-postpartum individuals?
What symptoms indicate breast inflammation in non-lactating, non-postpartum individuals?
What might cause red and tender areas on the breast surface?
What might cause red and tender areas on the breast surface?
Which of the following statements regarding breast palpation is correct?
Which of the following statements regarding breast palpation is correct?
Which of the following describes how to assess a breast lump's size?
Which of the following describes how to assess a breast lump's size?
During a breast examination, how should a practitioner respond if abnormalities such as nipple discharge are observed?
During a breast examination, how should a practitioner respond if abnormalities such as nipple discharge are observed?
What characteristic differentiates gynecomastia from other breast tissue in males?
What characteristic differentiates gynecomastia from other breast tissue in males?
Which of the following is noted when examining a breast lump for distinctness?
Which of the following is noted when examining a breast lump for distinctness?
What is the appropriate action when a person reports discovering a breast lump?
What is the appropriate action when a person reports discovering a breast lump?
Which observation is considered abnormal regarding nipple discharge?
Which observation is considered abnormal regarding nipple discharge?
Which stage of breast development occurs on average between 8 and 10 years of age?
Which stage of breast development occurs on average between 8 and 10 years of age?
How should a breast mass in an adolescent typically be described?
How should a breast mass in an adolescent typically be described?
What method can be recommended for individuals to become familiar with their breast tissue?
What method can be recommended for individuals to become familiar with their breast tissue?
What should be noted about the skin over a breast lump during an examination?
What should be noted about the skin over a breast lump during an examination?
What is a normal finding in the male breast examination?
What is a normal finding in the male breast examination?
When observing breast development in neonates, which of the following is considered a normal finding?
When observing breast development in neonates, which of the following is considered a normal finding?
What type of tissue primarily provides the bulk of the breast?
What type of tissue primarily provides the bulk of the breast?
Which anatomical feature is responsible for the dark pigmentation of the nipple and areola?
Which anatomical feature is responsible for the dark pigmentation of the nipple and areola?
What is the function of Montgomery’s glands located in the areola?
What is the function of Montgomery’s glands located in the areola?
Where do the majority of lymphatic drainage from the breast occur?
Where do the majority of lymphatic drainage from the breast occur?
What does galactorrhea refer to?
What does galactorrhea refer to?
What is the primary role of the suspensory ligaments in the breast?
What is the primary role of the suspensory ligaments in the breast?
Which type of discharge should always be investigated?
Which type of discharge should always be investigated?
What causes the nipple to stiffen when stimulated?
What causes the nipple to stiffen when stimulated?
What is the anatomical term for the reservoirs that store milk behind the nipple?
What is the anatomical term for the reservoirs that store milk behind the nipple?
What initial symptom is associated with Paget's disease?
What initial symptom is associated with Paget's disease?
What should be considered when a lump has been present for many years with no change?
What should be considered when a lump has been present for many years with no change?
Which quadrant of the breast is most commonly associated with breast tumors?
Which quadrant of the breast is most commonly associated with breast tumors?
What is a common misconception about breast trauma?
What is a common misconception about breast trauma?
During what stage of life does significant breast tissue change and development primarily occur due to estrogen?
During what stage of life does significant breast tissue change and development primarily occur due to estrogen?
What happens to the support structure of the breast when breast cancer develops?
What happens to the support structure of the breast when breast cancer develops?
Which hormone-related factor is a risk for breast cancer?
Which hormone-related factor is a risk for breast cancer?
What anatomical structure develops along the 'milk lines' during embryonic life?
What anatomical structure develops along the 'milk lines' during embryonic life?
What lifestyle factor is most associated with breast cancer risk?
What lifestyle factor is most associated with breast cancer risk?
What should be included when evaluating a history of breast disease?
What should be included when evaluating a history of breast disease?
What is the significance of the four quadrants in breast anatomy?
What is the significance of the four quadrants in breast anatomy?
Which of the following structures is primarily involved in milk production?
Which of the following structures is primarily involved in milk production?
Which statement regarding breast self-examination (BSE) is false?
Which statement regarding breast self-examination (BSE) is false?
What is an indicator of a need for special care in breastfeeding preparation?
What is an indicator of a need for special care in breastfeeding preparation?
Which group of axillary nodes receives lymph from the other three groups?
Which group of axillary nodes receives lymph from the other three groups?
What should be assessed regarding breast changes in menopausal females?
What should be assessed regarding breast changes in menopausal females?
What common temporary condition may occur during breast development in adolescence?
What common temporary condition may occur during breast development in adolescence?
What symptom suggests a reaction to deodorant in the axilla?
What symptom suggests a reaction to deodorant in the axilla?
What factors are considered when calculating a PAT score?
What factors are considered when calculating a PAT score?
How should the presence of breast lumps in a person with ‘dense’ breasts be viewed?
How should the presence of breast lumps in a person with ‘dense’ breasts be viewed?
Which age group is recommended not to undergo routine mammography screening?
Which age group is recommended not to undergo routine mammography screening?
What does a history of breast disease increase the likelihood of?
What does a history of breast disease increase the likelihood of?
What should be assessed during the breast examination regarding symmetry?
What should be assessed during the breast examination regarding symmetry?
What is the recommendation regarding the use of MRI for breast cancer screening in women not at increased risk?
What is the recommendation regarding the use of MRI for breast cancer screening in women not at increased risk?
When assessing the skin of the breasts, what finding is not considered normal?
When assessing the skin of the breasts, what finding is not considered normal?
What is a key consideration for women aged 50 to 69 years regarding mammography screening?
What is a key consideration for women aged 50 to 69 years regarding mammography screening?
What aspect of family history is emphasized in calculating risk for breast cancer?
What aspect of family history is emphasized in calculating risk for breast cancer?
Which screening method should not be advised for breast cancer screening?
Which screening method should not be advised for breast cancer screening?
In what scenario might a woman consider screening mammography between ages 40 to 49?
In what scenario might a woman consider screening mammography between ages 40 to 49?
What characteristic of breast tissue should be noted when inspecting?
What characteristic of breast tissue should be noted when inspecting?
What does the Gail Model and PAT help to assess for health practitioners?
What does the Gail Model and PAT help to assess for health practitioners?
What abnormal breast finding may indicate a need for further investigation?
What abnormal breast finding may indicate a need for further investigation?
What is stated about the evidence for performing clinical breast examinations?
What is stated about the evidence for performing clinical breast examinations?
Which statement about breast asymmetry is true?
Which statement about breast asymmetry is true?
What age group has no current recommendations for breast cancer screening?
What age group has no current recommendations for breast cancer screening?
What does recent nipple retraction indicate?
What does recent nipple retraction indicate?
What is a significant abnormal finding to investigate further during a breast examination?
What is a significant abnormal finding to investigate further during a breast examination?
During palpation of the breast, which pattern is currently recommended for detecting a breast mass?
During palpation of the breast, which pattern is currently recommended for detecting a breast mass?
What indicates skin retraction during a breast examination?
What indicates skin retraction during a breast examination?
Which of the following findings would NOT typically require urgent investigation?
Which of the following findings would NOT typically require urgent investigation?
What condition is indicated by the presence of enlarged and tender lymph nodes in the axilla?
What condition is indicated by the presence of enlarged and tender lymph nodes in the axilla?
When palpating the axillae, what is a normal finding?
When palpating the axillae, what is a normal finding?
Which maneuver helps to check for skin retraction in the breasts?
Which maneuver helps to check for skin retraction in the breasts?
Which type of nipple variation is a common and non-significant occurrence?
Which type of nipple variation is a common and non-significant occurrence?
What sensation is commonly felt during palpation of the breast in nulliparous females?
What sensation is commonly felt during palpation of the breast in nulliparous females?
What signifies that a nipple is likely a supernumerary nipple rather than a mole?
What signifies that a nipple is likely a supernumerary nipple rather than a mole?
What can explain the presence of breast tenderness and nodularity prior to menstruation?
What can explain the presence of breast tenderness and nodularity prior to menstruation?
What indicates that there might be a pathology related to breast tissue?
What indicates that there might be a pathology related to breast tissue?
What characteristic distinguishes cancerous lumps from benign fibroadenomas?
What characteristic distinguishes cancerous lumps from benign fibroadenomas?
Which of the following age groups is most commonly affected by fibroadenomas?
Which of the following age groups is most commonly affected by fibroadenomas?
What symptom is most typical of cancer as it advances?
What symptom is most typical of cancer as it advances?
What is the most significant risk associated with cancerous lumps?
What is the most significant risk associated with cancerous lumps?
Which condition is commonly associated with unilateral bloody discharge from the nipple?
Which condition is commonly associated with unilateral bloody discharge from the nipple?
How does the consistency of lumps associated with fibroadenomas typically present?
How does the consistency of lumps associated with fibroadenomas typically present?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with Paget’s Disease?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with Paget’s Disease?
What defines plugged duct as a non-serious condition?
What defines plugged duct as a non-serious condition?
What type of discharge characterizes mammary duct ectasia?
What type of discharge characterizes mammary duct ectasia?
Which statement is true regarding the consistency of cancerous lumps?
Which statement is true regarding the consistency of cancerous lumps?
What is a common characteristic of mastitis during lactation?
What is a common characteristic of mastitis during lactation?
What demographic is most likely to experience nipple discharge associated with Paget’s Disease?
What demographic is most likely to experience nipple discharge associated with Paget’s Disease?
Which of these findings usually accompanies the diagnosis of cancer?
Which of these findings usually accompanies the diagnosis of cancer?
What is a common feature of malignant breast lumps based on the assessment provided?
What is a common feature of malignant breast lumps based on the assessment provided?
What symptom may indicate lymphatic obstruction in breast tissue?
What symptom may indicate lymphatic obstruction in breast tissue?
Which benign breast condition is characterized by cyclical tenderness and nodularity?
Which benign breast condition is characterized by cyclical tenderness and nodularity?
What is a common emotional response to a diagnosis of a breast lump, as demonstrated by the cases?
What is a common emotional response to a diagnosis of a breast lump, as demonstrated by the cases?
Which characteristic of a breast lump suggests a higher likelihood of malignancy?
Which characteristic of a breast lump suggests a higher likelihood of malignancy?
What physical sign may indicate retraction in the breast tissue?
What physical sign may indicate retraction in the breast tissue?
What is the significance of a firm, tender breast lump in a 62-year-old woman with no children and a family history of breast cancer?
What is the significance of a firm, tender breast lump in a 62-year-old woman with no children and a family history of breast cancer?
What type of discharge might indicate a benign lesion such as ectasia of the ducts?
What type of discharge might indicate a benign lesion such as ectasia of the ducts?
Which of the following is necessary to rule out cancer in patients with dominant lumps or nipple discharge?
Which of the following is necessary to rule out cancer in patients with dominant lumps or nipple discharge?
Menarche at what age may affect breast cancer risk assessment in patients?
Menarche at what age may affect breast cancer risk assessment in patients?
What is a notable risk factor for breast cancer, especially in older women?
What is a notable risk factor for breast cancer, especially in older women?
What type of breast mass tends to be soft and mobile, typically found in benign breast disease?
What type of breast mass tends to be soft and mobile, typically found in benign breast disease?
What physical change signifies the presence of underlying cancer due to fibrosis?
What physical change signifies the presence of underlying cancer due to fibrosis?
What do tender, well-demarcated nodules in breast tissue typically indicate?
What do tender, well-demarcated nodules in breast tissue typically indicate?
With regard to breast lump prognosis, which characteristic is generally favorable?
With regard to breast lump prognosis, which characteristic is generally favorable?
Flashcards
Breast Function
Breast Function
The female breasts, or mammary glands, are accessory reproductive organs that produce milk to nourish newborns.
Axillary Tail of Spence
Axillary Tail of Spence
The superior lateral corner of breast tissue that extends into the axilla.
Montgomery's Glands
Montgomery's Glands
Small bumps around the areola that secrete a lubricating substance during lactation.
Cooper's Ligaments
Cooper's Ligaments
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lactiferous Ducts
Lactiferous Ducts
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Location
Breast Location
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lobules
Lobules
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lactiferous Sinus
Lactiferous Sinus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tanner Staging
Tanner Staging
Signup and view all the flashcards
Thelarche
Thelarche
Signup and view all the flashcards
Menarche
Menarche
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Changes During Pregnancy
Breast Changes During Pregnancy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Colostrum
Colostrum
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lactation
Lactation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Changes After Menopause
Breast Changes After Menopause
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Changes During Menstrual Cycle
Breast Changes During Menstrual Cycle
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Development Time
Breast Development Time
Signup and view all the flashcards
Areola
Areola
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nipple
Nipple
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Lobes
Breast Lobes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Lobules
Breast Lobules
Signup and view all the flashcards
Alveoli
Alveoli
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lactiferous Sinuses (Ampullae)
Lactiferous Sinuses (Ampullae)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Suspensory Ligaments (Cooper's Ligaments)
Suspensory Ligaments (Cooper's Ligaments)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Quadrants
Breast Quadrants
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lymphatic Drainage of the Breast
Lymphatic Drainage of the Breast
Signup and view all the flashcards
Central Axillary Nodes
Central Axillary Nodes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pectoral Axillary Nodes
Pectoral Axillary Nodes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Subscapular Axillary Nodes
Subscapular Axillary Nodes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Discharge from Nipple
Discharge from Nipple
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Cancer Risk Factors
Breast Cancer Risk Factors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Galactorrhea
Galactorrhea
Signup and view all the flashcards
Unmodifiable Risk Factors
Unmodifiable Risk Factors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bloody Nipple Discharge
Bloody Nipple Discharge
Signup and view all the flashcards
Modifiable Risk Factors
Modifiable Risk Factors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Paget's Disease
Paget's Disease
Signup and view all the flashcards
Social Determinants of Health
Social Determinants of Health
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Cancer Disparities
Breast Cancer Disparities
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nipple Eczema
Nipple Eczema
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Swelling
Breast Swelling
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cultural Sensitivity in Breast Care
Cultural Sensitivity in Breast Care
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Trauma
Breast Trauma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Self-Examination
Breast Self-Examination
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mammography
Mammography
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dense Breasts
Dense Breasts
Signup and view all the flashcards
Food Insecurity
Food Insecurity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Atypical Hyperplasia
Atypical Hyperplasia
Signup and view all the flashcards
First-Degree Relative with Breast Cancer
First-Degree Relative with Breast Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Pain (Mastalgia)
Breast Pain (Mastalgia)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Lump
Breast Lump
Signup and view all the flashcards
Genetic Factors in Breast Cancer
Genetic Factors in Breast Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Surgery on Breasts
Surgery on Breasts
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Discharge
Breast Discharge
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Surgery
Breast Surgery
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Self-Examination (BSE)
Breast Self-Examination (BSE)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Body Image and Breast Health
Body Image and Breast Health
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mammography
Mammography
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axillary Tenderness
Axillary Tenderness
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hormone Therapy Risk
Hormone Therapy Risk
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Cancer Screening
Breast Cancer Screening
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gail Model
Gail Model
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pedigree Assessment Tool (PAT)
Pedigree Assessment Tool (PAT)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Cancer and Female Hormones
Breast Cancer and Female Hormones
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations
Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations
Signup and view all the flashcards
Clinical Breast Examination (CBE)
Clinical Breast Examination (CBE)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Cancer Survival
Breast Cancer Survival
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tools
Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tools
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Cancer: Shared Decision-Making
Breast Cancer: Shared Decision-Making
Signup and view all the flashcards
Importance of Breast Awareness
Importance of Breast Awareness
Signup and view all the flashcards
Age and Breast Cancer Risk
Age and Breast Cancer Risk
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Cancer Screening for High-Risk Individuals
Breast Cancer Screening for High-Risk Individuals
Signup and view all the flashcards
PAT Score
PAT Score
Signup and view all the flashcards
Family History Components
Family History Components
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bilateral Disease
Bilateral Disease
Signup and view all the flashcards
Combined Cancer
Combined Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Age at Diagnosis
Age at Diagnosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Higher Score
Higher Score
Signup and view all the flashcards
Paternal Lineage
Paternal Lineage
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mammography Recommendations: 40-49 Years
Mammography Recommendations: 40-49 Years
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mammography Recommendations: 50-69 Years
Mammography Recommendations: 50-69 Years
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mammography Recommendations: 70-74 Years
Mammography Recommendations: 70-74 Years
Signup and view all the flashcards
MRI Screening for Average Risk
MRI Screening for Average Risk
Signup and view all the flashcards
Clinical Breast Examination
Clinical Breast Examination
Signup and view all the flashcards
Screening Tool Limitations
Screening Tool Limitations
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shared Decision-Making
Shared Decision-Making
Signup and view all the flashcards
Male Breast Cancer
Male Breast Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nipple Retraction
Nipple Retraction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axillary Lymph Node Spread
Axillary Lymph Node Spread
Signup and view all the flashcards
Male Breast Cancer Diagnosis Age
Male Breast Cancer Diagnosis Age
Signup and view all the flashcards
Areola Appearance
Areola Appearance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Supernumerary Nipple
Supernumerary Nipple
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Movement During Arm Lift
Breast Movement During Arm Lift
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Movement With Hand Maneuvers
Breast Movement With Hand Maneuvers
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Movement While Leaning Forward
Breast Movement While Leaning Forward
Signup and view all the flashcards
Palpating the Axilla
Palpating the Axilla
Signup and view all the flashcards
Normal Axillary Lymph Nodes
Normal Axillary Lymph Nodes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Enlarged and Tender Axillary Nodes
Enlarged and Tender Axillary Nodes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Palpating the Breasts
Palpating the Breasts
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Tissue During Examination
Breast Tissue During Examination
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inframammary Ridge
Inframammary Ridge
Signup and view all the flashcards
Critical Findings in Breast Examination
Critical Findings in Breast Examination
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diagnostic Tests for Breast Issues
Diagnostic Tests for Breast Issues
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Examination: Importance of Consistency
Breast Examination: Importance of Consistency
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inflammation of the breast
Inflammation of the breast
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Palpation: Nipple
Breast Palpation: Nipple
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Discharge: Abnormal
Breast Discharge: Abnormal
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Discharge Assessment
Breast Discharge Assessment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Lump Examination: Location
Breast Lump Examination: Location
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Lump Examination: Size
Breast Lump Examination: Size
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Lump Examination: Shape
Breast Lump Examination: Shape
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Lump Examination: Consistency
Breast Lump Examination: Consistency
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Lump Examination: Movable
Breast Lump Examination: Movable
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Lump Examination: Distinctness
Breast Lump Examination: Distinctness
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Lump Examination: Nipple
Breast Lump Examination: Nipple
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Lump Examination: Skin Changes
Breast Lump Examination: Skin Changes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Lump Examination: Tenderness
Breast Lump Examination: Tenderness
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Lump Examination: Lymph Nodes
Breast Lump Examination: Lymph Nodes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Self-Care: Inspection
Breast Self-Care: Inspection
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Changes in Pregnancy
Breast Changes in Pregnancy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Engorgement
Breast Engorgement
Signup and view all the flashcards
Colostrum vs. Milk
Colostrum vs. Milk
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nipple Soreness
Nipple Soreness
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Changes in Older Females
Breast Changes in Older Females
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Cancer Risk in Older Females
Breast Cancer Risk in Older Females
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Retraction
Breast Retraction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Palpation Technique
Breast Palpation Technique
Signup and view all the flashcards
Axillary Lymph Node Palpation
Axillary Lymph Node Palpation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Examination Documentation
Breast Examination Documentation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Clinical Case Study: Lump in the Breast
Clinical Case Study: Lump in the Breast
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Health Practices
Breast Health Practices
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Peau d'Orange?
What is Peau d'Orange?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does a retracted nipple indicate?
What does a retracted nipple indicate?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is nipple retraction?
What is nipple retraction?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is dimpling in the breast?
What is dimpling in the breast?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a fixed breast mass?
What is a fixed breast mass?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a dominant breast lump?
What is a dominant breast lump?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a firm mobile breast nodule?
What is a firm mobile breast nodule?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is nodularity in the breast?
What is nodularity in the breast?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the significance of a breast mass that is fixed to tissues?
What is the significance of a breast mass that is fixed to tissues?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a breast mass that is tender to palpation?
What is a breast mass that is tender to palpation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is breast 'deviation in nipple pointing'?
What is breast 'deviation in nipple pointing'?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the significance of a breast lump that is irregular in shape?
What is the significance of a breast lump that is irregular in shape?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the difference between a benign breast lump and a cancerous breast lump?
What is the difference between a benign breast lump and a cancerous breast lump?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is situational stress?
What is situational stress?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the significance of axillary lymphadenopathy in breast cancer?
What is the significance of axillary lymphadenopathy in breast cancer?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fibroadenoma
Fibroadenoma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cancer in the Breast
Cancer in the Breast
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mammary Duct Ectasia
Mammary Duct Ectasia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Plugged Duct
Plugged Duct
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mastitis
Mastitis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Abscess
Breast Abscess
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Breast Health Assessment
- Breast health assessment is crucial for health promotion and preventive care, especially in light of breast cancer prevalence. Keeping updated on health recommendations is essential for health practitioners.
- Mammary glands are present in both sexes, but are rudimentary in males. Female breasts are accessory reproductive organs that produce milk for newborns.
Structure and Function
- Breasts are located anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles, between the second and sixth ribs.
- The axillary tail of Spence is breast tissue extending into the axilla.
- The nipple is centered, surrounded by the areola.
- Montgomery's glands are small bumps around the areola, secreting a protective lipid during lactation.
- The areola has smooth muscle, causing nipple firmness upon stimulation.
- Nipple and areola are darker than other breast surfaces, differing by skin tone.
- Internally, breasts consist of glandular, fibrous (including Cooper's ligaments), and adipose tissues.
- 15-20 lobes radiate from the nipple, comprised of lobules containing alveoli that create milk.
- Lactiferous ducts drain each lobe, converging on the nipple.
- Lactiferous sinuses store milk behind the nipple.
- Cooper's ligaments support breast tissue; contraction in cancer creates skin dimpling.
- Subcutaneous and retromammary fat make up most of the breast volume.
Surface Anatomy
- Breasts lie anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles.
- Positioning is between the 2nd to 6th ribs, from sternum to midaxillary line.
- The axillary tail of Spence extends laterally and superiorly into the axilla.
- The nipple is centrally located and usually protuberant.
- Areola surrounds the nipple (1-2 cm radius).
- Montgomery's glands are located within the areola.
Internal Anatomy
- Breast tissue composition varies with age, pregnancy, lactation, and nutrition, including the relative proportion of glandular, fibrous, and fatty tissue.
- Breast quadrants are used for clinical description, often used to locate common tumor sites. The upper outer quadrant is the most common location for breast tumours.
Lymphatic System
- Most breast lymph drains into ipsilateral axillary nodes (over 75%).
- Breast cancer can spread via the lymphatic system to the axillary nodes.
- 4 groups of axillary nodes are defined: central, pectoral, subscapular, and lateral.
- Lymph from central axillary nodes flows to infraclavicular and supraclavicular nodes, or directly to other areas like the abdomen or opposite breast.
Developmental Considerations
- Milk lines (ventral epidermal ridges) form during embryonic life from the axilla to groin.
- Breast development occurs along milk lines.
- Supernumerary nipples can exist along these lines.
- At birth, only lactiferous ducts are present; alveoli develop later.
- Puberty stimulates breast enlargement (fat deposition), duct growth, and potential alveoli formation.
- Adolescent breast development follows Tanner stages, typically taking 1.5-6 years.
- Thelarche precedes menarche by about 2 years.
- Breast changes occur with hormonal shifts during the menstrual cycle.
Pregnant Women
- Breast changes start in the second month of pregnancy.
- Ductal system and fatty tissue expand, and secretory alveoli develop.
- Nipples are larger, darker, and more erectile. Areolae enlarge and darken.
- Colostrum, a precursor to milk, is expressed after the fourth month.
- Colostrum is richer in antibodies than mature milk.
- Milk production (lactation) begins 1–3 days postpartum.
Older Females
- Ovarian estrogen/progesterone decreases in menopause, causing breast glandular tissue to atrophy.
- Adipose tissue also atrophies.
- Breast size and elasticity decrease; breasts may droop.
Male Breast
- Male breast tissue is underdeveloped, thin, and a disc.
- Areola is well-developed, while the nipple is smaller.
- Gynecomastia (breast tissue enlargement) is common during adolescence, usually temporary.
- It can reappear in older men due to testosterone deficiency.
Social Determinants of Health Considerations
- Breast screening is a key part of cancer detection; a majority of cases are diagnosed in early stages (I or II).
- Stability in breast cancer incidence and decreasing mortality are linked to screening, improved therapies, and fewer HRT users.
- Lifetime risk of breast cancer is ~1 in 8 for Canadian women; ~1 in 33 may die.
- 5-year survival rate is approximately 88%.
- Risk factors from demographics to lifestyle play a role.
- Social determinants (access, racism, financial insecurity) worsen disparities in survival.
- Initiatives to address these issues (e.g., culturally sensitive care, screening awareness) are crucial to impacting outcomes.
Subjective Data
- Includes pain, lumps, discharge, rashes, swelling, trauma, history of breast disease, risk factors, surgeries, and self-care behaviors.
- Includes detailed questions about breast self-exams, mammograms, and hormone therapy.
Objective Data
- Breast inspections focused on symmetry, skin conditions, and nipple characteristics.
- Palpation techniques emphasizing thoroughness and consistency across quadrants, including nipple and areola assessment.
- Axillary lymph node palpation is crucial.
Critical Findings
- Unexplained discharge, lesions, and masses in individuals with previous cancer warrants immediate referral for diagnostics (mammography, ultrasound, biopsy, or MRI).
Breast Examination (Additional):
- Includes specific examination methods (e.g., positions, palpation patterns, maneuvers)
- Tables describing critical/abnormal findings by category (retraction, edema, fixation).
Examination of the male breast
- Includes considerations for male breast examination emphasizing abbreviation and combination with anterior thorax examination.
- Includes details of gynecomastia, and male breast cancer.
Developmental Considerations
- Infant and child: Normal breast changes, premature thelarche, delayed development.
- Adolescent: Tanner stages, asymmetry during development, obesity distinction.
- Pregnant/lactating women: Normal breast changes, plugged ducts, mastitis, and breast abscess information.
- Older females: Changes occurring with age, including nipple retraction or droopiness.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy and function of female breasts with this quiz. Explore topics such as the nipple's location, mammary gland structures, and underlying tissues. Ideal for students in anatomy or biology classes.
